Topicality Scholars GDI09

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009
Scholars
Topicality File *
Topicality File *....................................................................1
Resolved 1NC....................................................................3
Resolved - Extension............................................................4
Resolved After the Colon..................................................5
The = specific....................................................................6
The = All...........................................................................7
USFG 1NC Not The States.............................................8
USFG EXT Not The States............................................9
USFG 3 Branches............................................................10
Should 1NC Past Tense Of Shall..................................11
Should 1NC Past Tense of Shall...................................12
AT: Should--Past Tense More Grammatical.......................13
Should - Duty.....................................................................14
Should - Desirable..............................................................15
Should = Excludes certainty (AT: Consult)........................16
Substantially 10%............................................................17
Substantially 50%............................................................18
Substantially 80%............................................................19
Substantially Definitions....................................................20
AT: Percentages are arbitrary..............................................21
Increase 1NC Preexisting.............................................22
Increase EXT Pre-Exisiting..........................................23
Increase Create New........................................................24
Increase - 1NCNet Increase............................................25
Increase EXT Net Increase...........................................26
Social Service - 1NCMust be Federal Assistance..........27
Social Service - Reduce dependency..................................28
Social Service - Title XX (1/2)...........................................29
Social Service - Title XX (2/2)...........................................30
Social Service - 1NC Cash...........................................31
Social Service - EXTCash Supplements........................32
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Other Cases. 33
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements Medicaid....34
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Housing.......35
Social Service - 1NC - Native Americans........................36
Social Service - EXTNative Americans.........................37
Social Service - 1NCEducation....................................38
Social Service - 1NC Healthcare....................................39
Social Service EXT Healthcare....................................40
Social Service EXT - Medicare.......................................41
Social Service - 1NC - Food Stamps................................42
Social Service - Excludes (EITC).......................................43
Social Service Excludes List...........................................44
Social Service Excludes List...........................................45
Social Service - Excludes Military and Institutional..........46
2NC Social Service = Broad............................................47
2NC Social Service = broad...........................................48
Social Services - Include....................................................51
Social Services - Include....................................................52
Social Service - Includes Abortion.....................................53
Social Service - Include Basic Needs.................................54
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Social Service - Includes Disability Assistance..................55
Social Service - Includes Education...................................56
Social Service - Includes Healthcare, Education, Welfare. 57
Social Service - Includes Housing......................................58
Social Service - Includes Medicaid but Excludes Medicare59
Persons - Human.................................................................60
Persons - Corporations.....................................................61
Persons Corporations........................................................62
Animals Persons...............................................................63
Living in Poverty - 1NC Federal Definition....................64
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition..................65
Living in Poverty EXT Food Standard.........................66
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition.................67
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition Predictable68
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition - Predictable69
AT: Poverty Line Bad.........................................................70
AT: Federal Poverty Level..................................................71
Living in PovertyBelow 100..........................................72
AT: Revising Federal Guidelines........................................73
ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (1/2)....74
ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (2/2)....75
Politics Links-Revising Guidelines (Unpopular)...............76
AT: Poverty Line should be relative...................................77
Federal Poverty Line Bad (1/2)..........................................78
Federal Poverty Line Bad (2/2)..........................................79
Ext #1Poverty Measure Bad (Laundry List)..................80
Ext #2Poverty Measure Bad...........................................81
Ext #3Poverty Measure Bad...........................................82
Poverty = Bad Resources (1/2)...........................................83
Poverty = Bad Resources (2/2)...........................................84
Poverty = Basic needs........................................................85
AT: Basic Needs.................................................................86
Poverty = Children.............................................................87
Poverty = Communication poverty....................................88
Poverty = Criminals/Violent Situations..............................89
Poverty = Day Laborers and Housemaids..........................90
Poverty = Education...........................................................91
Poverty = Expenditure........................................................92
Poverty = Food...................................................................93
Poverty = Mental people....................................................94
Poverty = Rural...................................................................96
Poverty = Unemployment...................................................97
In = within..........................................................................98
In = throughout...................................................................99
US Includes All Areas Under US jurisdiction..................100
US Includes Territories and Possessions..........................101
US Includes Military Bases..............................................102
US = the 50 States............................................................103
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Topicality
Resolved 1NC
A. In policy-related contexts, resolved denotes a proposal to be enacted by law
Words and Phrases 64 Permanent Edition
Definition of the word resolve, given by Webster is to express an opinion or determination by
resolution or vote; as it was resolved by the legislature; It is of similar force to the word enact,
which is defined by Bouvier as meaning to establish by law.
B. Violation: the affs plan isnt explicitly tied to a federal policy. Resolved in the resolution
mandates that the affirmative defend the United States Federal Government enacts a law
affirming the resolution.
C. This is a voting issue
1. Aff conditionality not having to tie the plan to a policy explodes the topic by allowing
the aff to moot the 1nc and sever out of any links because isnt stuck to a specific
mechanism of solving their aff.
2. Neg ground their interpretation an infinite number of cases that avoid policy debates in
their entirety and makes us only debate their authors moral high ground. No policy means
that we literally get no disads.
3. This is a voting issue makes the topic undebateable by overstretching our research
burden undermining preparedness for all debates

