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Test Bank 2
14. According to the morality argument against drug use, the government should prohibit the use of
mind-altering drugs only if they are physically harmful to the individual.
ANSWER: F
15. Prohibition has significantly increased the cost of drugs because of the cartelization of smuggling
drugs and the increased risk of providing the drug.
ANSWER: T
16. Legalization of marijuana would probably result in a price increase due the high tax government
would place on the drug.
ANSWER: F
17. Prohibition increases drug use because drug pushers use tactics such as giving drugs away in an
attempt to create a market of dependent individuals.
ANSWER: F
18. It is not clear that prohibition decreases either drug use or drug abuse.
ANSWER: F
19. One unintended consequence of drug prohibition is the creation of criminals.
ANSWER: T
20. U.S. drug policies may have resulted in the recruitment of youth for the purpose of selling drugs.
ANSWER: T
21. Drug enforcement would be more efficient if officials followed the equimarginal principle in
allocating money among different enforcement activities.
ANSWER: T
22. If demand for drugs is very responsive to changes in price, then increased enforcement will
increase expenditures on drugs.
ANSWER: F
23. Hawks would be willing to trade increased drug use for a decrease in the spread of HIV infection.
ANSWER: F
24. Although owls would retain prohibition, bold, demand-side intervention is the core of their policy.
ANSWER: T
Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is characteristic of a public good?
a. A public good is produced by the government sector.
b. It is relatively easy to prevent people from consuming the good.
c. Consumption of a public good by one individual does not decrease the quantity of the good
available for other individuals to consume.
d. A public good is excludable.
ANSWER: c
Test Bank 3
2. Which of the following is true of a public good?
a. A public good is nonexcludable.
b. A public good is nonrival.
c. Government provision is probably the most efficient method of providing a public good.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
3. The marginal cost of providing a public good to an additional user is:
a. negligible.
b. zero.
c. increasing as the number of users increases.
d. quite large, which is why government must provide the good.
ANSWER: b
4. The free rider problem refers to:
a. a situation in which individuals who benefit from a good or service do not pay for it.
b. a situation in which individuals attempt to persuade government to provide goods and services
to them at no cost or at a reduced price.
c. a situation in which legislators enact inefficient programs in order to receive the political
support of lobbyists.
d. a situation in which some individuals provide basic necessities for other individuals who are
financially unable to provide the necessities for themselves.
ANSWER: a
5. Government provision of public goods is probably more efficient than private provision because:
a. the nonexcludable nature of public goods would force private firms to engage in costly
monitoring in order to know what to charge each individual for use of the good.
b. a private firm would charge a price for providing the good to additional users, while efficiency
would dictate the additional users be allowed to consume the good free of charge.
c. the free rider problem may result in less than the efficient amount of the good being provided
by private firms.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
6. Many feel that government should provide property rights because:
a. monopoly provision of property rights is relatively more expensive than competition.
b. provision of property rights requires coercion.
c. the cost of providing property rights to additional individuals increases.
d. property right are a rival good.
ANSWER: b
7. Why might the marginal social benefit of crime control decrease as additional units are provided?
a. The feeling of security increases as more crime control is provided, therefore people are
willing to pay more for additional units.
b. The opportunity cost of crime control increases as more is provided, therefore people are
willing to spend less for additional units.
c. As people feel safer because of more crime control, they do not place as great a value on a
little more safety.
d. The opportunity cost of crime control increases as more is provided, however, people are
willing to spend more for additional units.
ANSWER: c
Test Bank 5
14. The legalization of drugs would likely result in:
a. relatively large increases in supply and relatively smaller increases in demand.
b. relatively small increase in supply and relatively larger increases in demand.
c. relatively large decreases in supply and relatively small increases in demand.
d. relatively small decreases in both supply and demand.
ANSWER: a
15. Some individuals argue for the legalization of drugs on the basis that legalization would:
a. decrease organized criminal activity.
b. increase property crimes.
c. result in more corruption of police officials.
d. impose significant third party-effects on society.
ANSWER: a
16. Some people argue that prohibition:
a. restricts the freedom of informed adults to make their own decisions.
b. can result in the contamination of the illegal substance.
c. can decrease the amount of resources devoted to the control on non-drug crimes.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
17. Many people argue that legalization of drugs would result in:
a. increased birth defects.
b. increased criminal activity.
c. greater family stability as drug users would no longer be stigmatized.
d. more hospital admissions as hospitals would have more drug-related violence to deal with.
ANSWER: a
18. Some people argue that legalizing drugs would:
a. result in significant third-party effects.
b. result in increased criminal activity.
c. lower birth defects.
d. decrease insurance rates.
