Health Science Test II Study Guide

Fall 2014 (Section 3)

Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Disease

1. Atherosclerosis
Defined: is a type of arteriosclerosis, and is characterized by deposits of fatty substances (plaque)
on the inner lining of an artery.
2. Arteriosclerosis
Defined: Is the thickening and hardening of the arteries
3. Arrhythmias (racing heart)
Not all arrhythmias is life threatening
Defined: An irregularity in Heart Beat

Filbrillation A sporadic, quivering pattern of heartbeat that results in extreme

inefficiency in moving blood through the cardiovascular system.

4. Heart Failure
Congestive Heart Failure: an abnormal cardiovascular condition that reflects impaired cardiac
pumping and blood flow; pooling blood leads to congestion in body tissue.

Can be fatal

When heart failure occurs, weakened muscles respond poorly, impaired blood flow out
the heart through the arteries.

Congestion in arms, legs, feet, etc

5. Stroke
Defined: Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted.

Aneurysm A weakened blood vessel that may bulge under pressure and may
become hemorrhagic.

Transient ischemic attack brief interruption of the blood supply to the brain that
cause only temporary impairment.
Usually first signs of a major stroke

6. Modifiable Risks (all sub sections)

Cardiometabolic risks- Risk factors that impact the cardiovascular system and the bodies
biochemical metabolic processes.
Metabolic syndrome - A group of metabolic conditions occurring together that increase a
persons risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes.
Risks that one can change
Avoid Smoking
Cut back on situated fats and cholesterol
Maintain a healthy weight
Exercise regularly
Control diabetes
Control your blood pressure
Manage stress
7. Non-modifiable Risks
Risks that one cannot change
Race and Ethnicity
Heredity
Age
Gender
8. Health Headlines: Heart Healthy Super Foods
Been shown to reduce the chances that cholesterol will be absorbed in the cell, reduce levels
of LDL, and protect against HDL.
Foods that you should include in diet
Fish high in Omega 3 fatty acids
Olive Oil
Whole gains and Fiber
Plant sterol and stanols (plant membranes)
Nuts
Chocolate and Green Tea

9. Aspirin and Other Drug Therapies

Aspirin is a blood thinner

Thrombolysis injection of an agent to dissolve clots and restore some blood flow,
thereby reducing the amount of tissue that dies from ischemia.
Can be administrated 1-3 hours after a heart attack for best results.

10. What is Cancer?

The 5 year survival rate The relativerates for survival in persons who are living 5
years after diagnosis.
Remission Which means the cancer is responding to treatment and under control.
Cancer - Is the general term for a large group of diseases characterized by the
uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Neoplasm a new growth of tissue serving no physiological function and results
from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development.
Tumor A neoplasm mass that grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue.

Not all tumors are Malignant (Cancerous) . . . most are Benign (Non-cancerous)

Benign Tumors are normally harmless unless they grow to obstruct or crowd out
normal tissue.

Benign TUMORS = Shell

spread)

Metastasis Process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the
body.
Cancer staging (Based on size) - A classification system that describes how far a
persons disease has advanced. (0-4 stages)
What causes Cancer? Hereditary and acquired (environmental)
Example- tobacco, poor diet, physical inactivity, obesity, inflammation, medical
treatments, drug and alcohol.
Carcinogens Cancer causing agents (in foods, air, water)
Tobacco, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity, stress, psychosocial
Certain cancers particularly those of the breast, stomach, colon, prostate, ovaries, and
lungs appear to run in families.

Maligant Tumors = non shell (can

11. Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer is one of the most common types of solid tumors found in young
adult men.
Heavy feeling, dull ache, or pain that extends to the lower abdomen.
Men with undescended testicles appear to be at greatest risk, some studies genetic
influence.
Most cases of testicular cancer are discovered through self-exam.