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Topicality
Resolved - Extension
Resolved means to express by formal vote
Websters Revised Unabridged Dictionary 98 (dictionary.com)
Resolved:
5. To express, as an opinion or determination, by resolution and vote; to declare or decide by a formal
vote; -- followed by a clause; as, the house resolved (or, it was resolved by the house) that no money should
be apropriated (or, to appropriate no money).
Resolved implies a specific course of action

American Heritage 0 (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition,
http://www.bartleby.com/61/87/R0178700.html)
INTRANSITIVE VERB:1. To reach a decision or make a determination: resolve on a course of action. 2.
To become separated or reduced to constituents. 3. Music To undergo resolution.
Resolved means to reach a firm decision

Merriam Webster Online 8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?
book=Dictionary&va=resolved
resolve[1,verb] Main Entry: 1resolve Pronunciation: \ri-zlv, -zolv also -zv or -zov\ Function: verb
Inflected Form(s): resolved; resolving Etymology: Middle English, from Latin resolvere to unloose,
dissolve, from re- + solvere to loosen, release more at solve Date: 14th century transitive verb 1obsolete :
dissolve, melt 2 a: break up, separate <the prism resolved the light into a play of color>; also : to change by
disintegration b: to reduce by analysis <resolve the problem into simple elements> c: to distinguish between
or make independently visible adjacent parts of d: to separate (a racemic compound or mixture) into the two
components 3: to cause resolution of (a pathological state) 4 a: to deal with successfully : clear up <resolve
doubts> <resolve a dispute> b: to find an answer to c: to make clear or understandable d: to find a
mathematical solution of e: to split up (as a vector) into two or more components especially in assigned
directions 5: to reach a firm decision about <resolve to get more sleep> <resolve disputed points in a text>
6 a: to declare or decide by a formal resolution and vote b: to change by resolution or formal vote <the
house resolved itself into a committee> 7: to make (as voice parts) progress from dissonance to consonance
8: to work out the resolution of (as a play)
Resolved means a firm decision

American Heritage 0 (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition,
http://www.bartleby.com/61/87/R0178700.html)
Resolve TRANSITIVE VERB:1. To make a firm decision about. 2. To cause (a person) to reach a decision.
See synonyms at decide. 3. To decide or express by formal vote.
Resolved means determined and firm in intent.

Random House Unabridged 6 (http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=resolved&r=66)
resolved Audio Help /rzlvd/ Pronunciation Key - Show Spelled Pronunciation[ri-zolvd] adjective firm
in purpose or intent; determined.