ANSWER: a
19. As a result of the prohibition of drugs:
a. the supply of drugs will increase.
b. the demand for drugs will decrease.
c. drugs will contain fewer toxic substances.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: b
20. Why might prohibition lead to an increase in the price of drugs?
a. Restriction of output.
b. Increased risk of punishment.
c. Increased risk of bodily harm due to a lack of property rights.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
Test Bank 7
27. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Because the penalties are similar for smuggling cocaine and marijuana, the attraction of
smuggling cocaine may have increased.
b. The severity of drug laws has encouraged individuals to deal more diluted forms of drugs such
as cocaine.
c. Laws have increased the amount of resources available to deal with nondrug crimes.
d. The relative price of marijuana decreased throughout the 1980s.
ANSWER: a
28. According to the doves:
a. drugs have no socially redeeming value, and strict enforcement of the drug laws should
continue.
b. drug use results from bad social situations.
c. adults given appropriate information make informed choices about drugs and government
should not interfere.
d. drug use exhibits a lack of concern for others.
ANSWER: c
29. Hawks advocate:
a. strict enforcement of drug laws.
b. allowing adults to make informed decisions about drug use without government interference.
c. emphasizing demand-side intervention to stop drug use.
d. decreasing social ills at the expense of increased drug use.
ANSWER: a
30. The owls policy position is characterized by:
a. bold, demand-side intervention to stop drug use.
b. achieving social goals such as decreased HIV infection even if at the expense of increased
drug use.
c. the desire to keep young people away from drugs.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
31. Which statement is correct?
a. Crime rates of all kinds have plummeted in New York City since 1990.
b. New York City has allocated more resources toward crime control since 1990.
c. Evidence from New York City since 1990 appears to support the economic approach to crime
control.
d. All of the above.
ANSWER: d
32. Which statement is correct?
a. England has doubled its resources spent on crime control, and as a result, crime rates have
fallen.
b. England has substantially increased resources spent on crime control, but crime rates have
remained stable or increased.
c. Crime rates have remained stable or increased in England, and some believe that reduced
punishment is the reason.
d. England and the U.S. have had similar experiences with respect to crime control since 1981.
ANSWER: c
Test Bank 9
Use the following diagram to answer questions 38 40.
Dollars
MCA
MBA 1
MBA 2
A1
A2
Achievement
Test Bank 11
44. Suppose the marginal benefit of employing an additional police officer in efforts to decrease
marijuana abuse in Suburbia is $15,000 per year while the marginal cost is $35,500. In this
instance the city should:
a. probably hire the additional officer as the city gets a benefit of $15,000.
b. probably not hire the additional officer as the city incurs as cost of $35,500.
c. probably hire the additional officer as the city gets a net benefit of $20,500.
d. probably not hire the additional officer as the city incurs a net loss of $20,500.
ANSWER: d
45. Suppose the marginal social benefit of the last unit of crime control in Metropolis is $48,500 per
year while the marginal social cost of the last unit of crime control is $35,000 per year. In this
instance the city should:
a. cut back on crime control as the quantity of crime control currently exceeds the efficient level.
b. expand crime control as the quantity of crime control is currently less than the efficient level.
c. hire additional officers as long as the marginal social benefit associated with the marginal unit
is greater than zero.
d. hire additional officers until the marginal social benefit associated with the marginal unit is
zero.
ANSWER: b
46. "Responsible individuals should have the right to engage in drug use as long as no substantial,
involuntary harm is imposed on a third party." This is an example of:
a. the libertarian principle that favors the legalization of drugs.
b. the relative paternalistic principle that favors the legalization of drugs.
c. a rationalization used by users of drugs in order to justify their actions.
d. an irresponsible argument for drug use often put forth by the press and politicians who
envision the generation of substantial governmental revenues as a result of legalization.
ANSWER: a
47. "Individuals do not always know their own best interest. We should keep drug prohibitions in
force so that people do not harm themselves." This is an example of:
a. the libertarian principle.
b. paternalism.
c. hawk philosophy.
d. Walrasian philosophy.
ANSWER: b
48. Drug use is wrong because it is immoral and it is immoral because it enslaves the mind and
destroys the soul. In this case, government has a responsibility for prohibiting the use of midaltering drugs, regardless of whether drug-users are fully responsible and of the absence of
involuntary harm to others. This is an example of:
a. the libertarian principle.
b. paternalism.
c. hawk philosophy.
d. the morality argument.
ANSWER: d
Test Bank 13
Use the following diagram to answer questions 53 56.
S2
S
P3
P2
P
D1
Q2
53. Suppose a new drug, nirvana, were made illegal. We would expect:
a. demand to change from D2 to D1.
b. demand to change from D1 to D2.
c. supply to change from S2 to S1.
d. None of the above.
ANSWER: b
54. Suppose a new drug, nirvana, were made illegal. We would expect:
a. supply to change from S1 to S2.
b. demand to change from D2 to D1.
c. supply to change from S2 to S1.
d. None of the above.
