HOLOGRAPHY

A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Holography
BY

Akshay Baisane
ROLL NO.: 06
OF
Department of Printing Engineering, Pune Vidyarthi Grihas College of
Engineering and Technology, Pune.

UNDER GUIDENCE
OF
PROF. A. R. Mahajan

HOLOGRAPHY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the seminar report submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
Printing Engineering And Graphics Communication entitled
Holography submitted by Akshay Baisane, Roll No. 06 of T.E. Printing
during the academic year 2014-15 under my guidance and supervision.

Prof. A. R. Mahajan

Prof. A. R. Mahajan

(Seminar Guide)

(Head of Department)

HOLOGRAPHY

Acknowledgement

I place on record, my sincere thank you to Prof. A. R. Mahajan Dean of the

Faculty, for the continuous encouragement. I am extremely thankful and
indebted to him for sharing expertise, and sincere and valuable guidance and
encouragement extended to me.
I take this opportunity to express gratitude to all of the Department faculty
members for their help and support. I also thank my parents for the
unceasing encouragement, support and attention. I am also grateful to my
partner who supported me throughout the seminar report.
I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or
indirectly, have lent their hand in this report.

Akshay Baisane
(T. E. Printing)

HOLOGRAPHY

CONTENTS

No

TITLE

Page No

Introduction

Principal Of Holography

Holography Vs Photography

Characteristics Of Hologram

Types Of Holograms

Recording Of Holograms

Uses & Benefits Of Holograms

Conclusion

10

References

11

HOLOGRAPHY

Introduction
Holography is the process and technique used to create holograms.
holos means whole or entirely
gram means message or recording

PRINCIPAL OF HOLOGRAPHY
THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPAL OF HOLOGRAPHY IS INTERFERENCE
Holograms are photographs of three dimensional impressions on the surface of light
waves. Therefore, in order to make a hologram you need to photograph light waves. This
presents something of a dilemma. As we all know, it can be
problematic to take a photograph of a quickly moving object. If
you've ever had a picture come back blurred from the film lab, you
know all too well. When a person moves too quickly in a
photograph, their image blurs. Try to imagine the problems
associated with trying to photograph a photon. To start, a light
wave moves at the speed of light. Thats about 300.000 kilometers
per second. Thats more than half way to the moon in a second. Considerably faster than
someone's hand waving. In fact, its so fast that the very idea of even capturing it on film
would appear impossible. What we need is a way to stop the photon so it can be
photographed. And this technique is called interference.

HOLOGRAPHY

Imagine yourself standing on a small bridge over a of still water. Lets further imagine
that you were to drop a pebble into the pond. As it hits the water it creates a circular
wave. This wave radiates outwards in an ever growing circular path. We've all done this.
Now, if you drop two pebbles in the water, you would create two circular waves, each of
which would grow in size and eventually cross the path of the other wave and then
continue on its individual expanding path. Where the two circular waves cross each other,
you might say that they interfere with each other. And the pattern that they make is called
an interference pattern.
When two light waves pass through each other each wave acts like a bump to the other.
And the result is like rapids of light. The standing wave patterns are stationary even
though the light waves energy continues to move. When waves meet they perform
addition and subtraction. When two waves of equal size meet at their high points (called
crests), they add together to make a wave twice as high at that point. Conversely, where
two waves of equal size meet at their low points (call troughs) they addtogether to
become twice as low.
If the waves add and get higher its called constructive interference. If the waves subtract
or cancel altogether its called destructive interference.

HOLOGRAPHY VS. PHOTOGRAPHY

Conventional photography creates a two-dimensional replication of a three-dimensional
scene. Therefore, a photograph lacks the perception of depth and parallax that we see in
the real-life scene.
On the contrary, holograms keep a record of both perception and depth. To the observer,
a hologram produces the sensation of actually seeing the object in three-dimensions.

HOLOGRAPHY

Ordinary photographic film is only sensitive to radiant energy. Thus, photographs only
record the intensity of light, which is related to the amplitude of the light:
Intensity = Amplitude2
In contrast, holograms can effectively freeze and preserve the wavefront of light that
carries all the information, both amplitude and phase, contained in the scene.