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Topicality
Resolved After the Colon

The colon is meaningless everything after it is whats important
Websters 0 Guide to Grammar and Writing (http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/marks/colon.htm)
Use of a colon before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the
colon as a gate, inviting one to go on If the introductory phrase preceding the colon is very brief and
the clause following the colon represents the real business of the sentence, begin the clause after the
colon with a capital letter.
The colon just elaborates on what the debate community was resolved to debate
Encarta World Dictionary 7 (http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?
refid=1861598666)
colon (plural colons) noun Definition: 1. punctuation mark: the punctuation mark (:) used to divide
distinct but related sentence components such as clauses in which the second elaborates on the first, or
to introduce a list, quotation, or speech. A colon is sometimes used in U.S. business letters after the
salutation. Colons are also used between numbers in statements of proportion or time and Biblical or literary
references.
Colon is a punctuation mark that precedes an explanation

Oxford English Dictionary 8 (http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/colon_1?view=uk)
colon 1/koln/ noun a punctuation mark (:) used to precede a list of items, a quotation, or an expansion
or explanation.
Colon is the sign used to introduce a sentence or phrase

Cambridge Dictionary Online 8 (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?key=14990&dict=CALD)
colon (SIGN) Show phonetics noun [C] the sign (:) used in writing, especially to introduce a list of things
or a sentence or phrase taken from somewhere else

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Topicality
The = specific
The denotes a specific, unique object
American Heritage 0 Dictionary of the English Language (dictionary.com)
the
Used before singular or plural nouns and noun phrases that denote particular, specified persons or
things: the baby; the dress I wore. Used before a noun, and generally stressed, to emphasize one of a group
or type as the most outstanding or prominent: considered Lake Shore Drive to be the neighborhood to live in
these days. Used to indicate uniqueness: the Prince of Wales; the moon. Used before nouns that designate
natural phenomena or points of the compass: the weather; a wind from the south. Used as the equivalent of a
possessive adjective before names of some parts of the body: grab him by the neck; an infection of the hand.
Used before a noun specifying a field of endeavor: the law; the film industry; the stage. Used before a proper
name, as of a monument or ship: the Alamo; the Titanic. Used before the plural form of a numeral denoting a
specific decade of a century or of a life span: rural life in the Thirties.
The means unique, as in there is one USFG

Merriam-Websters 8 Online Collegiate Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
used as a function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular
member of its class <the President> <the Lord>
The word the implies there is only one as in the USFG

Cambridge Dictionaries Online 7
used to refer to things or people when only one exists at any one time:
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The = All
The means all parts.
Merriam-Websters 8 Online Collegiate Dictionary, http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary
4 -- used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized adjective to indicate reference to a group as
a whole <the elite>
The serves a function to indicate a generic following noun or phrase

Merriam Webster Online 8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=the
Main Entry: 1 the Pronunciation: \before consonants usually th, before vowels usually th, sometime before
vowels also th; for emphasis before titles and names or to suggest uniqueness often th\ Function: definite
article Etymology: Middle English, from Old English th, masculine demonstrative pron. & definite article,
alteration (influenced by oblique cases as ths, genitive & neuter, tht) of s; akin to Greek ho,
masculine demonstrative pron. & definite article more at that Date: before 12th century 1 aused as a
function word to indicate that a following noun or noun equivalent is definite or has been previously
specified by context or by circumstance <put the cat out> bused as a function word to indicate that a
following noun or noun equivalent is a unique or a particular member of its class <the President><the
Lord> cused as a function word before nouns that designate natural phenomena or points of the compass
<the night is cold> dused as a function word before a noun denoting time to indicate reference to what is
present or immediate or is under consideration <in the future> eused as a function word before names of
some parts of the body or of the clothing as an equivalent of a possessive adjective <how's the arm
today> fused as a function word before the name of a branch of human endeavor or proficiency <the law>
gused as a function word in prepositional phrases to indicate that the noun in the phrase serves as a basis
for computation <sold by the dozen> hused as a function word before a proper name (as of a ship or a
well-known building) <the Mayflower> iused as a function word before a proper name to indicate the
distinctive characteristics of a person or thing <the John Doe that we know wouldn't lie> jused as a
function word before the plural form of a surname to indicate all the members of a family <the Johnsons> k
used as a functon word before the plural form of a numeral that is a multiple of ten to denote a particular
decade of a century or of a person's life <life in the twenties> lused as a function word before the name of
a commodity or any familiar appurtenance of daily life to indicate reference to the individual thing, part, or
supply thought of as at hand <talked on the telephone> metersused as a function word to designate one of
a class as the best, most typical, best known, or most worth singling out <this is the life><the pill> ;
sometimes used before a personal name to denote the most prominent bearer of that name 2 a (1)used as a
function word with a noun modified by an adjective or by an attributive noun to limit the application
of the modified noun to that specified by the adjective or by the attributive noun <the right
answer><Peter the Great> (2)used as a function word before an absolute adjective or an ordinal number
<nothing but the best><due on the first> b (1)used as a function word before a noun to limit its
application to that specified by a succeeding element in the sentence <the poet Wordsworth><the days of
our youth><didn't have the time to write> (2)used as a function word after a person's name to indicate a
characteristic trait or notorious activity specified by the succeeding noun <Jack the Ripper> 3 aused as a
function word before a singular noun to indicate that the noun is to be understood generically <the dog
is a domestic animal> bused as a function word before a singular substantivized adjective to indicate an
abstract idea <an essay on the sublime> 4used as a function word before a noun or a substantivized
adjective to indicate reference to a group as a whole <the elite>

