2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS 2009) December 7-9, 2009

TA2-A-1

Broadband Radio Access: LTE and LTE-Advanced

Mamoru Sawahashi , Yoshihisa Kishiyama, Hidekazu Taoka, Motohiro Tanno, and Takehiro Nakamura

Department of Information Network Engineering, Tokyo City University

1-28-1 Tamazutsumi, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8557 Japan
E-mail: sawahasi@tcu.ac.jp Tel/FAX: +81-3-5707-1226

Radio Access Network Development Department, NTT DOCOMO, INC.

3-5 Hikari-no-oka, Yokosuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken 239-8536 Japan
Abstract This paper addresses broadband radio access techniques
for the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) specified as the Release 8
specifications (Rel. 8 LTE) and LTE-Advanced in the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP). We first briefly describe the system
requirements for the Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced. Then, we
describe wider transmission bandwidths around 100 MHz to satisfy
the peak data rate of 1 Gbps in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the
uplink for LTE-Advanced. Based on multiple access schemes and
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel techniques in the
Rel. 8 LTE, enhanced multiple access schemes and MIMO channel
techniques for LTE-Advanced are presented to satisfy the improved
system requirements while maintaining backward compatibility
with the Rel. 8 LTE radio interface.
I. INTRODUCTION
The specification on the Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (UMTS) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) called the Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (UTRAN) was finalized as Release 8 (simply
Rel. 8 LTE hereafter) in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
[1]. The Rel. 8 LTE represents efficient packet-based radio access
and radio access networks that provide Internet Protocol (IP)-based
functionalities with low latency and low cost. Following the
completion of the specifications, development of commercial
equipment has begun.
The principle behind international standardization of International
Mobile Telecommunication (IMT)-Advanced and new spectra for
IMT were agreed on at the Radiocommunication Assembly-2007
(RA-07) and the World Radiocommunication Conference 2007
(WRC-07) in the International Telecommunication Union
Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R), respectively [2]. The circular
letter (CL) to invite proposals for IMT-Advanced radio interface
technologies was issued in March 2008 [3]. With the CL as
motivation, the 3GPP initiated a Study Item (SI), i.e., feasibility study,
for LTE-Advanced in March 2008 [4]. The system requirements for
LTE-Advanced were agreed in [5]. The technical components to
achieve the system requirements have been discussed in the 3GPP,
and summarized in technical reports [6]. Based on the Rel. 8 LTE and
current agreements on LTE-Advanced, the 3GPP submitted its final
proposal to the ITU-R this October. Following the SI, Work Item
(WI), i.e., specification work, for the LTE-Advanced radio interface
will be initiated and it is expected that the specifications will be
completed according to the IMT-Advanced standardization
schedule.
According to the agreed issues at the Technical Specification
Group-Radio Access Network (TSG-RAN) Working Group 1 (WG1)
meeting in the 3GPP, this paper addresses radio access techniques
for Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced. Among the key radio access
technologies for both systems, multiple-input multiple-output
(MIMO) channel transmission techniques are essential to improve
the cell throughput, cell-edge user throughput, and received quality.
Hence, the paper focuses particularly on MIMO channel techniques
including multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and transmit diversity. The
rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we briefly
describe the system requirements for Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced.
Then, we present the transmission bandwidth and multiple access
schemes for Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced in Sections III and IV,

