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Mil Mi24
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Mil Mi24 (Russian: Миль Ми24; NATO
reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship and Mi24, Mi25, Mi35
attack helicopter[1] and lowcapacity troop transport
with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil
Moscow Helicopter Plant and has been operated since
1972 by the Soviet Air Force and its successors, along
with more than 30 other nations.
In NATO circles, the export versions, Mi25 and Mi35,
are denoted with a letter suffix as "Hind D" and "Hind
E" respectively. Soviet pilots called the Mi24 the
"flying tank", or летающий танк (letayushchiy tank).
More common unofficial nicknames were "Crocodile"
(Крокодил or Krokodil) due to the helicopter's Russian Mi24PN
camouflage scheme[2] and "Drinking Glass" (Стакан or Role Attack helicopter with transport
Stakan) because of the flat glass plates which surround capabilities
the cockpit of the Mi24.
National origin Soviet Union
Manufacturer Mil
Soviet withdrawal
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Soviet withdrawal
3.5 Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
3.6 Nicaraguan civil war (1980–1988)
3.7 Sri Lankan Civil War (1987–2009)
3.8 Persian Gulf War (1991)
3.9 Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)
3.10 Croatian War of Independence
(1990s)
3.11 First and Second Wars in Chechnya
(1990s–2000s)
3.12 Peruvian operations (1989present)
3.13 Sudanese Civil War (1995–2005)
3.14 First and Second Congo Wars
(1996–2003)
3.15 Kosovo war (1998–1999)
3.16 Conflict in Republic of Macedonia
(2001)
3.17 Ivorian Civil War (2002–2004)
3.18 Afghanistan War (2001–present)
3.19 Iraq War (March 2003–2010)
3.20 War in Somalia (2006–2009)
3.21 War in Chad (2008)
3.22 South Ossetia war (2008)
3.23 Libyan civil war (2011)
3.24 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
3.25 Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
3.26 Invasion of Mali 2013
3.27 Kachin conflict (20122013)
3.28 PostU.S Iraqi insurgency
3.29 Crimean crisis (2014)
3.30 Donbass war (2014)
3.31 NagornoKarabakh (2014)
4 Variants
5 Operators
5.1 Former operators
6 Accidents
7 Aircraft on display
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7 Aircraft on display
8 Specifications (Mi24)
9 Popular culture
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
Development
During the early 1960s, it became apparent to Soviet designer Mikhail Leont'yevich Mil that the trend
towards everincreasing battlefield mobility would result in the creation of flying infantry fighting vehicles,
which could be used to perform both fire support and infantry transport missions. The first expression of
this concept was a mockup unveiled in 1966 in the experimental shop of the Ministry of Aircraft's factory
number 329 where Mil was head designer. The mockup designated V24 was based on another project, the
V22 utility helicopter, which itself never flew. The V24 had a central infantry compartment that could
hold eight troops sitting back to back, and a set of small wings positioned to the top rear of the passenger
cabin, capable of holding up to six missiles or rockets and a twinbarreled GSh23L cannon fixed to the
landing skid.
Mil proposed the design to the heads of the Soviet armed forces, and
while he had the support of a number of strategists, he was opposed
by several more senior members of the armed forces who believed
that conventional weapons were a better use of resources. Despite
the opposition, Mil managed to persuade the defence minister's first
deputy, Marshal Andrey A. Grechko, to convene an expert panel to
look into the matter. While the panel's opinions were mixed,
supporters of the project eventually held sway and a request for
design proposals for a battlefield support helicopter was issued. The
development and use of gunships and attack helicopters by the US
Mil Mi24A
Army during the Vietnam War convinced the Soviets of the
advantages of armed helicopter ground support, and fostered support
for the development of the Mi24.[3]
Mil engineers prepared two basic designs: a 7ton singleengine design and a 10.5ton twinengine design,
both based on the 1,700 hp Izotov TV3177A turboshaft. Later, three complete mockups were produced,
along with five cockpit mockups to allow the pilot and weapon station operator positions to be finetuned.
The Kamov design bureau suggested an army version of their Ka25 ASW helicopter as a lowcost option.
This was considered but later dropped in favor of the new Mil twinengine design. A number of changes
were made at the insistence of the military, including the replacement of the 23 mm cannon with a rapid
fire heavy machine gun mounted in a chin turret, and the use of the 9K114 Shturm (AT6 Spiral) antitank
missile.
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A directive was issued on 6 May 1968 to proceed with development of the twinengine design. Work
proceeded under Mil until his death in 1970. Detailed design work began in August 1968 under the
codename Yellow 24. A fullscale mockup of the design was reviewed and approved in February 1969.
Flight tests with a prototype began on 15 September 1969 with a tethered hover, and four days later the first
free flight was conducted. A second prototype was built, followed by a test batch of ten helicopters.