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Topicality
USFG 1NC Not The States

A. Interpretation:
1. The is used to denote a specific entity
American Heritage 0 (Fourth Edition, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/the)
the P (th before a vowel; th before a consonant) def.art.Used before singular or plural nouns and noun
phrases that denote particular, specified persons or things: the baby; the dress I wore.
Federal government is central government

WEBSTER'S 76 NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY UNABRIDGED, p. 833.
Federal government. Of or relating to the central government of a nation, having the character of a federation as
distinguished from the governments of the constituent unites (as states or provinces).
B. Violationthe affirmative acts through state governments, not through the central
government
C. This is a voting issue:
1. Limits: allowing the states also allows different types of state compacts, or allows the
affirmative to exclude certain states like California to avoid disad links
2. Negative groundnone of our disads link to the states; they assume a central
government actor, and all of the topic literature that describes federal action refers to the
central government. Its not predictable for us to have disads to the state action
3. Fiat abuse: allowing 50-state fiat isnt real world and destroys education; theres almost
zero literature on all states acting together. It also creates terrible debates and is worse for
the affirmative because it justifies multi-agent counterplans that also arent predictable
Its extratopicalit requires the creation of state coordinating bodies and compacts to
create a federal government; this is a voting issue because it expands affirmative advantage
ground unpredictably

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Topicality
USFG EXT Not The States

Federal government is the national government that expresses power
Blacks Law 4 Dictionary, 8th Edition, June 1, pg.716.
Federal government. 1. A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller
political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in
national politics matters Also termed (in federal states) central government. 2. the U.S. government
Also termed national government. [Cases: United States -1 C.J.S. United States - - 2-3]
Federal government is central government

WORDNET 97, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY http://www.dictionary.com/search?q=federal%20government.
Federal government. n: a government with strong central powers.
Federal government is in Washington, D.C.

WEST'S LEGAL THESAURUS/DICTIONARY 85, p. 744.
United States: Usually means the federal government centered in Washington, D.C.
Federal means relating to the national government of the United States

Blacks Law Dictionary 99
federal, adj. Of or relating to a system of associated governments with a vertical division of governments
into national and regional components having different responsibilities; esp., of or relating to the national
government of the United States.

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Topicality
USFG 3 Branches
The U.S. government is 3 branches
Blacks Law Dictionary 90 (6th Edition, p. 695)
In the United States, government consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches in addition
to administrative agencies. In a broader sense, includes the federal government and all its agencies and
bureaus, state and county governments, and city and township governments.
The United States federal government constitutes of the executive, legislative, and judicial
branch
Wordnet Princeton 7 http://poets.notredame.ac.jp/cgi-bin/wn?
cmd=wn&word=federal_government
federal government -- (a government with strong central powers) United States government, United States,
U.S. government, US Government, U.S. -- (the executive and legislative and judicial branches of the
federal government of the United States) HAS INSTANCE=> Capital, Washington -- (the federal
government of the United States)
Government is the political and administrative hierarchy of the state

Political Science Dictionary 73 (Dryden Press, Illinois, p. 174)
Government is the political and administrative hierarchy of an organized state. Governments exercise
legislative, executive, and judicial functions; the nature of the governmental system is determined by the
distribution of these powers. Government may take many forms, but it must be sufficiently powerful and
stable to command obedience and maintain order. A governments position also depends on its acceptance by
the community of nations through its diplomatic recognition by other states.
Government is the apparatus of the state