c
978-1-4244-5016-9/09/$25.00 2009
IEEE

respectively. Subsequently, Section V describes MIMO channel

techniques in Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced, followed by the
conclusion in Section VI.
II. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR LTE AND LTE-ADVANCED
Table I gives the system requirements for the Rel. 8 LTE [7]. The Rel.
8 LTE supports scalable multiple transmission bandwidths including
1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz. One of the most distinctive features is
the support for only the packet-switching (PS) mode. Hence, all
traffic flows including real-time service with a rigid delay requirement
such as voice services is provided in the PS domain in a unified
manner. The target peak data rate is 100 Mbps in the downlink and
50 Mbps in the uplink. The target values for the average or celledge user throughput and spectrum efficiency are specified as relative
improvements from those of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) or High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) in the
downlink and uplink, respectively. Here, the average cell spectral
efficiency corresponds to capacity, and the cell-edge user
throughput is defined as the 5% value in the cumulative distribution
function (CDF) of the user throughput. Both are very important
requirements from the viewpoint of practical system performance in
cellular environments. In particular, improvement in the cell-edge
user throughput is requested to mitigate the unfair achievable
performance between the vicinity of the cell site and cell edge. After
extensive discussions in the 3GPP meetings, it was verified that the
requirements and targets for the Rel. 8 LTE were achieved by the
specified radio interface using the relevant techniques [8].
The requirements for LTE-Advanced are specified in [5]. The
following general requirements for LTE-Advanced were agreed upon.
First, LTE-Advanced will be an evolution of Rel. 8 LTE. Hence,
distinctive performance gains from Rel. 8 LTE are requested.
Moreover, LTE-Advanced will satisfy all the relevant requirements
for Rel. 8 LTE [7]. Second, full backward compatibility with Rel. 8
LTE is requested in LTE-Advanced. Thus, a set of user equipment
(UE) for LTE-Advanced must be able to access Rel. 8 LTE networks,
and LTE-Advanced networks must be able to support Rel. 8 LTE
UEs. Third, LTE-Advanced shall meet or exceed the IMT-Advanced
requirements within the ITU-R time plan. In Table II, the requirements
and target values for LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced are listed
with those achieved in the Rel. 8 LTE [8]. We briefly summarize
below the major issues, which depend on MIMO channel
transmissions. With respect to the peak data rate, the CL refers to
Recommendation ITU-R M.1645, which specifies that the target
peak data rate for IMT-Advanced should be higher than 1 Gbps in

224

T ABLE I
MAJOR SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR R EL. 8 LTE
Support of scalable bandwidths
Bandwidth
(1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz)
DL
100 Mbps
Peak data rate
UL
50 Mbps
DL
3 4 times
Spectrum efficiency
(vs. Rel. 6 HSDPA/HSUPA) UL
2 3 times
3 4 times (average)
DL
User throughput
2 3 times (cell edge)
(vs. Rel. 6 HSDPA/HSUPA)
2 3 times (average)
UL
2 3 times (cell edge)

2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS 2009) December 7-9, 2009

T ABLE II
S YSTEM P ERFORMANCE R EQUIREMENTS FOR LTE-A DVANCED
C OMPARED TO T HOSE A CHIEVED IN R EL . 8 LTE
DL/UL
Peak data rate
Peak spectrum
efficiency [bps/Hz]
Capacity
[bps/Hz/cell]

DL
UL
DL
UL
DL

UL
Cell-edge user
throughput
[bps/Hz/cell/user]

DL

UL

Antenna
Rel. 8 LTE
LTEIMTconfiguration achievement Advanced
Advanced

300 Mbps
1 Gbps
1 Gbps

75 Mbps
500 Mbps

15
30
15

3.75
15
6.75
2-by-2
1.69
2.4

4-by-2
1.87
2.6
2.2(*)

4-by-4
2.67
3.7

1-by-2
0.74
1.2
1.4(*)
2-by-4

2.0

2-by-2
0.05
0.07
4-by-2
0.06
0.09
0.06(*)

4-by-4
0.08
0.12

1-by-2
0.024
0.04
2-by-4

0.07
0.03(*)
(*)Required values in base coverage urban environment

nomadic environments. Based on the description in the CL, the

target peak data rate for the downlink was set to 1 Gbps for LTEAdvanced. Meanwhile, the target peak data rate for the uplink was
set to 500 Mbps. The target values for the peak frequency efficiency
are 2 and 4 fold those achieved in the Rel. 8 LTE, i.e., 30 and 15 bps/
Hz in the downlink and uplink, respectively. It is noted, however,
that this requirement is not mandatory and is to be achieved by a
combination of base stations (BSs) and high-class UEs with a larger
number of antennas. In LTE-Advanced, 1.4 to 1.6 fold improvements
for the capacity and cell-edge user throughput are expected from
Rel. 8 LTE for each antenna configuration.

