Rectangular R/C Concrete Beams: Tension Steel Only: FALL 2002

CHAPTER
Reinforced Concrete Design
Fifth Edition
RECTANGULAR R/C
CONCRETE BEAMS:
TENSION STEEL ONLY
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Part I Concrete Design and Analysis
2a
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Bending moment produces bending

strains on a beam, and consequently
compressive and tensile stresses.
Under positive moment (as normally the
case), compressive stresses are
produced in the top of the beam and
tensile stresses are produced in the
bottom.
Bending members must resist both
compressive and tensile stresses.
Slide No. 2
Introduction
Stresses in Beam
Q
y
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
b a
Figure 1
x
b a
y
MR
dA
+y
Introduction
Q
Sign Convention
Figure 2
V
M
R.H.F
(b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(a) Positive Shear & Moment

(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)
Slide No. 4
Introduction
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Flexural Members

Types:
Beam
Wall
Slab
Etc.
These concrete members must resist both

tensile and compressive stresses.
Because concrete is weak in tension,
embedded steel bars are placed in the
tension zone.
Slide No. 5
Introduction
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Figure 3
MR
4 in.
12 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
5 in.
6 in.
Slide No. 6
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Elastic Design
Elastic design is considered valid for the
homogeneous plain concrete beam as long
as the tensile stress does not exceed the
modulus of rupture fr.
Elastic design can also be applied to a
reinforced concrete beam using the
working stress design (WSD) approach.
Slide No. 7
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
WSD Assumptions
1. A plain section before bending remains
plane after bending.
2. Stress is proportional to strain (Hookes
Law).
3. Tensile stress for concrete is considered
zero and reinforcing steel carries all the
tension.
4. The bond between the concrete and steel
is perfect, so no slip occurs.
Slide No. 8
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Strength Design Method

This method is the modern approach for
the analysis and design of reinforced
concrete.
The assumption are similar to those
outlined for the WSD with one exception:
Compressive concrete stress is approximately
proportional to strain up to moderate loads. As
the load increases, the approximate
proportionality ceases to exit, and the stress
diagram takes a shape similar to the concrete
stress-strain curve of the following figure.
Slide No. 9
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Compressive Strength

Figure 1
Slide No. 10
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Comparison between the Two Methods

WSD or ASD
USD
Q Working (service) loads are

used and a member is designed
based on an allowable
compressive bending stress,
normally 0.45 f c
QCompressive stress pattern is
assumed to vary linearly from
zero at the neutral axis.
QFormula:
Rn m
Li
FS i =1
ASD
QService
loads are amplified

using partial safety factors.
QA member is design so that its
strength is reduced by a
reduction safety factor.
QThe strength at failure is
commonly called the ultimate
strength
m
QFormula:
Rn i Li
i =1
LRFD
Slide No. 11
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(1) At very small loads:

Stresses Elastic and
Section Uncracked
c (comp.)
b
h
Reinforced Concrete Beam
f c (comp.)
N.A.
s (tens.)
f s (tens.)
c (tens.)
f c (tens.)
Stresses are below modulus of rupture.
Slide No. 12
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1
A rectangular beam, as shown
in Fig. 1, has the dimensions b
= 10 in.,h = 25 in., and d = 23
in., and is reinforced with three
No. 8 bars. The concrete
cylinder strength f c is 4000 psi,
and the tensile strength in
bending (modulus of rupture) is
475 psi. The yield point of the
steel fy is 60,000 psi.
Determine the stresses caused
by a bending moment M = 45
ft-kips. Assume the unit weight
for concrete is 144 lb/ft3.
3 No. 8 bars
Slide No. 13
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Area for No. 8 bar = 0.79 in 2 (see Table 1)
10 in
Therefore, As = 3(0.79 ) = 2.37 in 2
The modulus of elasticity for

Concrete can be calculated from
Ec = w1c .5 33 f c
25 in
3 No. 8 bars
23 in
= (144 ) (33) 4,000 = 3,606,514 psi

Therefore,
1.5
n=
Es 29,000,000
=
= 8.04 8
Ec
3,606,514
Slide No. 14
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Table 1. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars

Bar Designation
#3 [#10]
#4 [#13]
#5 [#16]
#6 [#19]
#7 [#22]
#8 [#25]
#9 [#29]
#10 [#32]
#11 [#36]
#14 [#43]
#18 [#57]
Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
Note: Metric designations are in brackets
Slide No. 15
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Transformed Section
10 in
25 in
3 No. 8 bars
10 in
23 in
23 in
25 in
n As
(n 1) As
Ac As = n As As = (n 1) As = (8-1) (2.37) = 16.59 in2
Slide No. 16
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Neutral axis location & moment of inertia
(25)(10) 25 + 16.59(23)
2
y=
= 13.15 in
(25)(10) + 16.59
3
3
10(13.15) 10(25 13.15)
2
+
+ 16.59(25 13.15 2)
I=
3
= 14,736.1 in 4
10 in
25 in
23 in
N.A
Stresses
Mc (45 12 1000 )(13.15)

=
= 481.9 psi
fc =
I
14,736.1
(n
Mc (45 12 1000)(25 13.15)
=
= 434.2 psi < 475 psi OK
f ct =
I
14,736.1
fs = n
1) As
(45 12 1000)(25 13.15 2) = 2,887.6 psi

Mc
=8
I
14,736.1
Slide No. 17
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(2) At moderate loads:

Stresses Elastic and
Section Cracked
c (comp.)
b
h
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Tensile stresses of concrete will be exceeded.