Shafritz 88 (The Dorsey Dictionary of American Government and Politics, p. 249)
Government is the formal institutions and process through which binding decisions are made for a society. Henry David Thoreau (18171862) wrote in Civil Disobedience (1849) that that government is the best which governs least. This statement is often attributed to
Thomas Jefferson but while it certainly reflects his philosophic sentiments, it has never been found in any of Jeffersons writings . 2
The apparatus of the state, consisting of executive, legislative, and judicial branches . 3 A political entity that
has taxing authority and jurisdiction over a defined geographic area for some specified purpose, such as fire protection or schools. 4 The
indiciduals who temporarily control the institutions of a state or subnational jurisdiction. 5 The United States government, especially as
in the government.

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Topicality
Should 1NC Past Tense Of Shall

A. Violation - Should refers to a future act that has not been carried out the affirmative
must defend a world where the federal government enacts a policy increasing alternative
energy incentives that has not yet been enacted
Remo 32 Foresi v. The Hudson Coal Co, SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA, 106 Pa. Super. 307; 161 A.
910; 1932 Pa. Super. LEXIS 239 July 14,
As regards the mandatory character of the rule, the word 'should' is not only an auxiliary verb, it is also
the preterite of the verb, 'shall' and has for one of its meanings as defined in the Century Dictionary:
"Obliged or compelled (to); would have (to); must; ought (to); used with an infinitive (without to) to
express obligation, necessity or duty in connection with some act yet to be carried out." We think it clear
that it is in that sense that the word 'should' is used in this rule, not merely advisory. When the judge in
charging the jury tells them that, unless they find from all the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the
defendant is guilty of the offense charged, they should acquit, the word 'should' is not used in an advisory
sense but has the force or meaning of 'must', or 'ought to' and carries with it the sense of obligation
and duty equivalent to compulsion. A natural sense of sympathy for a few unfortunate claimants who have
been injured while doing something in direct violation of law must not be so indulged as to fritter away, or
nullify, provisions which have been enacted to safeguard and protect the welfare of thousands who are
engaged in the hazardous occupation of mining.
B. This is a better interpretation

1. Limits There are a huge number of past instances where the federal government has
increased alternative energy incentives, every Energy Policy Act the government has passed
since the energy crisis in the 1970s has involved some incentives each of these is wildly
unpredictable for the negative. AND, the abuse of unlimited topics is magnified when
debating the past since we cant have generics every case occurs in a different timeframe
which means our disadvantages and case arguments have to be written to dozens of
different contexts. We would literally have to have a tub for every era of American history.
2. Ground Consensus is generally settled on historical questions which means you can
choose ones where the literature is not only slanted but actually indicates such a slanted
consensus. Moreover, we know past actions didnt cause nuclear wars or anything else
extreme but the aff still has the opportunity to make counter-factual claims about failure to
enact such programs causing nuclear war this is a losing proposition they will ALWAYS
outweigh
3. Education Debate trains us to be future policy makers, lawyers and activists. All of
these require the ability to make COST-BENEFIT CALCULATIONS relying on
PREDICTIVE INFORMATION to be effective. This is a skill that can only and best be
taught in policy debates using the assumptions of fiat. If history is valuable and relevant it
can be used as empirical examples to prove and disprove future arguments which solves all
your offense

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Topicality
Should 1NC Past Tense of Shall