Acceptance testing for the design began in June 1970, continuing for
18 months. Changes made in the design addressed structural
strength, fatigue problems and reduced vibration levels. Also, a 12
degree anhedral was introduced to the wings to address the aircraft's
tendency to Dutch roll at speeds in excess of 200 km/h (124 mph),
and the Falanga missile pylons were moved from the fuselage to the
wingtips. The tail rotor was moved from the right to the left side of
the tail, and the rotation direction reversed. The tail rotor now
rotated up on the side towards the front of the aircraft, into the
Russian Air Force Mil Mi24P
downwash of the rotor, which increased the efficiency of the tail
rotor. A number of other design changes were made until the
production version Mi24A (izdeliye 245) entered production in 1970, obtaining its initial operating
capability in 1971 and was officially accepted into the state arsenal in 1972.[4]
In 1972, following completion of the Mi24, development began on a unique attack helicopter with
transport capability. The new design had a reduced transport capability (3 troops instead of 8) and was
called the Mi28, and that of the Ka50 attack helicopter, which is smaller and more maneuverable and does
not have the large cabin for carrying troops. In October 2007, the Russian Air Force announced it would
replace its Mi24 fleet with Mi28Ns and Ka52s by 2015.[5][6]
Design
Overview
The core of the aircraft was derived from the Mil Mi8 (NATO
reporting name "Hip") with two topmounted turboshaft engines
driving a midmounted 17.3 m fiveblade main rotor and a three
blade tail rotor. The engine configuration gave the aircraft its
distinctive double air intake. Original versions have an angular
greenhousestyle cockpit; Model D and later have a characteristic
tandem cockpit with a "double bubble" canopy. Other airframe
components came from the Mi14 "Haze". Two midmounted stub
wings provide weapon hardpoints, each offering three stations, in
Russian Air Force Mi35М
addition to providing lift. The loadout mix is mission dependent;
Mi24s can be tasked with close air support, antitank operations, or
aerial combat.
The Mi24 fuselage is heavily armored and can resist impacts from 12.7 mm (0.50 in) rounds from all
angles. The titanium rotor blades are also resistant to 12.7 mm rounds. The cockpit is protected by ballistic
resistant windscreens and a titaniumarmored tub.[7] The cockpit and crew compartment are overpressurized
to protect the crew in NBC conditions.
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Flight characteristics
Considerable attention was given to making the Mi24 fast. The
airframe was streamlined, and fitted with retractable tricycle
undercarriage landing gear to reduce drag. The wings provide
considerable lift at high speed, up to a quarter of total lift. These
caused a problem when trying to perform tight turns in Afghanistan,
resulting in them flying in pairs where possible. The main rotor was
tilted 2.5° to the right from the fuselage to compensate for
translating tendency at a hover. The landing gear was also tilted to
the left so the rotor would still be level when the aircraft was on the
ground, making the rest of the airframe tilt to the left. The tail was
Mi24D cockpit
also asymmetrical to give a side force at speed, thus unloading the
tail rotor.[8]
A modified Mi24B, named A10, was used in several speed and timetoclimb world record attempts. The
helicopter had been modified to reduce weight as much as possible, and among the measures used was to
remove the stub wings.[4] The speed record over a closed 1000 km course set on 13 August 1975 of
332.65 km/h (206.7 mph) still stands, as do many of the femalespecific records set by the allfemale crew
of Galina Rastorguyeva and Lyudmila Polyanskaya.[9] On 21 September 1978 the A10 set the absolute
speed record for helicopters with 368.4 km/h (228.9 mph) over a 15/25 km course. The record stood until
1986 when it was broken by the current record holder, a modified Westland Lynx.[10]
Comparison to Western helicopters
As a combination of armoured gunship and troop transport, the Mi
24 has no direct NATO counterpart. While the UH1 ("Huey")
helicopters were used in the Vietnam War either to ferry troops, or
as gunships, they were not able to do both at the same time.
Converting a UH1 into a gunship meant stripping the entire
passenger area to accommodate extra fuel and ammunition, and
removing its troop transport capability, while it has no armour. The U.S. operated Mi24P HindF
Mi24 was designed to do both, and this was greatly exploited by
airborne units of the Soviet Army during the 1980–89 Soviet war in
Afghanistan. The closest Western equivalent was the Sikorsky S67
Blackhawk, which used many of the same design principles and was
also built as a highspeed, highagility attack helicopter with limited
troop transport capability using many components from the existing
Sikorsky S61. The S67, however, was never adopted for service.[1]
Other Western equivalents are the IAR 330 of the Romanian Army,
which is a licencebuilt armed version of the Aérospatiale SA 330
Puma and MH60 Direct Action Penetrator, a special purpose armed
variant of the Sikorsky UH60 Black Hawk. The Hind has been
called the world's only "assault helicopter," for its combination of Mi24 SuperHind, a modernized
firepower and troopcarrying capability. Hind by the South African firm ATE.
At the Ysterplaat Airshow 2006.
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Operational history
Ogaden War (1977–1978)
The first use of the Mi24 in combat was with the Ethiopian forces during the Ogaden War against Somalia.
The helicopters formed part of a massive airlift of military equipment from the Soviet Union, after the
Soviets switched sides towards the end of 1977. The helicopters were instrumental in the combined air and
ground assault that allowed the Ethiopians to retake the Ogaden, by the beginning of 1978.[11]
CambodianVietnamese War (1978)
The Mi24A was extensively used by the Vietnam People's Air Force in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War
against the Khmer Rouge. The gunships destroyed many of their bases and outposts up until 1986, when
KR forces were driven to the border of Thailand.
ChadianLibyan conflict (1978–1987)
The Libyan air force used Mi24A and Mi25 units during their numerous interventions in Chad's civil
war.[8] The Mi24s were first used in October 1980 in the battle of N'Djamena where they helped the
People's Armed Forces seize the capital.
In March 1987 the Armed Forces of the North, which were backed by the USA and France, managed to
seize a Libyan air force base at OuadiDoum in Northern Chad. Among the aircraft captured during this
raid were three Mi25s. These were turned over to France, which in turn sent one to the United Kingdom
and one to the USA.[4]
Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989)
The aircraft was operated extensively during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, mainly for bombing
Mujahideen fighters. When the U.S. supplied heatseeking Stinger missiles to the Mujahideen, the Soviet
Mi8 and Mi24 helicopters proved to be favorite targets of the rebels.