As

suggested by its etymology, a hologram includes the whole message.

In conventional photography, a lens is used to focus the scene onto a film. Recall that
the light originating from a single point of the scene is focused by the lens onto a single
conjugate point in the image on the film. Thus, there is a one-to-one relationship that
exists between each object and image point.
Holograms do not use a lens to focus the image. Each point of the hologram receives
light from every point in the scene and there is no one-to-one relationship.
Therefore, one property of holograms is that each section of the hologram contains all the
information needed to reconstruct the scene. That is, if a hologram is cut into squares and
one of the squares is properly illuminated, that square will still form the whole image.

Characteristics of Hologram
Holograms have unique characteristics. These are discussed below:

Hologram Aberrations: One of the basic characteristics of holograms is that they

suffer from aberrations which are caused by a change in the wavelength from
construction to reconstruction. This is also caused by a difference in the reference
and reconstruction beams. There are two types of aberrations-chromatic and nonchromatic-which are important even when there is a small difference between the
reference and reconstruction geometry. One simple way to eliminate all the

HOLOGRAPHY

aberrations simultaneously is to copy exactly one construction beam in the

reconstruction process.

Orthoscopic and Pseudoscopic Images: A hologram produces two images, one

which is real and the other a virtual image which is an exact replica of the object.
However, to the appearance of the observer, the two images differ in appearance.
The virtual image has the same appearance of depth and the parallax and
produced at the same position as the original object. It appears that the observer is
viewing the original object through a window defined by the size of the hologram.
This virtual image is known as orthoscopic image. The real image is also formed
in front of the hologram at the same time and at the same distance from the
hologram. This real image is called pseudoscopic image where the scene depth is
inverted.

Off-axis Holography: It is possible to separate the twin images. This was

demonstrated in a technique developed by two scientist Leith and Upatnieks in
1962. In this technique, during the recording process, a separate coherent
reference wave falls on the hologram plate at an offset angle to the beam from the
object. This technique is called an off-axis holography generating real and virtual
images angularly separated from each other and also from the direct beam

TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS
Holograms may be classified in a number of different ways depending on their thickness,
method of recording, method of reconstruction etc
There are two basic types of holograms:
Reflection holograms
Transmission holograms

HOLOGRAPHY

(i) Reflection holograms form images by reflecting a beam of light off the surface of the
hologram.

This type of hologram produces very high quality images but is very

expensive to create.
(ii) Transmission holograms form images by transmitting a beam of light through the
hologram.

This type of hologram is more commonly seen since they can be

inexpensively mass-produced. Embossed holograms, such as those found on credit cards,

are transmission holograms with a mirrored backing.

RECORDING OF HOLOGRAMS

Recording Reflection Holograms

HOLOGRAPHY

The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The beam of light hits the beam
splitter, which is a semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two: an object beam and
a reference beam.
The object beam is widened by a beam spreader (expanding lens) and the light is
reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic plate.
The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the light reflects off a
mirror and shines on the photographic plate.
The reference and object
beams

meet

photographic
create

the

at

the

plate

and

interference

pattern that records the

amplitude and phase of the
resultant wave.

Recording Transmission Holograms

HOLOGRAPHY

As with reflection holograms, a laser is used to provide a highly coherent source of

light. A beam splitter and beam spreaders are also used in the recording of transmission
holograms.
After the object beam passes through the beam spreader, the light is reflected off a
mirror and onto the object. The object beam is then reflected onto the photographic plate.
The reference beam is also reflected off a mirror and shines on the photographic plate.

10

HOLOGRAPHY

The incoming object and

reference

beams

create

resultant wave. The amplitude

and phase of the resultant wave
is

recorded

photographic

onto
plate

the
as

an

interference pattern.

USES OF HOLOGRAMS
Why should holography be used?
The reasons for using Hologram and holographic products are as follows:

Pass Around Value: Since holograms have impressive appearance, it is likely that
people will bring them to top notice of colleagues and associates.

Impact: It is a known fact that holograms are looked at significantly and longer
than other graphic mediums because they are eye-catching. Any name or logo or
slogan on the hologram has greater impact and the message is enforced.