AND, Utopianism such as fiat is key to formulating realistic political strategies for future
social change
Streeten 99 (Paul, Professor Emeritus of Economics at Boston University, Development, The Case For Being
Utopian, Volume 42, Issue 2, p. 118)
First, Utopian thinking can be useful as a framework for analysis. Just as physicists assume an
atmospheric vacuum for some purposes, so policy analysts can assume a political vacuum from which
they can start afresh. The physicists assumption plainly would not be useful for the design of parachutes,
but can serve other purposes well. Similarly, when thinking of tomorrows problems, Utopianism is not
helpful. But for long-term strategic purposes it is essential. Second, the Utopian vision gives a sense of
direction, which can get lost in approaches that are preoccupied with the feasible. In a world that is
regarded as the second-best of all feasible worlds, everything becomes a necessary constraint. All vision is
lost. Third, excessive concern with the feasible tends to reinforce the status quo. In negotiations, it
strengthens the hand of those opposed to any reform. Unless the case for change can be represented in the
same detail as the case for no change, it tends to be lost. Fourth, it is sometimes the case that the
conjuncture of circumstances changes quite suddenly and that the constellation of forces, unexpectedly,
turns out to be favourable to even radical innovation. Unless we are prepared with a carefully worked
out, detailed plan, that yesterday could have appeared utterly Utopian, the reformers will lose out by
default. Only a few years ago nobody would have expected the end of communism in Central and Eastern
Europe, the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the unification of Germany, the break-up of Yugoslavia, the
marketization of China, the end of apartheid in South Africa. And the handshake on the White House lawn
between Mr Peres and Mr Arafat. Fifth, the Utopian reformers themselves can constitute a pressure
group, countervailing the selfinterested pressures of the obstructionist groups. Ideas thought to be
Utopian have become realistic at moments in history when large numbers of people support them, and
those in power have to yield to their demands. The demand for ending slavery is a historical example. It is
for these five reasons that Utopians should not be discouraged from formulating their proposals and
from thinking the unthinkable, unencumbered by the inhibitions and obstacles of political constraints.
They should elaborate them in the same detail that the defenders of the status quo devote to its
elaboration and celebration. Utopianism and idealism will then turn out to be the most realistic vision.
C. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness

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Topicality
AT: Should--Past Tense More Grammatical

1. We have a grammatical interpretation arguing what is technically more consistent is
irrelevant formal grammar is rarely used and every day ungrammatical constructions
prove it doesnt spiral into the destruction of all meaning
2. Massive fairness issues supersede A mangled but fair resolution would probably
produce some good debates people will find ways to stop the slide into ungrammatical
hell but an interpretation the structurally wires in unfairness like theirs inherently
precludes the possibility of good debates
3. Youre not grammatical traditional rules governing should have been abandoned it is
just used for future obligation
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 0 (4th Edition, p. 1612)
Usage Note Like the rules governing the use of shall and will on which they are based, the traditional
rules governing the use of should and would are largely ignored in modern American practice. Either
should or would can now be used in the first person to express conditional futurity: If I had known that,
I would (or somewhat more formally, should) have answered differently. But in the second and third persons
only would is used: If he had known that, he would (not should) have answered differently. Would cannot
always be substituted for should, however. Should is used in all three persons in a conditional clause: if I
(or you or he) should decide to go. Should is also used in all three persons to express duty or obligation
(the equivalent of ought to): I (or you or he) should go. On the other hand, would is used to express volition
or promise: I agreed that I would do it. Either would or should is possible as an auxiliary with like, be
inclined, be glad, prefer, and related verbs: I would (or should) like to call your attention to an oversight.
Here would was acceptable on all levels to a large majority of the Usage Panel in an earlier survey and is
more common in American usage than should. Should have is sometimes incorrectly written should of by
writers who have mistaken the source of the spoken contraction shouldve.
4. This straight up makes no sense if the resolution was a past-tense it would have said
should have they should have to come up with a coherent recognizable sentence using
should in the context they talk about before you accept this interpretation
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Topicality
Scholars
Should - Duty
Should is a duty or obligation
Webster's 84 II, p. 1078
Should is used to express duty or obligation
Should is equal to obligation

WORDS AND PHRASES 53, Vol. 39, p. 313.
The word should, denotes an obligation in various degrees, usually milder than ought. Baldassarre v.
West Oregon Lumber Co., 239 p.2d 839, 842, 198 Or. 556.
Should indicates obligation or duty

Compact Oxford English Dictionary 8 (should, 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?
view=uk)
Should modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate
what is probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with that after a main clause
describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with that expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a
polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope. USAGE Strictly speaking
should is used with I and we, as in I should be grateful if you would let me know, while would is used with
you, he, she, it, and they, as in you didnt say you would be late; in practice would is normally used instead of
should in reported speech and conditional clauses, such as I said I would be late. In speech the distinction
tends to be obscured, through the use of the contracted forms Id, wed, etc.