IV. MULTIPLE ACCESS SCHEMES

A. Rel. 8 LTE
(1) Downlink Multiple Access
In the Rel. 8 LTE downlink, orthogonal frequency division multiple
access (OFDMA) was adopted because of its inherent robustness
against multipath interference (MPI), and its affinity to different
transmission bandwidth arrangements [10]. In the downlink using
OFDMA, intra-cell orthogonal multiplexing among physical channels
is achieved in the time and frequency domains by utilizing localized
or distributed transmission as shown in Fig. 2. Data traffic is carried
via the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) by localized
transmission using frequency domain channel-dependent
scheduling based on the reported channel quality indicator (CQI)
measurement, which is employed to improve the user throughput
and cell throughput. Real-time traffic including VoIP could be carried
by distributed transmission employing semi-persistent scheduling.
Moreover, downlink control channels carrying Layer 1 (L1)/Layer 2
(L2) control signals are multiplexed over the entire system bandwidth
employing distributed transmission over the duration of one-tothree OFDM symbols at the beginning of each subframe duration.
(2) Uplink Multiple Access
In the Rel. 8 LTE uplink, single-carrier (SC)-frequency division
multiples access (FDMA) is adopted. This is because high priority
is given to achieving wider area coverage than on achieving higher
performance by utilizing the robustness against MPI in a multicarrier
approach. Moreover, discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-Spread
OFDM is adopted to generate SC-FDMA signals to provide high
commonality with radio parameters and signal processing of
downlink OFDMA as shown in Fig. 3. In the Rel. 8 LTE uplink, intracell orthogonal multiplexing is achieved in the time and frequency
domains as well. Only localized FDMA transmission is used for the
shared channel, which carries user traffic or control data. Distributed
FDMA transmission using a comb-shaped spectrum is employed
to multiplex sounding reference signals (SRS) for CQI measurement

225

Addition of cyclic prefix

IFFT

Subcarrier mapping

DFT

Subframe

III. WIDER TRANSMISSION BANDWIDTH FOR LTE-ADVANCED

In LTE-Advanced, it is necessary to support a wider bandwidth
than that for Rel. 8 LTE, i.e. 20 MHz to satisfy a high target peak data
rate requirement such as 1 Gbps. Therefore, it was agreed that LTEAdvanced should support a bandwidth extension up to around 100
LTE-Advanced: Multi-CC transmission/reception
MHz [6]. To acquire such a wider transmission bandwidth, both
contiguous and non-contiguous spectrum allocations are supported.
Moreover, focusing on contiguous spectrum allocation, carrier
Rel. 8 LTE
Rel. 8 LTE
Rel. 8 LTE
Rel. 8 LTE
Rel. 8 LTE
aggregation is adopted to support a wider bandwidth while
maintaining backward compatibility with the Rel. 8 LTE [6]. In carrier
PSS/SSS
PSS/SSS
PSS/SSS
PSS/SSS
PSS/SSS
PBCH
PBCH
PBCH
PBCH
PBCH
aggregation, multiple basic frequency blocks called component
carriers (CCs) are aggregated as shown in Fig. 1. Each CC has a
CC
Frequency
100-kHz channel raster
maximum of 110 resource blocks (RBs), which is supported in the
Fig. 1. Carrier aggregation.
Rel. 8 LTE. The radio parameters including subcarrier spacing and
the subframe length for multiple CCs are based on those for the Rel.
Localized
8 LTE so that the Rel. 8 LTE UEs can access them. By using carrier
RB bandwidth
transmission
aggregation, the Rel. 8 LTE UEs can camp at one of the CCs in the
Frequency
transmission bandwidth, which is wider than 20 MHz for LTESubframe
Advanced.
(Different colors
With respect to the physical channels, all physical channels
represent different
specified in the Rel. 8 LTE are employed in LTE-Advanced as well.
users)
LTE-Advanced is designed so that the center frequency of each CC
Distributed
satisfies the 100-kHz channel raster condition, which was specified Time
transmission
in the Rel. 8 LTE and for the existing 3G systems [9]. A UE must
Fig.
2.
Intra-cell
orthogonal
multiple
access
based
on
OFDMA.
acquire s ynchronization s ign als includ ing th e prima ry
synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal
(SSS), and physical broadcast channel (PBCH) carrying systemspecific and cell-specific information first to establish the downlink
radio link at the initial acquisition or intermittent reception mode in
Transmit
the Rel. 8 LTE. Hence, these channels are transmitted from the central
Modulated
signal
data symbols
part of each CC as shown in Fig. 1, since the structure is beneficial
in achieving efficient carrier search for Rel. 8 LTE UEs or for LTEAdvanced UEs with a lower capability in a wider frequency spectrum.
Furthermore, control channels are designed so that the Rel. 8 LTE
UEs can recognize them, while additional features are also being
Fig. 3. Transmission scheme for DFT-Spread OFDM.
discussed to support LTE-Advanced specific functionalities.