It is difficult to find the total number of Mi24s used in Afghanistan.[12] At the end of 1990 the whole
Soviet Army had 1,420 Mi24s.[13] During the Afghan war the sources estimate the strength of the
helicopters up to 600 machines per year, with up to 250 may be Mi24s.[14] Other sources – like the CIA ex
secret report from 1987 counts data (used helicopters in that period, not total) per year, starting from 85 Mi
24 in 1980 to 120 in 1985 showing increasing use of these helicopters.[15]
First deployment and combat
Mi24s were supplied to the Afghan government in April 1979 to deal with Mujahideen guerrillas.[16] The
Afghan pilots were welltrained and made effective use of their machines, but the Mujahideen were not
easy targets. The first Mi24 to be lost in action was shot down by guerrillas on 18 July 1979.[17][18] The
situation in Afghanistan grew worse and on 25 December 1979, Soviet troops were committed to the war.
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Despite facing strong resistance from Afghan rebels, the Mi24 proved to be very destructive. The rebels
called the Mi24 "ShaitanArba" (Satan's Chariot)".[16] In one case, a Mi24 pilot who was out of
ammunition managed to rescue a company of infantry by maneuvering aggressively towards Mujahideen
guerrillas and scaring them off. The Mi24 was popular with ground troops, since it could stay on the
battlefield and provide fire as needed, while "fast mover" strike jets could only stay for a short time before
heading back to base to refuel.
The Mi24's favoured munition was the 80millimetre (3.1 in) S8 rocket, the 57 mm (2.2 in) S5 having
proven too light to be effective. The 23 mm (0.91 in) gun pod was also popular. Extra rounds of rocket
ammunition were often carried internally so that the crew could land and selfreload in the field. The Mi24
could carry ten 100kilogram (220 lb) iron bombs for attacks on camps or strongpoints, while harder targets
could be dealt with a load of four 250kilogram (550 lb) or two 500kilogram (1,100 lb) iron bombs.[19]
Some Mi24 crews became experts at dropping bombs precisely on targets. Fuelair explosive bombs were
also used in a few instances, though crews initially underestimated the sheer blast force of such weapons
and were caught by shock waves.
Combat experience quickly demonstrated the disadvantages of having a Mi24 carrying troops. Gunship
crews found the soldiers a concern and a distraction while being shot at, and preferred to fly lightly loaded
anyway, especially given their operations from high ground altitudes in Afghanistan. Mi24 troop
compartment armour was often removed to reduce weight. Troops would be carried in Mi8 helicopters
while the Mi24s provided fire support.
It proved useful to carry a technician in the Mi24's crew compartment who would handle a light machine
gun in a window port. This gave the Mi24 some ability to "watch its back" while leaving a target area. In
some cases a light machine gun was fitted on both sides to allow the technician to move from one side to
the other without having to take the machine gun with him.
This weapon configuration still left the gunship blind to the direct rear, and Mil experimented with fitting a
machine gun in the back of the fuselage, accessible to the gunner through a narrow crawlway. The
experiment was highly unsuccessful, as the space was cramped, full of engine exhaust fumes, and otherwise
unbearable. During a demonstration, an overweight Soviet Air Force general got stuck in the crawlway.[4]
Operational Mi24s were retrofitted with rearview mirrors to help the pilot spot threats and take evasive
action.
Besides protecting helicopter troop assaults and supporting ground actions, the Mi24 also protected
convoys, using rockets with flechette warheads to drive off ambushes; performed strikes on predesignated
targets; and engaged in "hunterkiller" sweeps. Hunterkiller Mi24s operated in pairs at minimum, more
often groups of four or eight, to provide mutual fire support. The Mujahideen learned to move mostly at
night to avoid the gunships, and in response the Soviets trained their Mi24 crews in nightfighting,
dropping parachute flares to illuminate potential targets for attack. The Mujahideen quickly caught on and
scattered as quickly as possible when Soviet target designation flares were lit nearby.
Attrition in Afghanistan
The war in Afghanistan brought with it losses by attrition.[16] The environment itself, dusty and often hot,
was rough on the machines; dusty conditions led to the development of the PZU air intake filters. The
rebels' primary airdefense weapons early in the war were heavy machine guns and antiaircraft cannons,
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though anything smaller than a 23 millimetre shell generally did not do much damage to a Mi24. The
cockpit glass panels were resistant to 12.7 mm (.50 in caliber) rounds.
The rebels also used Sovietmade shoulderlaunched, heatseeking surfacetoair missiles (SAMs) and
American Redeye shoulderlaunched SAMs, which had either been captured from the Soviets or their
Afghan allies or were supplied from Western sources. Many of them came from stocks the Israelis had
captured during their wars with Soviet backed states in the Middle East. Owing to a combination of the
limited capabilities of these early types of missiles, poor training and poor material condition of the
missiles, they were not particularly effective. The RPG7, originally developed as an antitank weapon, was
the first effective countermeasure to the Hind. However, the RPG7, not being designed for air defense, had
several shortcomings owing to its design. Oftentimes attempting to use one to shoot down a helicopter
could lead to the user injuring themselves with the rocket's backblast.
From 1986[19] the CIA then began supplying the Afghan rebels with newer Stinger shoulderlaunched, heat
seeking SAMs.[20] These were a marked improvement over earlier weapons, and while their actual military
impact was not irrelevant, their real value was their demoralization and deterrent value against air power,
and their propaganda worth to antiSoviet groups. The Stinger missile locked on to infrared emissions from
the aircraft, particularly engine exhaust, and was resistant to interference from decoy flares.