ANSWER: a
Test Bank 15
Use the following diagram to answer questions 60 65.
P
P
Q 2Q
60. In the above graph, the addict's demand for cocaine is represented by:
a. D1.
b. D2.
c. Q1.
d. Q3.
ANSWER: a
61. In the above graph, the casual user's demand for cocaine is represented by:
a. D1.
b. D2.
c. Q2.
d. Q3.
ANSWER: b
Test Bank 17
68. Jennifer feels that adults should make their own informed choices about drug use. The
government should not interfere with these choices if no harm is imposed on others. Jennifer
would be classified as a:
a. hawk.
b. dove.
c. moralist.
d. Walrasian.
ANSWER: b
Problems
1. Using the following graph, find the total amount consumers spend on drugs.
Given the market demand and supply curves, we find that consumers are paying a price of $75 per
gram and are purchasing 15 grams per month. Total expenditures are equal to price times quantity;
thus total expenditures are $75 X 15 or $1,125 per month.
75
D
15
Test Bank 19
2. Use the graph below to answer the following questions:
a. If the supply of drugs falls from S1 to S2 by what amount will expenditures on drugs
change?
b. Given this change in expenditures, would you expect this person to be a casual user or an
addict?
30
10
D
20 25
a. If supply decreases from S1 to S2, the price of drugs will increase from $10 per gram to $30
per gram. Likewise, the quantity exchanged in the market will fall from 25 grams per month
to 20 grams per month.
Before the decrease in supply, total expenditures were $10 x 25 or $250. After the decrease in
supply, total expenditures are $30 x 20 or $600. Expenditures on the drugs increase by $350.
80
25
D
5
25
When price increases from $25 to $80 per gram the quantity demanded by the user falls from 25 to
5 grams. Total expenditures in this case decrease from $625 per month ($25 x 25) to $400 per
month ($80 x 5). Whenever an increase in price is accompanied by an decrease in expenditures,
there has been a relatively large decrease in quantity demanded. Given this response, the
individual is most likely a casual user.
4. Using the information in the following table, find the marginal social benefit of patrolmen
and the marginal social benefit of airplanes.
Total Social
Total Social
Benefit of
Benefit of
Quantity
Patrolmen
Airplanes
10
20
30
40
50
60
$200,000
350,000
450,000
500,000
525,000
535,000
$200,000
300,000
375,000
425,000
450,000
460,000
Test Bank 21
Marginal social benefit is the change in total benefit divided by the change in quantity. For
example, the marginal benefit of the twentieth patrolman is $15,000 ([$350,000 - $200,000]/[20 10]). The following table shows the marginal social benefit of patrolmen and airplanes.
Quantity
Marginal Social
Benefit of
Patrolmen
10
20
30
40
50
60
$15,000
10,000
5,000
2,500
1,000
Marginal Social
Benefit of
Airplanes
$10,000
7,500
5,000
2,500
1,000
5. Suppose the price paid for drug control is $25,000 per unit and the price paid for nondrug
crime control is $20,000 per unit. If the marginal social benefit of both the first unit of drug
control and the first unit of nondrug crime control is $500,000, what is the marginal benefit
per dollar of the first unit of each type of crime control?
The marginal benefit per dollar is found by dividing marginal social benefit by the price of the
good or service. In this instance, the marginal benefit per dollar of the first unit of drug control is
$500,000/$25,000 or $20. The marginal benefit per dollar of the first unit of nondrug crime
control is $500,000/$20,000 or $25.
6. The Smithtown City Council gives you a budget of $50,000 to allocate between drug
education and enforcement of drug laws. Using the information in the following table,
explain how this budget should be allocated between the two activities. Assume the price for
each unit of education is $5,000 and the price for each unit of law enforcement is $10,000.
Units
1
2
3
4
5
6
Marginal Benefit
Marginal Benefit
of Education
of Enforcement
$60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
$80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
In order to determine how to allocate the budget between these two activities, the equimarginal
principle must be followed. According to this principle the budget should be spent in such a way
that the marginal benefit per the last dollar spent on one activity is equal to the marginal benefit
per the last dollar spent on the other activity. The first step is to calculate the marginal benefit per
dollar. This is given by the formula:
Marginal Benefit/Price
The table below gives the marginal benefit per dollar of the two activities.
Education
Marginal Benefit
Enforcement
Marginal Benefit
per Dollar
$12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
per Dollar
$8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
The first unit of education gives $12.00 of benefit per dollar spent while the first unit of
enforcement gives only $8.00. Therefore, the first $5,000 of the budget should be spent to
purchase a unit of drug education. The second unit of education gives $10.00 of benefit for each
dollar while the first unit of enforcement gives $8.00. Therefore, the next $5,000 of the budget
should be spent on enforcement. Continuing in this manner until the entire $50,000 is spent
results in the purchase of 4 units of drug education and 3 units of enforcement.