Concrete will crack (hairline crack), and steel bars will resist tensile stresses.
This will occur at approximately 0.5 f c .
Slide No. 18
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Reinforced Concrete Beam Formula

The neutral axis for a concrete beam is
found by solving the quadratic equation:
1 2
bx + nAs x nAs d = 0
2
b
b
x
(1)
1
x
2
d-x
n As
Behavior Under Load

Q
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2
A concrete floor slab is reinforced by
diameter steel rods placed 1 in. above the
lower face of the slab and spaced 6 in. on
centers. The modulus of elasticity is 3106
psi for concrete used and 30 106 psi for
steel. Knowing that a bending moment of
35 kipin is applied to each 1-ft width of the
slab, determine (a) the maximum stress in
concrete and (b) the stress in the steel.
10
Slide No. 20
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
M = 35 kip in
4 in.
12 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
5 in.
6 in.
Slide No. 21
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
12 in.
Example 2 (contd)
4 in.
5 in.
Transformed Section
Consider a portion of the slab 12 in. wide, in
5
which there are two 8 - in diameter rods having a
total cross-sectional area
12 in.
x
4 in.
4-x
N.A.
As = 2
5 2

8
n=
= 0.614 in 2
Es 30 106
=
= 10
3 106
Ec
nAs = 10(0.614 ) = 6.14 in 2
11
Slide No. 22
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Neutral Axis
The neutral axis of the slab passes through

the centroid of the transformed section. Using
Quadratic Eq. 1:
Formula
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
x1 = 1.575 take
x2 = 2.599
1 2
bx + nAs x nAs d = 0
2
1
(12)x 2 + 6.14 x 6.14(4) = 0
2
6 x 2 + 6.14 x 24.56 = 0
x = 1.575 in
Behavior Under Load

Q
Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Moment of Inertia
The centroidal moment of inertia of the
transformed section is
12 in.
1.575
4 in.
2.425
N.A.
12(1.575)
2
+ 6.14(2.425) = 51.7 in 4
3
3
I=
6.14 in2
12
Slide No. 24
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Maximum stress in concrete:
My
35(1.575)
c =
51.7
= 1.066 ksi (C)
Stress in steel:
s = n
My
35( 2.425)
= (10)
= +16.42 ksi (T)
I
51.7
Behavior Under Load
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(3) With further load increase:

Flexural Strength
ACI Approach
c (comp.)
b
h
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Stress curve above N.A. will be similar to the stress-strain curve of Fig. 1.
Concrete has cracked, and the process is irreversible.
Steel bar has yielded and will not return to its original length.
13
Slide No. 26
Behavior Under Load

Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Compressive Strength

Figure 1

Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Strength Design
If the distribution of concrete compression
stresses at or near ultimate load (Fig. 2),
had a well- defined and invariable shapeparabolic it would be possible to derive a
completely rational theory of ultimate
bending stress.
This theory has been well established and
incorporated in the ACI Manual.
The basic assumptions follows.
14

Assumptions
Flexural Strength
ACI Approach
c (comp.)
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Figure 2

Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption:
1. A plane section before bending remains
plane after bending.
2. Stresses and strain are approximately
proportional up to moderate loads
(concrete stress 0.5 f c ). When the
load is increased, the variation in the
concrete stress is no longer linear.
3. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
in the design of reinforced concrete
beams.
15

Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption (contd):

4. The maximum usable concrete
compressive strain at the extreme fiber is
assumed equal to 0.003 (Fig. 3)
5. The steel is assumed to be uniformly
strained to the strain that exists at the
level of the centroid of the steel. Also if
the strain in the steel s is less than the
yield strain of the steel y, the stress in
the steel is Es s. If s y, the stress in
steel will be equal to fy (Fig. 4)

Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption (contd):

6. The bond between the steel and concrete
is perfect and no lip occurs.
0.003
Elastic
region
Figure 4
Stress
Figure 3
fy
Strain
Strain
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
16

Rectangular R/C Concrete Beams: Tension Steel Only: FALL 2002

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CHAPTER

Reinforced Concrete Design

Part I Concrete Design and Analysis

ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Bending moment produces bending

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

(b) Positive Shear (clockwise)

(a) Positive Shear & Moment

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Concrete Flexural Members

These concrete members must resist both

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Methods of Analysis and Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Methods of Analysis and Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Methods of Analysis and Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Strength Design Method

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Methods of Analysis and Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Concrete Compressive Strength

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Methods of Analysis and Design

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Comparison between the Two Methods

Q Working (service) loads are

loads are amplified

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

(1) At very small loads:

Reinforced Concrete Beam

Stresses are below modulus of rupture.

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Therefore, As = 3(0.79 ) = 2.37 in 2

The modulus of elasticity for

= (144 ) (33) 4,000 = 3,606,514 psi

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Table 1. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars

Note: Metric designations are in brackets

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load

ENCE 355 Assakkaf

Ac As = n As As = (n 1) As = (8-1) (2.37) = 16.59 in2

CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY

Behavior Under Load