2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS 2009) December 7-9, 2009

V. MULTI-ANTENNA TRANSMISSION IN LTE AND LTE-ADVANCED

A. Multi-antenna Techniques in Rel. 8 LTE
(1) MIMO Spatial Multiplexing
In the Rel. 8 LTE downlink, MIMO multiplexing is used to increase
the peak data rate of the PDSCH carrying user data. The target peak
data rate of 100 Mbps in the Rel. 8 LTE downlink is achieved using
2-by-2 MIMO spatial multiplexing with 16QAM and a 20-MHz
bandwidth. The signal detection functionality for 2-by-2 MIMO
multiplexing is adopted as a basic functionality at a UE. Moreover,
a peak data rate of greater than 300 Mbps is achieved using 4-by-4
MIMO multiplexing. In MIMO multiplexing, precoding, which
performs directive beam forming multiplied by the stream-specific
adaptive antenna weight, is beneficial in improving the received
signal-to-interference plus noise power ratio (SINR). Ideal transmit
antenna weights for precoding are generated from eigenvectors for
the maximum eigenvalue for covariance matrix HHH (H represents
the channel matrix and H denotes the Hermitian transposition) [11].
However, it is not realistic to feed back the estimated channel state
information (CSI) or generate a precoding matrix (PM) without
quantization because the number of available control signaling bits
is limited. Hence, codebook-based precoding is adopted in which
the optimum PM is selected among the pre-defined 6 (64) candidates
for the 2-by-2 (4-by-4) MIMO case as shown in Fig. 5 [10]. In
codebook-based precoding, the optimum PM is selected so that
the total capacity, i.e., throughput of the transmitted streams, which
are precoded, is maximized. In this case two types of precoding
schemes are adopted: frequency selective precoding over a two to
eight RB bandwidth or wideband precoding over the entire
transmission bandwidth. Adaptive rank control called rank
adaptation is used according to the received channel conditions
such as the SINR and spatial correlation. Hence, a UE feeds back
the selected PM index and rank order in addition to the CQI to a BS.

Transport
block

Transport
block

Transport
block

Transport
block

Channel
coding

Channel
coding

Channel
coding

Channel
coding

HARQ

HARQ

HARQ

HARQ

Data
modulation

Data
modulation

Data
modulation

Data
modulation

Mapping

Mapping

Mapping

Mapping

IFFT

CC

Fig. 4. Transport block mapping scheme in LTE-Advanced.

Stream #2
Antenna #1

Antenna #1

UE

#2
Transmit
Stream #1
data

Recovered
data
#4

Precoding

Stream #1

PM index

#4 Channel
estimation

Signal
detection

P/S

BS

S/P

at a BS. Orthogonal CDMA is used for SRSs, the physical random

access channel (PRACH), and physical uplink control channel
(PUCCH). In this case, cyclic-shifted sequences generated from the
original constant amplitude and zero auto-correlation (CAZAC)
sequence are used, which provides good orthogonality among
multiple cyclic-shifted versions of the original sequence. In addition
to cyclic-shift based multiplexing, block spread based multiplexing
is used to accommodate a large number of PUCCHs within one
subframe duration.
B. LTE-Advanced
(1) Downlink Multiple Access
In the LTE-Advanced downlink, OFDMA is also used since it is
continuously extended to a wider transmission bandwidth up to
around 100 MHz while maintaining the same subcarrier spacing. A
single fast Fourier transform (FFT) reception/transmission is
applicable to an LTE-Advanced UE when continuous spectrum
allocation is employed. In this case, it is decided that one transport
block (TB), which corresponds to the channel coding block and
retransmission unit, is mapped within one CC [6] as shown in Fig. 4
to give priority to simple signal processing at a BS and UE. Hence,
parallel CC transmission is employed to transmit multiple TBs.
(2) Uplink Multiple Access
In the uplink, parallel N-times DFT-Spread OFDM was adopted,
where N denotes the number of CCs transmitted within the same
subframe duration from a UE to extend the transmission bandwidth
of the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) beyond 20 MHz [6].
This was a result of giving priority to the cost requirements by
reusing the Rel. 8 LTE specifications. Similar to the downlink, one
TB is mapped into one CC transmitted using one DFT-Spread OFDM
component. Hence, although the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
or cubic metric (CM) increases according to the increase in the
transmission bandwidth, i.e., the data rate is increased N-times when
N CCs are aggregated, it is considered that one-CC transmission is
used in most environments due to the restriction on the transmission
power of a UE.