Countermeasure flares and missile warning systems were later installed in all Soviet Mil Mi2, Mi8, and
Mi24 helicopters, giving pilots a chance to evade the missile. Heat dissipaters were also fitted to exhausts
to decrease the Mi24's heat signature. Tactical and doctrinal changes were introduced to make it harder for
the enemy to deploy these weapons effectively. These reduced the Stinger threat but did not eliminate it.
Mi24s were also used to shield jet transports flying in and out of Kabul from Stingers. The gunships
carried flares to blind the heatseeking missiles. The crews called themselves "Mandatory Matrosovs", after
a Soviet hero of the Second World War who threw himself across a German machine gun to let his
comrades break through.
According to Russian sources, 74 helicopters were lost, including 27 shot down by Stinger and two by
Redeye.[19] In many cases, however, the helicopters, thanks to their armour and the durability of
construction, withstood significant damage.
Mi24 crews and end of Soviet involvement
Mi24 crews carried AK74 and other handheld weapons to give them a better chance of survival if forced
down.[16] Early in the war, head of Mil Marat Tischenko visited Afghanistan to see what the troops thought
of his helicopters, and gunship crews put on several displays for him. They even demonstrated maneuvers,
such as barrel rolls, which design engineers considered impossible. An astounded Dr. Tischenko
commented, "I thought I knew what my helicopters could do, now I'm not so sure!"[16]
The last Soviet Mi24 was shot down during the night of 2 February 1989, with both crewmen killed. It was
also the last Soviet helicopter lost during nearly ten years of warfare.[19]
Mi24s in Afghanistan after Soviet withdrawal
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Mi24s passed on to Sovietbacked Afghan forces during the war remained in dwindling service in the
grinding civil war that continued after the Soviet withdrawal.[16] Some were flown by defectors to
neighboring Pakistan, and a few of these machines apparently found
their way into the hands of the U.S. Army.
Afghan Air Force Mi24s in the hands of the ascendant Taliban
gradually became inoperable, but a few flown by the Northern
Alliance, which had Russian assistance and access to spares,
remained operational up to the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in the
fall of 2001. In 2008, the Afghan Air Force took delivery of six
refurbished Mi35 helicopters, purchased from the Czech Republic. Afghan Air Force Mi35s
The Afghan pilots were trained by India and began live firing
exercises in May 2009 in order to escort Mi17 transport helicopters on operations in restive parts of the
country.
Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
The Mi25 saw considerable use by the Iraqi Army during the long war against Iran.[21] Its heavy armament
caused severe damage to Iranian ground forces during the war. However, the Mi25 lacked an effective
antitank capability, as it was only armed with obsolete 9M17 Skorpion missiles.[22] This led the Iraqis to
develop new gunship tactics, with help from East German advisors. The Mi25s would form "hunterkiller"
teams with Frenchbuilt Aérospatiale Gazelles, with the Mi25s leading the attack and using their massive
firepower to suppress Iranian air defenses, and the Gazelles using their HOT missiles to engage armoured
fighting vehicles. These tactics proved effective in halting Iranian offensives, such as Operation Ramadan
in July 1982.[22]
This war also saw the only confirmed airtoair helicopter battles in
history with the Iraqi Mi25s flying against Iranian AH1J
SeaCobras (supplied by the United States before the Iranian
Revolution) on several separate occasions. Not long after Iraq's
initial invasion of Iran, in November 1980 two Iranian SeaCobras
crept up on two Mi25s and hit them with TOW wireguided
antitank missiles. One Mi25 went down immediately, the other was
An Iraqi Mil Mi25, brought down badly damaged and crashed before reaching base.[19][23] The
during the Iran–Iraq War, on display Iranians repeated this accomplishment on 24 April 1981, destroying
at a military museum in Tehran. two Mi25s without incurring losses to themselves.[19]
The Iraqis hit back, claiming the destruction of a SeaCobra on 14
September 1983 (with YaKB machine gun), then three SeaCobras on 5 February 1984[23] and three more on
25 February 1984 (two with Falanga missiles, one with S5 rockets).[19] After a lull in helicopter losses,
each side lost a gunship on 13 February 1986.[19] Later, a Mi25 claimed a SeaCobra shot down with YaKB
gun on 16 February, and a SeaCobra claimed a Mi25 shot down with rockets on 18 February.[19] The last
engagement between the two types was on 22 May 1986, when Mi25s shot down a SeaCobra. The final
claim tally was 10 SeaCobras destroyed and 6 Mi25s destroyed. The relatively small numbers and the
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inevitable disputes over actual kill numbers makes it unclear if one gunship had a real technical superiority
over the other. Iraqi Mi25s also claimed a total of 43 kills against other Iranian helicopters, such as
AgustaBell UH1 Hueys.[23]
In general, the Iraqi pilots liked the Mi25, in particular for its high speed, long range, high versatility and
large weapon load, but disliked the relatively ineffectual weapons and lack of agility.[22] The Mi25 was
also used by Iraq in chemical warfare against Iranians and Kurdish civilians in Halabja.[23]
Nicaraguan civil war (1980–1988)
Mi25s were also used by the Nicaraguan Army during the civil war of the 1980s.[24][25] Nicaragua received
12 Mi25s (some sources claim 18) in the mid1980s to deal with "Contra" insurgents.[23] The Mi25s
performed ground attacks on the Contras and were also fast enough to intercept light aircraft being used by
the insurgents. The U.S. Reagan Administration regarded introduction of the Mi25s as a major escalation
of tensions in Central America.
