Succession

ecologicalsuccession
changeincompositionofspeciesovertimespeciesdiversityandtotal
biomassincreasesassuccessionprogresses

primarysuccession
plantsandanimalsgraduallyinvadearegionwhereTHEREWAS
NOSOILINITIALLY
colonizationofanewlyformedvolcanicisland(risingafteravolcanoeruption)
successiononsanddunes
secondarysuccession
existingcommunityclearedbydisturbancethatleftthesoil
intact
fire,flood,insectdevastations,overgrazing,clearcutting,abandonedlotsand
constructionsites

Vocabulary
keystonespecies
haveimportantecologicalnichesandotherspeciesdependonthem
alot
disturbance
storm,fire,flood,drought,etc.whichchangescommunityandresources
pioneerspecies
typicallyrselectedspecies(gooddispersalcapabilities,fastgrowing,
tolerateharsherconditionssuchasintensesunlightoraridclimates),nitrogenfixing
bacteria(fornutrientdeficientsoils)
Kselectedspecies
graduallyreplacerselectedspecies,perennialgrasses,herbs,
shrubs,trees,slowsdownrateofsuccessionbecausetheylivelonger
population
biome
ecosystem
abioticfactors&bioticfactors
climaxcommunity
finalstageofsuccessionwherespeciescompositionremains
relativelystableuntiladisaster
ecologicalniche
placeorfunctionoforganisminitsecosystemcanrangefromwhere
itlivestohowithelps/harmstheenvironment

Nutrition

Vocabulary
bile
emulsifiesfats
esophagus
tubeconnectingmouthtostomach
pepsin
enzymebreakingdownproteins
operatesatlowpH
largeintestine
siteofwaterreclamation
removeswaterandanyremainingabsorbable
nutrientsfromthefoodbeforesendingthe
indigestiblemattertotherectum
stomach
whereproteindigestionstarts
rectum
storesfeces
liver
producesbile
mouth
wheremechanicalandchemical
digestionbeginssalivaryglandsdeliversalivato
dochemicaldigestion(throughamylase)here
smallintestine
wheremostdigestionand
nutrientabsorptionhappens
villi
increasessurfaceareaofsmallintestine
smallfibroushairs
amylase
salivarygland,breaksdownstarch

Biomolecules

1. Carbohydrates
monosaccharide
singlesugarmoleculesuchasfructoseorglucose

disaccharide
twosugarmoleculesjoinedbyglycosidiclinkage,awater
moleculeislostthroughadehydrationreaction(thereverse,whereonemolecule
issplittoformtwomoleculesbytheadditionofwaterishydrolysis)

polysaccharide
aseriesofconnectedmonosaccharides(apolymer),for
example:starch(energystorage),glycogen(energystorage),cellulose
(structural),andchitin(structuralinexoskeletons

2. Lipids
highlysolubleinnonpolarsubstances
triglycerides
fatsandoilsconsistof
threefattyacidsattachedtoaglycerol
moleculeeithersaturatedfattyacids
(packedtightlyandhavehighermelting
temperaturesandsolidatroom
temperature,fats)orunsaturatedfatty
acids
phospholipids
hasonefattyacid
chainreplacedbyaphosphategrouptailsarenonpolarandhydrophobic,heads
arepolarandhydrophilicmakeupmembranes
steroids
backboneoffourlinkedcarbonringscholesterol,testosterone,
estrogen

3. Proteins
types:structuralkeratin,collagen,silkinspiderwebsstoragetransport
defensiveantibodiesenzymes
polymersofaminoacidsbondedbypeptidebondstoformachaincalleda
polypeptide
structure:primary(aminoacids),secondary(3D,alphahelixorbetapleated
sheets),tertiary(globularproteinformedwithhydrogenbonds,ionicbonds,
disulfidebonds,etc.)
4. NucleicAcids

CellParts&Function

eukaryotes
organismswithDNAincellsinformsofchromosomeswithinanucleus
Ex:animals,plants,algae,fungi(euknowtheyreafunguy)
prokaryotes
singlecelledorganismnodistinctnucleuswithmembraneorspecialized
organelles
Ex:bacteria,cyanobacteria

Vocabulary(harderorganelles)
mitochondria
convertsenergytousable
formsiteofcellularrespiration
EndoplasmicReticulum(ER)
transports
secretoryproteinshasfoldedsacsand
interconnectedchannels
smoothmakeshormonesandlipids
roughproteinsynthesis
GolgiApparatus
modifyandfurther
transportproteins
lysosomes
containhydrolyticenzymesget
ridofcellularwaste
centrioles
involvedinspindlefiber
developmentincells
flagella
tailusedtomovearound(some
animalshave)

Genetics

mitosis
asexualreproductionwithsomatic(body)cells,2daughtercellsproduced,
identicaltoparent

 Knowthephases:Interphase,Prophase,
Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase,
Cytokinesis
meiosis
sexualreproduction
formedfromspermandegg
(gametes)
daughtercelliscombinationof
DNAfrombothparents,unique
fromoneanother
Steps:ProphaseI,MetaphaseI,
AnaphaseI,TelophaseI,
ProphaseII,MetaphaseII,
AnaphaseII,TelophaseII

DNA
DNA:doublehelix,twostrandsofnucleotidesjoinedbymiddleHbonds
fourbases:Adenine,Thymine,Guanine,andCytosine
ApairswithT,GpairswithC
doublestranded
DNAreplication
doublehelixunwinds
eachstrandusedastemplateforcomplementarystrand(hasOkazaki
fragments,usesDNApolymerase,etc.)
RNA
singlestranded,RibonucleicAcid(riboseinsteadofdeoxyribose)
fourbases:Adenine,Uracil,Guanine,Cytosine
threetypes
rRNA:formsribosomes
tRNA:transportsaminoacids
fromcytoplasmtoribosome
mRNAcarriesinformationfor
proteinstructure

Proteinsynthesis
transcription
:copiesinformationfrom
DNAtomRNA
mRNAtransportedthenfrom
DNAtoaribosome
translation
:informationtranslatedfrom
languageofnucleotidestolanguageof
aminoacids

Photosynthesis&Respiration

respiration
occursinmitochondriaofplantsandanimals
photosynthesis

lightreactions


CalvinCycle:

cellularrespiration