PM
selection

Fig. 5. MIMO multiplexing employing codebook based precoding.

Adaptive control of rank order

UE #1

Rank = 2

UE #2

Rank = 1
Low received SINR
High spatial correlation

BS

High received SINR

Low spatial correlation

Fig. 6. Adaptive rank control (rank adaptation).

Then, the BS dynamically selects the PM and rank order for each
UE according to the reported information as shown in Fig. 6. In
MIMO multiplexing, two code words are used at maximum both for
two and four transmission antennas.
In the Rel. 8 LTE uplink, one-stream transmission, i.e., SIMO, is
adopted to simplify the transmitter circuitry and reduce the power
consumption of a UE. It was shown that the peak data rate of 75
Mbps, which exceeds the target peak data rate of 50 Mbps, is
achieved using 64QAM with 2-antenna diversity reception and a
20-MHz bandwidth [8]. However, in the Rel. 8 LTE uplink, the
application of MU-MIMO or space division multiple access
(SDMA) is considered to improve the capacity, although the
requirements are satisfied without MU-MIMO. Thus, RS usage is
specified for channel-dependent scheduling in the spatial domain
employing MU-MIMO in addition to the time and frequency
domains [12]. The same multiplexing of SRSs is used as that without
MU-MIMO for CQI measurement. Moreover, the assignment of
different cyclic shifts created from the identical original CAZAC
sequence to demodulation RSs (DM-RS) of simultaneous UEs with
MU-MIMO is specified and then the orthogonal DM-RS multiplexing
with the same transmission bandwidth is possible for uplink MUMIMO.
(2) Transmit Diversity
We first focus on transmit diversity for the downlink unicast channel.
Transmit diversity is employed for the PDSCH as one option for the
rank 1 mode. Space frequency block code (SFBC) and the
combination of SFBC and frequency switched transmit diversity
(FSTD) are used for two- and four-antenna transmission for localized
transmission employing frequency domain channel-dependent
scheduling and distributed transmission with semi-persistent
scheduling. This is because SFBC and its combination with FSTD
provide a higher gain in reducing the required received SINR than

226

2009 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ISPACS 2009) December 7-9, 2009

other schemes. Similarly, SFBC and the combination of SFBC and

FSTD are applied to common or shared control channels. Meanwhile,
precoding vector switching (PVS) transmit diversity is used for the
PSS and SSS. This is because only selection type transmit diversity
is applicable to the PSS/SSS, since the PSS/SSS is the first physical
channel a UE acquires and decodes without knowledge about the
transmitter antennas at a BS.
In the Rel. 8 LTE uplink, open-loop or closed-loop switching
transmit diversity is employed since only one transmitter is equipped
at a UE despite having two antennas. Closed-loop antenna selection
transmit diversity is employed for the PUSCH as an optional function.
Time switched transmit diversity (TSTD) is applicable to the control
channels including the RACH and PUCCH, although the application
of TSTD is irrelevant to the radio interface, i.e., it is an implementation
matter.
B. Multi-antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced
(1) Single-User MIMO (SU-MIMO)
Downlink SU-MIMO
In the Rel. 8 LTE a cell-specific orthogonal RS (CS-RS) is used for
MIMO multiplexing and transmit diversity because a maximum of
four antennas is supported. However, to achieve further improvement in the target peak spectral efficiency such as 30 bps/Hz, higherorder MIMO multiplexing is necessary for the LTE-Advanced downlink. Hence, it was agreed to extend the maximum number of transmission layers for MIMO multiplexing to eight in the downlink [6].
To support up to eight antennas, the most important issue regarding the radio interface is the RS structure, i.e., orthogonal RSs for
CQI measurement to support up to eight antennas is necessary.
Meanwhile, from the viewpoint of the backward compatibility requirement with Rel. 8 LTE, LTE-Advanced must support Rel. 8 LTE
UEs within the same bandwidth. Then, if the number of CS-RS symbols is increased to support up to eight antennas, the additional RS
symbols cause strong inter-cell interference to the coded data symbols for the Rel. 8 LTE UE. Therefore, in addition to the CS-RS
symbols for up to four antennas, the channel state information RS
(CSI-RS) is newly specified for more than four to up to eight antennas in the LTE-Advanced downlink. The CSI-RS is transmitted at a
much longer interval than the subframe duration at the sacrifice of
tracking the channel variation in the time domain. However, the
assumption is valid since the application of greater than four antennas is focused on low mobility. Additionally, UE-specific DM-RS to
support eight-layer MIMO multiplexing is also newly specified. As
a consequence, three types of orthogonal RSs are specified in LTEAdvanced: CS-RS, CSI-RS, and DM-RS. CSI-RS is used for CSI
(CQI) measurement for more than four antennas. UE-specific DMRS is transmitted together with user traffic data after the signal are
precoded with the same precoding weight as the coded data symbols.
Uplink SU-MIMO
To achieve an improved target peak spectral efficiency such as 15
bps/Hz, SU-MIMO with up to four antennas is specified in the LTEAdvanced uplink. In particular, SU-MIMO functionality with two
antennas is adopted as a baseline for the LTE-Advanced UE. This
is one of the distinct enhancements of LTE-Advanced from the Rel.
8 LTE. Similar to the case in the downlink, precoding is used to
improve the cell-edge user throughput by way of increasing the
antenna gain. However, due to the small gain from the frequency
selective precoding considering the increasing control signal
overhead and increased PAPR, wideband precoding, i.e., frequency
non-selective precoding, is adopted in the LTE-Advanced uplink
[6]. In the LTE-advanced uplink, two code words are used at maximum
for SU-MIMO similar to the case in the Rel. 8 LTE downlink. Hence,
assuming two antennas, per-antenna rate control is performed
independently for two streams. This enables the application of turbo
successive interference canceller (SIC) based signal detection, which
is advantageous to SC-FDMA using DFT-Spread OFDM [13].