Focus on Minimizing Your Risk for Diabetes

1. What is Diabetes? (all subsections)

Diabetes Mellitus A group of diseases characterized by elevated blood glucose

levels.
Hyperglycemia the high blood glucose levels
Glucose is a main source of energy for living organisms (carbohydrates are broken
down into a monosaccharide called glucose)
Pancreas Organ that secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine and hormones,
including insulin, into the blood stream.
Insulin Hormone secretes by the pancreas and required by body cells for the uptake
and storage of glucose.
Type 1 Insulin Dependent (juvenile diabetes)

2. Type 2 Diabetes is a Metabolic Disorder (all subsections)

Defined: Form of diabetes mellitus in which the pancreas does not make enough insulin or
the body is unable to use insulin correctly
Type two components
- Insulin resistance: state in which body cells fail to respond to the effects of
insulin; obesity, increase the risk that cells will become insulin resistance.
- Develops slowly
- Associated with clusters of non-modifiable risk factors; age, ethnicity, genetic,
and biological factors.
- Modifiable Risk Factors; weight, dietary factors, physical activities, sleep , stress.
3. Prediabetes Can lead to Type 2 Diabetes
Condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal, but not high enough
to be classified diabetes.
Mexican American highest at risk
A person with metabolic syndrome is more likely to develop type 2 Diabetes
Ways to change from pre-diabetes; increase physical activity, improve diet, losing
weight.
4. Gestational Diabetes Develops During Pregnancy

Is a state of high blood glucose level in a pregnant woman.

Related to metabolic stress- change in hormones
Have a risk of developing type two diabetes (most cases it will disappear)
Have an increased risk of birth related complications such as high blood pressure ,
high blood acidity, increased infections, and death.
Can affect New Born nervous system, malformation of the heart, and bones

5. What are the Symptoms of Diabetes (all subsections)

Thirst
Excessive urination
Weight loss
Fatigue

Nerve damage
Blurred vision
Poor wound healing and increased infection

Chapter 13: STIs

1. Chlamydia
Defined: Bacterially caused STI of the urogenital tract
Is the most commonly reported STI in the U.S
Symptoms
Men: Painful or difficulty urination, frequent urination, pus-like discharge
Women: yellowish discharge, spotting between periods, spotting after intercourse
- Can lead to Pelvic Inflammatory disease (infection to the woman reproductive
tract)
- Miscarriage or stillbirth
- Urinary tract infection
- Can be passed on to baby during birth

Can be treated with anti-biotic

2. Gonorrhea
Defined: Second most common bacterial STI in the U.S if untreated may cause sterilization

Primary affects the lining of the uretha, genital tract, pharynx, and rectum.
Can spread to toher parts of the body by hands or body fluids.

Symptoms
Men: Milky discharge from the penis, burning urination.
Women: Vaginal discharge or burning sensation . . . or no symptoms.
- If untreated in women can spread to the fallopian tubes and ovaries, causing
sterility or severe inflammation and PID.
Can be treated with anti- biotic
Chlamydia and gonorrhea often occur at the same time. . . but need different anti-biotics
to cure
3. Syphilis

Generally transferred only through direct sexual contact or from mother to fetus
(easily dies in the air).

Some people experience no symptoms

Have Four stages
- Primary Stage: Development of a chancre ( bacteria oozing sore located at
the infection site that usually appears about a month after infection).Will
disappear in 3-6 weeks
- Secondary: If left untreated for a month- 1 year . . . rash, white patches, hair loss,
fever, and headache.
- Latent: Invades body organs (not at a real contagious stage anymore)
- Tertiary/late: can affect the heart, central nervous system, blindness, deafness,
paralysis, and dementia.
Can be treated with anti- biotic except in the late stage

4. Herpes
Genital Herpes: herpes of the genitals
Two types of herpes
HSV1 cold sore on the mouth
HSV2- Genital

Non-curable (meds available to treat symptoms)

Comes in a blister filled with a clear fluid containing the virus forms.
High risk of cervical cancer
Must have C section to have baby

5. Human Papillomavirus and Genital Warts

Genital warts are caused by group of viruses known as HPV

There is no test for men (only women)
Treatment is only available to low-risk forms of HPV
May cause cervical cancer

6. Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
Also known as a yeast infection
Can be cured with anti-fungal cream
7. Trichomoniasis
STI characterized by foamy, yellowish discharge and unpleasant odor.
Most men do not have symptoms
Diagnosis is determined by collecting fluid samples from penis or vagina
Cured with oral metronidazole (no ping-pong affect)
8. How is HIV Transmitted
Bodily fluids ( Semen, vaginal secretion, blood, breast milk)
Also transferable through needles

Can not reproduced outside a living host

Can not be contracted by casual contact, sharing food utensils, toilet , musical
instruments. . .