Security: Holograms are widely used for security purpose. It is not possible to to
duplicate holograms and hence they have become an essential part of many
government and commercial security programs. Holograms are applied to
documents, ID cards, currency, and product labels.

Retention: Holograms are certain objects which can be treasured for a long time
which is not the case with another object, be it a pen or a calendar or a diary.

Commercial Purpose: Commercially, holographic products, comprise a very

unique market in themselves. They are sold as retail products in the market .

11

HOLOGRAPHY

Various products like greeting cards, direct-mail literature, trading cards,

collectibles, packaging and displays etc. have holographic images.

Promotional Purpose: Holographic products have great promotional effects as

they diffract the seven colors of the spectrum when the light falls on them and
create an unique three-dimensional image. Once applied to the product, the
apparent value of the product is automatically enhanced no matter which way you
look at it

Benefits of Holograms

Some popular benefits of holograms can be summarized as follows:

Holograms combats counterfeiting.

They cannot be reproduced.

They provide product authentication.

They minimizes document tampering

Holograms are quick and easy optical validation.

They enhance packaging appeal and increase brand sales.

Applications of holograms
Holography is a very useful tool in many areas, such as in commerce, scientific research,
medicine, and industry.
Some current applications that use holographic technology are:
Holographic interferometry is used by researchers and industry designers to test and
design many things, from tires and engines to prosthetic limbs and artificial bones and
joints.
Supermarket and department store scanners use a holographic lens system that directs
laser light onto the bar codes of the merchandise.

12

HOLOGRAPHY

Holographic optical elements (HOEs) are used for navigation by airplane pilots. A
holographic image of the cockpit instruments appears to float in front of the windshield.
This allows the pilot to keep his eyes on the runway or the sky while reading the
instruments. This feature is available on some models of automobiles.
Medical doctors can use three-dimensional holographic CAT scans to make
measurements without invasive surgery.

This technique is also used in medical

education.
Holograms are used in advertisements and consumer packaging of products to attract
potential buyers.
Holograms have been used on covers of magazine publications. One of the most
memorable Sports Illustrated covers was the December 23, 1992 issue featuring Michael
Jordan. Holograms have also been used on sports trading cards.
The use of holograms on credit cards and debit cards provide added security to
minimize counterfeiting.
Holography has been used to make archival recordings of valuable and/or fragile
museum artifacts.
Sony Electronics uses holographic technology in their digital cameras. A holographic
crystal is used to allow the camera to detect the edge of the subject and differentiate
between it and the background. As a result, the camera is able to focus accurately in dark
conditions.
Holography has been use by artists to create pulsed holographic portraits as well as
other works of art.

Future applications of holography include:

Future colour liquid crystal displays (LCDs) will be brighter and whiter as a result of
holographic technology.

Scientists at Polaroid Corp. have developed a holographic

reflector that will reflect ambient light to produce a whiter background

13

HOLOGRAPHY

Holographic night vision goggles

Many researchers believe that holographic televisions will become available within 10
years at a cost of approximately $5000. The future of holographic motion pictures may
become a reality within the next few years.

Conclusion

Holograms are widely used in our day to day life. So holograms manufacturer have very
significant business. Now a days much more valuable application of holograms are
invented .
Holograms provides 3D dimentional view of object which makes it better than
conventional photography. Manufacturing process is also not so complicated. In short and
simple terms, hologram is three-dimensional laser photography, containing depth and
parallax, which mean the ability to see around the object.

REFERENCES

14

HOLOGRAPHY

Cited Patent

Filing date

Publication date

Applicant

Title

US2867263 *

Apr 4, 1955

Jan 6, 1959

Woodford
John

US4289821 *

Sep 24, 1979

Sep 15, 1981

Scott Paper Company

Surface replication on
a coated substrate

US4427732 *

Mar 25, 1982

Jan 24, 1984

Scott Paper Company

Surface replication on
a coated substrate

US4758296 *

Jun 20, 1983

Jul 19, 1988

McGraw Stephen P

Method of fabricating
surface
relief
holograms

Bartlett

Francis

Method of applying
patterns to vinyl floor
coverings

15