Two Mi25s were shot down by Stingers fired by the Contras. A third Mi25 was damaged while pursuing
Contras near the Honduran border, when it was intercepted by Honduran F86 Sabres and A37
Dragonflies. A fourth was flown to Honduras by a defecting Sandinista pilot in December 1988.
Sri Lankan Civil War (1987–2009)
The Indian Peace Keeping Force (1987–90) in Sri Lanka used Mi24s when an Indian Air Force
detachment was deployed there in support of the Indian and Sri Lankan armed forces in their fight against
various Tamil militant groups such as the LTTE. It is believed that Indian losses were considerably reduced
by the heavy fire support provided by their Mi24 gunships. The Indians lost no Mi24s in the operation, as
the Tigers had no weapons capable of dealing with the Crocodile at the time,[23][26] although several
sustained heavy damage from machine gun fire.
Since 14 November 1995, the Mi24 has been used by the Sri Lanka Air Force in the war against the LTTE
and has proved highly effective providing close air support for ground forces. The Sri Lanka Air Force
currently operates a mix of Mi24/35P and Mi24V/35 versions attached to its No. 9 Attack Helicopter
Squadron. They have recently been upgraded with modern Israeli FLIR and electronic warfare systems.
Five were upgraded to intercept aircraft by adding radar, fully functional helmet mounted target tracking
systems, and AAMs. More than 5 Mi24s have been lost to LTTE MANPADs, and another two lost in
attacks on airbases, with one heavily damaged but later returned to service.[26]
Persian Gulf War (1991)
The Mi24 was also heavily employed by the Iraqi Army during their invasion of Kuwait, although most
were withdrawn by Saddam Hussein when it became apparent they would be needed to help retain his grip
on power in the aftermath of the war. In the ensuing 1991 uprisings in Iraq, these helicopters were used
against dissidents as well as fleeing civilian refugees.[27][28]
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A few Mi24s were later sent over the border into Iran, along with many other Iraqi military aircraft, in the
hope of sparing them from destruction by allied air strikes. Some Mi24 were captured and later sent to the
U.S. and operated by OPTEC/OTSA in Fort Bliss and Fort Irwin.
Sierra Leone Civil War (1991–2002)
Three Mi24Vs owned by Sierra Leone and flown by South African military contractors, including Neall
Ellis, were used against RUF rebels.[29] In 1995, they helped drive
the RUF from the capital, Freetown.[30] Guinea also used its Mi24s
against the RUF on both sides of the border and was alleged to have
provided air support to the LURD insurgency in northern Liberia in
2001–03.
Croatian War of Independence (1990s)
Twelve Mi24s were delivered to Croatia in 1993, and were used An Iraqi Mi25 HindD, captured
effectively in 1995 by the Croatian Army in Operation Storm during the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
against the army of Krajina . The Mi24 was used to strike deep into
enemy territory and disrupt Krajina army communications. One
Croatian Mi24 crashed near the city of Drvar, Bosnia and Herzegovina due to strong winds. Both the pilot
and the operator survived. The Mi24s used by Croatia were obtained from Ukraine. One Mi24 was
modified to carry Mark 46 torpedoes. The helicopters were withdrawn from service in 2004. [31]
First and Second Wars in Chechnya (1990s–2000s)
During the First and Second Chechen Wars, beginning in 1994 and 1999 respectively, Mi24s were
employed by the Russian armed forces.
In the first year of the Second Chechen War, 11 Mi24s were lost by Russian forces, about half of which
were lost as a result of enemy action.[32]
Peruvian operations (1989present)
The Peruvian Air Force received 12 Mi25Ds from the USSR in 198385 after ordering them in the
aftermath of 1981 Paquisha conflict with Ecuador. These have been permanently based at the Vitor airbase
near La Joya ever since, operated by the 4th Air Group (formerly the 2nd) of the 211th Air Squadron. Their
first deployment occurred in June 1989 during the war against Communist guerrillas in the Peruvian
highlands, mainly against Shining Path. Despite the conflict continuing, it has decreased in scale and is now
limited to the jungle areas of Valley of Rivers Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro (VRAE).[33][34][35][36]
Peru employed Mi25s against Ecuadorian forces during the short Cenepa conflict in early 1995. The only
loss occurred on 7 February, when a FAP Mi25 was downed after being hit in quick succession by at least
two – probably three – 9K38 Igla shoulderfired missiles during a lowaltitude mission over the Cenepa
valley. The three crewmen were killed.[37]
Sudanese Civil War (1995–2005)
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In 1995, the Sudanese Air Force acquired six Mi24s for use in Southern Sudan and the Nuba mountains to
engage the SPLA. At least two aircraft were lost in noncombat situations within the first year of operation.
A further twelve were bought in 2001,[38] and used extensively in the oil fields of Southern Sudan. Mi24s
were also deployed to Darfur in 2004–5.
First and Second Congo Wars (1996–2003)
Three Mi24s were used by Mobutu's army and were later acquired by the new Air Force of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo.[39] These were supplied to Zaire in 1997 as part of a FrenchSerbian contract. At
least one was flown by Serbian mercenaries. One hit a power line and crashed on 27 March 1997, killing
the three crew and four passengers.[40] Zimbabwean Mi24s were also operated in coordination with the
Congolese Army.