(2) MU-MIMO
Further improvement in the capacity compared to that in the Rel. 8
LTE is required in LTE-Advanced. MU-MIMO is a promising
technique to improve the capacity. In both links, MU-MIMO is
effective in increasing the capacity when the number of antennas
equipped at a BS is equal to or greater than four. In this case, three
dimensional, i.e., time, frequency, and spatial domain, channeldependent scheduling is performed. By extending SU-MIMO to
MU-MIMO, only slight modification to the radio interface including
the RS structure is required especially in the uplink. However, the
application of block spreading multiplexing of the DM-RS is
proposed to accommodate UEs with different transmission
bandwidths using MU-MIMO in the uplink [14]. Hence, further
study on the RS structure for MU-MIMO is necessary considering
the RS structure in the Rel. 8 LTE, which will be inherited in LTEAdvanced as well.
(3) Transmit Diversity
In the LTE-Advanced downlink, the same transmit diversity schemes
as those in the Rel. 8 LTE are applied, since each CC comprises Rel.
8 LTE physical channels, i.e., SFBC and the combination of SFBC
and FSTD with two- or four-antenna transmissions for the PDSCH
with rank one mode and common/shared control channels. On the
other hand, in the LTE-Advanced uplink, the applied techniques
are different from those in the Rel. 8 LTE due to the adoption of
multiple transmitters. For selecting transmit diversity schemes in
the uplink, the increase in the PAPR specified by the CM should be
suppressed to a low level. Moreover, it is noted that further
improvement in the coverage area is unnecessary for the control
channel since the LTE-Advanced cell is designed so that the Rel. 8
LTE UE can achieve the required quality at the cell edge [13].
Furthermore, coordinated multi-point, i.e., multi-cell, (CoMP)
transmission and reception schemes have been actively investigated
in the 3GPP associated with multi-antenna implantations at a BS
and UE [6]. CoMP mainly contributes to increasing the cell-edge
user throughput (which means it can also extend the effective
coverage) although some advanced schemes can increase the
capacity as well.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper addressed broadband radio access techniques for the
Rel. 8 LTE and LTE-Advanced in the 3GPP. We first briefly described
the system requirements focusing on the physical layer for the Rel.
8 LTE and LTE-Advanced. Then, we described wider transmission
bandwidths around 100 MHz to satisfy the peak data rate of 1 Gbps
in the downlink and 500 Mbps in the uplink for LTE-Advanced. We
described the extended multiple access schemes for LTE-Advanced
based on those for the Rel. 8 LTE, parallel CC based OFDMA in the
downlink and N-times DFT-Spread OFDM based SC-FDMA in the
uplink. Finally, we addressed MIMO channel techniques including
SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO, and transmit diversity for the Rel. 8 LTE
and LTE-Advanced. It should be noted that the LTE-Advanced radio
interface using multiple access schemes with the explained key techniques
satisfies the system requirements of IMT-Advanced [15].
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