The United Nations peacekeeping mission employed Indian Air Force Mi24/35 helicopters to provide
support during the Second Congo War. The IAF has been operating in the region since 2003.[41]
Kosovo war (1998–1999)
2 Mi24Vs were used by the Yugoslav Special Operations Unit against Albanian insurgents of the Kosovo
Liberation Army (KLA), during the Kosovo War.
Conflict in Republic of Macedonia (2001)
The Military of the Republic of Macedonia acquired used Ukrainian
Mi24Vs. They were used frequently against Albanian insurgents
during the 2001 conflict in Macedonia. The main areas of action
were in Tetovo, Radusha and Aracinovo.[42]
Ivorian Civil War (2002–2004)
During the Ivorian Civil War five Mil Mi24s piloted by
mercenaries were used in support of government forces. They were Macedonian Mi24V
later destroyed by the French Army in retaliation for an air attack on
a French base which killed nine soldiers.[43]
Afghanistan War (2001–present)
In 2008 and 2009, the Czech Republic donated six Mi24s under the ANA Equipment Donation
Programme. As a result, the Afghan National Army Air Corps (ANAAC) now has the ability to escort its
own helicopters with heavily armed attack helicopters. Currently 9 Mi35 attack helicopters are operated by
the ANAAC. Major Caleb M. Nimmo was the first American to fly the Mi35 Hind in combat.[44] On 13
September 2011, a Mi35 attack chopper of the Afghan National Army was used to hold back an attack on
ISAF and police buildings.[45]
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Polish Helicopter Detachment contributed with Mi24s to
International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The Polish pilots
trained in Germany before deploying to Afghanistan and currently
train with U.S. service personnel. On 26 January 2011, one Mi24
caught on fire during takeoff from its base in Ghazni. One American
and four Polish soldiers were able to evacuate unharmed.[46] This
leaves the Polish contingent with five operational Mi24s (three
aircraft have been lost so far) and four Mi17s.
An Afghan Air Force Mi35 over
Kandahar, 2009
Iraq War (March 2003–2010)
The Polish contingent in Iraq has been using six Mi24Ds since December 2004. One of them crashed on 18
July 2006 in an air base in Al Diwaniyah.[47] Polish Mi24Ds used in Iraq will not be returning to Poland
due to their age, condition, low combat value of the Mi24D variant, and high shipping costs; depending on
their condition they will be transferred to the New Iraqi Army or scrapped. New Mi35Ps will be bought by
the Polish Army as "replacements of equipment depleted during combat operations" for the Mi24Ds used
and left in Iraq.
War in Somalia (2006–2009)
The Ethiopian Air Force operates about three Mil Mi35 and ten Mil Mi24D helicopter gunships in the
Somalian theater. One was shot down near the Mogadishu International Airport on 30 March 2007 by
Somali insurgents.[48]
War in Chad (2008)
Upon returning to Abeche, one of the Chadian Mi35s made a forced landing at the airport. It was claimed
that it was shot down by rebels.[49][50]
South Ossetia war (2008)
During the 2008 South Ossetia war the Mi24 was used by both Russia and Georgia.
Libyan civil war (2011)
The Libyan Air Force Mi24s were used by both sides to attack enemy positions during the 2011 Libyan
civil war.[51] A number were captured by the rebels, who formed the Free Libyan Air Force together with
other captured air assets. During the battle for the Benina airport, one Mi35 (853 serial number), was
destroyed on the ground on 23 February 2011. In the same action the serial number 854 was captured by the
rebels together with a Mi14 (serial number 1406).[52][53] Two Mi35s operating for the proGaddafi Libyan
Air Force were destroyed on the ground on 26 March 2011 by French aircraft enforcing the nofly zone.[54]
One Free Libyan Air Force Mi25D (854 serial number, captured at the beginning of the revolt) violated the
noflyzone on 9 April 2011 to strike loyalist positions in Ajdabiya. It was shot down by Libyan ground
forces during the action. The pilot, Captain Hussein AlWarfali, died in the crash.[55] A number of other
Mi25s were claimed shot down by the rebels.
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2010–2011 Ivorian crisis
Ukrainian army Mi24P helicopters as part of the United Nations peacekeeping force fired four missiles at a
proGbagbo military camp in Ivory Coast's main city of Abidjan.[56]
Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
Forces loyal to Syrian President Bashar Assad have used Mi24s to attack rebels involved in bombings in
many of Syria's most populated cities.[57] Controversy has surrounded an alleged delivery of Mi25s to the
Syrian military, due to NATO members, including Turkey, disallowing such arms shipments through their
territory.[58]
Syrian insurgents captured at least one damaged or destroyed Mi25, along with other helicopters, after the
fall of Taftanaz Air Base in January 2013.[59]
Invasion of Mali 2013
French forces intervened in Mali after AQIM had taken over the nation, which operated Mi24 HindD
variant. Four of which were imported from Bulgaria. At least two were destroyed by retreating AQIM
forces. It is unknown whether they are now used for spare parts or have been scrapped.
Kachin conflict (20122013)
The Myanmar Air Force uses the Mi24 in the Kachin conflict against the Kachin Independence Army.[60]
PostU.S Iraqi insurgency
The new Iraqi Air Force is currently receiving 40 Mi35 ordered from Russia as part of an arms deal that
includes Mi28 and Ka52 attack helicopters, as well as Pantsir air defense systems. The delivery of the first
four was announced by thenPrime Minister Nuri alMaliki in November 2013.[61][62]
Their first deployment began in late December against camps of the alQaeda linked Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant (ISIL) and several Islamist militants in the alAnbar province that have taken control of
several areas of Fallujah and Ramadi.[63] FLIR footage of the strikes has been released by the military.[64]
On 3 October 2014, ISIL militants reportedly used a FN6 MANPADS in Baiji, Iraq to shoot down an Iraqi
Army Mi35M attack helicopter.[65]
Crimean crisis (2014)
Russia deployed 13 MI24s during the 2014 Crimean crisis while deploying troops to Crimea.[66]
Donbass war (2014)
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During the Siege of Sloviansk, on 2 May 2014, two Ukrainian Mi24s were shot down by proRussian
insurgents. The Ukraine military claims they were downed by MANPADS while on patrol close to
Slavyansk.[67] The Ukrainian government confirmed both aircraft being shot down along with a Mi8
damaged by small arms fire. Initial reports reported two dead and others wounded; later five crew members
were confirmed dead and one taken prisoner, before being released on 5 May.[68][69][70]
On 5 May 2014, another Ukrainian Mi24 was forced to make an emergency landing after being hit by
machine gun fire while on patrol close to Slavyansk. The Ukrainian forces recovered the two pilots and
destroyed the helicopter with a rocket strike by a Su24 aircraft to prevent its capture by proRussian
insurgents.[71][72]
Mi24s supported Su25s attack aircraft with MiG29s in top cover during the battle for Donetsk Airport.[73]
NagornoKarabakh (2014)
On 12 November 2014, Azerbaijani forces shot down a NagornoKarabakh Defense Army Mi24 of a
formation of two which were flying along the disputed border, close to the frontline between Azerbaijani
and NKR troops. All three onboard died when the helicopter crashed while flying at low altitude and was
hit by a IglaS MANPADS fired by Azerbaijani soldiers.[74][75][76]
Variants
Operators
Afghanistan
Afghan Air Force[77]
Algeria
Algerian Air Force[77]
Angola
Angolan Air Force[77]
Armenia
Armenian Air Force[77]
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani Air Forces[77]
Belarus
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Belarus Air Force[77]
Brazil
Brazilian Air Force[77]
2nd–8th Aviation Group[78]
Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso Air Force[77]
Burundi Brazilian Air Force Mi35
Burundi Army Aviation[77]
Chad
Chadian Air Force[77]
Congo, Republic of the
Congolese Air Force[77]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Congolese Democratic Air Force[77]
Cuba
Cuban Air Force[77]
Cyprus
Cyprus Air Forces[77]
Czech Republic
Czech Air Force[77]
Djibouti
Cyprus Air Force Mi35
Djibouti Air Force[77]
Equatorial Guinea
Equatorial Guinean Air Force[77]
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Eritrea
Eritrean Air Force[77]
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Air Force[77]
Georgia
Georgian Air Force[77] A Djiboutian Mi24
Guinea
Military of Guinea[77]
India
Indian Air Force[77]
Georgian Air Force Mi24
Indonesia
Indonesian Army[77]
Iraq
Iraqi Air Force[77]
Kazakhstan
Military of Kazakhstan[77]
Hungarian Mi24
Kyrgyzstan
Military of Kyrgyzstan[77]
Libya
Libyan Air Force[77]
Macedonia
Macedonian Air Force[77] IAF Mi35 Hind Akbar
Mali
Air Force of Mali[77]
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Mongolia
Mongolian Air Force[79]
Mozambique
Military of Mozambique[77]
Burma
Myanmar Air Force[77]
Namibia
Namibian Air Force[77]
Niger
Air Force of Niger[77]
Nigeria
Nigerian Air Force[77]
North Korea
North Korean Air Force[77]
Peru
Peruvian Air Force[77]
Poland
Polish Land Forces[77]
Russia
Russian Air Force[77]
Mi24W (V) of Polish Army
Rwanda
Military of Rwanda[77]
Senegal
Senegalese Air Force[77]
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Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Air Wing[77]
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka Air Force[77]
Sudan
Sudanese Air Force[77]
Syria
Syrian Air Force[77]
Tajikistan
Military of Tajikistan [77]
Turkmenistan
Military of Turkmenistan [77]
Uganda
Ugandan Air Force[77]
Ukraine
Ukrainian Ground Forces[77]
United States
United States Army:[77] 3[80]
Uzbekistan
Ukrainian Mil Mi24 helicopters
Military of Uzbekistan[77]
Venezuela
Army of Venezuela[77]
Vietnam
Vietnam People's Air Force[77]
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Yemen
Yemen Air Force[77]
Zimbabwe
Air Force of Zimbabwe[77]
Former operators
Bulgaria
Vietnam People's Air Force Mi24
Bulgarian Air Force[81]
Croatia
Croatian Air Force [82]
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakian Air Force[83][84]
East Germany
East German Air Force[85][86]
Germany
German Army[87][88]
Hungary
Hungarian Air Force[89]
Nicaragua
Fuerza Aérea Sandinista[87]
Slovakia
Slovakian Air Force[90][91]
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force[92][93]
FR Yugoslavia
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Special Operations Unit[94]
Accidents
On 12 August 2012, two Ugandan Army MI24s flying from Entebbe, Uganda across Kenya to Somalia
crashed in rugged terrain in Kenya. They were found two days later, burned out, with no likely survivors
from the 10 Ugandan servicemen on board the two helicopters. Another aircraft from the same flight
crashed on Mount Kenya and all seven Ugandan servicemen onboard were rescued a day later. The aircraft
were supporting an African Union force to fight AlQaedalinked AlShabaab insurgents in the ongoing
Somali Civil War. A Mi17 transport helicopter, part of the same mission, landed without problems in the
eastern Kenyan town of Garissa near the Somali border for a scheduled refuelling stop.[95]
Aircraft on display
Mi24 helicopters can be seen in the following museums:
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Russia Central Air Force Museum, Monino Mi24A
Belgium Koninklijk militair museum, Brussel Mi24
Czech
Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely – Mi24D tactical number 0220
Republic
Germany Luftwaffenmuseum der Bundeswehr, Berlin – Mi24D, Mi24P
Hungary Museum of Hungarian Aviation, Szolnok
Iran Military Museum in Tehran
Latvia Riga Aviation Museum, Riga – Mi24A tactical number 20
Polish Army Museum, Warsaw – Mi24D tactical number 013
Poland
Polish Air Force Museum, Dęblin – Mi24D tactical number 016
South African Air Force Museum, Swartkops Air Force Base – One Mi24A of the
South Africa
Algerian Air Force on display.
Slovakia Military History Museum, Piešťany – Mi24D tactical number 0100[96]
Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Kiev – Mi24B
Ukraine
Ukraine State Aviation Museum, Kiev – Mi24A, Mi24D, Mi24P, Mi24V
Imperial War Museum, Duxford, Cambridgeshire – Mi24D Number "96" German
United
Air force Markings
Kingdom
The Helicopter Museum, WestonsuperMare, Somerset Mi24D "96+26".[97]
Southern Museum of Flight, Birmingham, Alabama
United
Pima Air and Space Museum, Tucson AZ
States
Cold War Air Museum, Lancaster, TX[98]
Ratmalana Air Force Museum
Sri Lanka
Hingurkgoda Air Defense Squadron
Specifications (Mi24)
Data from IndianMilitary.org[99]
General characteristics
Crew: 2–3: pilot, weapons system officer and
technician (optional)
Capacity: 8 troops or 4 stretchers or 2400 kg
(5,291 lb) cargo on an external sling
Length: 17.5 m (57 ft 4 in)
Rotor diameter: 17.3 m (56 ft 7 in)
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Wingspan: 6.5 m (21 ft 3 in)
Height: 6.5 m (21 ft 3 in)
Disc area: 235 m² (2,530 ft²)
Empty weight: 8,500 kg (18,740 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 12,000 kg (26,500 lb)
Powerplant: 2 × Isotov TV3117 turbines, 1,600 kW (2,200
hp) each
Performance
Maximum speed: 335 km/h (208 mph) Cabin door to the rear trooputility
Range: 450 km (280 miles) compartment
Service ceiling: 4,900 m (16076 ft)
Armament
Internal guns
flexible 12.7 mm YakushevBorzov YakB Gatling gun
on most variants. Maximum of 1,470 rounds of
ammunition.
fixed twinbarrel GSh30K on the Mi24P. 750 rounds
of ammunition. Possible armament configuration on
Mi24W
flexible twinbarrel GSh23L on the Mi24VP and Mi
24VM. 450 rounds of ammunition.
PKB passenger compartment window mounted machine
guns
External stores
Total payload is 1,500 kg of external stores.
Inner hardpoints can carry at least 500 kg
YakushevBorzov YakB12.7
Outer hardpoints can carry up to 250 kg machine gun
Wingtip pylons can only carry the 9M17 Phalanga (in
the Mi24AD) or the 9K114 Shturm complex (in the Mi24VF).
Bombload
Bombs within weight range (presumably ZAB, FAB, RBK, ODAB etc.), Up to 500 kg.
MBD multiple ejector racks (presumably MBD4 with 4 × FAB100)
KGMU2V submunition/mine dispenser pods
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Firstgeneration armament (standard production Mi24D)
GUV8700 gunpod (with a 12.7 mm YakB + 2 × 7.62 mm GShG7.62 mm combination or
one 30 mm AGS17)
UB32 S5 rocket launchers
S24 240 mm rocket
9M17 Phalanga (a pair on each wingtip pylon)
Secondgeneration armament (Mi24V, Mi24P and most upgraded Mi24D)
UPK23250 gunpod carrying the GSh23L
B8V20 a lightweight long tubed helicopter version of the S8 rocket launcher
9K114 Shturm in pairs on the outer and wingtip pylons
Popular culture
The Mi24 has appeared in several films and has been a common feature in many video games.
See also
Related development
Mil Mi8
Mil Mi14
Mil Mi28
Mil Mi40
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era
Sikorsky S67
MH60L Direct Action Penetrator (DAP)
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Further reading
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil_Mi24 29/30
18/04/2015 Mil Mi24 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Eden, Paul (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. London, UK: Amber Books, 2004.
ISBN 1904687849.
External links
Mil Mi24, Mi25, Mi35 Hind Akbar at Indian military Wikimedia Commons has
database (http://www.indianmilitary.org/air media related to Mil Mi24.
force/helicopters/attack/203milmi24mi25mi35hind
akbar.html)
Manufacturing Plant (http://www.rostvertolplc.ru/)
CzechAirSpotters gallery of Mi24 (http://www.czechairspotters.com/search.php?
generic_type=t11&airline=&airport=&category=&author=&order=1&per_page=15)
Mi24PN Gallery (http://www.photoka.info/mi24pn/index.htm)
Mi24 service, tactics and variants (http://www.faqs.org/docs/air/avhind1.html)
A Rescue Mission by Sri Lanka Air Force with Mi24
(http://www.defence.lk/videos/20080815Rescue.wmv)
Mi24 Hind from modeller`s view (http://hind.zubybroumov.cz/)
Mi24D walkaround photos (http://walkarounds.airforce.ru/avia/rus/mil/mi24d/index.htm)
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