Scholars
Should - Desirable
Should expresses desirability
Cambridge Dictionary of American English 7 (http://dictionary.cambridge.org/define.asp?
key=should*1+0&dict=A)
should (DUTY)
auxiliary verb
used to express that it is necessary, desirable, advisable, or important to perform the action of the
following verb
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Topicality
Should = Excludes certainty (AT: Consult)

Should isnt mandatory
Taylor and Howard 5 ( Resources for the Future, Partnership to Cut Hunger and Poverty in Africa (Michael
and Julie, Investing in Africa's future: U.S. Agricultural development assistance for Sub-Saharan Africa, 9/12,
http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001784/5-US-agric_Sept2005_Chap2.pdf)
Other legislated DA earmarks in the FY2005 appropriations bill are smaller and more targeted: plant
biotechnology research and development ($25 million), the American Schools and Hospitals Abroad
program ($20 million), womens leadership capacity ($15 million), the International Fertilizer Development
Center ($2.3 million), and clean water treatment ($2 million). Interestingly, in the wording of the bill,
Congress uses the term shall in connection with only two of these eight earmarks; the others say that USAID
should make the prescribed amount available. The difference between shall and should may have legal
significanceone is clearly mandatory while the other is a strong admonitionbut it makes little
practical difference in USAIDs need to comply with the congressional directive to the best of its ability.
Should is permissiveits a persuasive recommendation

Words and Phrases 2 (Words and Phrases: Permanent Edition Vol. 39 Set to Signed. Pub. By Thomson
West. P. 370)
Cal.App. 5 Dist. 1976. Term should, as used in statutory provision that motion to suppress search warrant
should first be heard by magistrate who issued warrant, is used in regular, persuasive sense, as
recommendation, and is thus not mandatory but permissive. Wests Ann.Pen Code, 1538.5(b).--Cuevas v. Superior Court, 130 Cal. Rptr. 238, 58 Cal.App.3d 406 ----Searches 191.
Should means desirable or recommended, not mandatory

West. P. 372-373)
Or. 1952. Where safety regulation for sawmill industry providing that a two by two inch guard rail should be
installed at extreme outer edge of walkways adjacent to sorting tables was immediately preceded by other
regulations in which word shall instead of should was used, and word should did not appear to be
result of inadvertent use in particular regulation, use of word should was intended to convey idea that
particular precaution involved was desirable and recommended, but not mandatory. ORS 654.005 et
seq.----Baldassarre v. West Oregon Lumber Co., 239 P.2d 839, 193 Or. 556.---Labor & Emp. 2857
Should is not mandatory

West. P. 369)
C.A.6 (Tenn.) 2001. Word should, in most contexts, is precatory, not mandatory.----U.S. v. Rogers, 14
Fed.Appx. 303.----Statut227
Should describes what is probable

Compact Oxford English Dictionary 8 (should, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/should?
view=uk)
should
modal verb (3rd sing. should) 1 used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness. 2 used to indicate what is
probable. 3 formal expressing the conditional mood. 4 used in a clause with that after a main clause
describing feelings. 5 used in a clause with that expressing purpose. 6 (in the first person) expressing a
polite request or acceptance. 7 (in the first person) expressing a conjecture or hope.
Should is used to express probability or expectation

WEBSTER'S 84 II, p. 1078
Should - used to express probability or expectation. They should arrive here soon.

Scholars
17
Topicality
Substantially 10%
Substantially means at least 10%
McKelvie, 99, Justice, United States District Court for the District of Delaware, 90 F. Supp. 2d 461; 1999 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 21802
Claim 1 of the '092 patent and claim 1 of the '948 patent contain the phrase "a die of substantially uniform
cross-section." KXI contends the term "substantially" means "at least a 10% change in size." KXI
contends that as applied to the claim, the phrase "substantially uniform cross-section" means "the die should
not change in diameter by more than 10%." Culligan contends the phrase "substantially uniform crosssection" in the '092 and '948 patents means the internal cross-section of the die must vary less than about
0.010 inch along the length of the die.
Substantially 50%
Substantially means at least 50%
Selya 5, (Justice, United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, 408 F.3d 41; 2005 U.S. App. LEXIS 9539)
For instance, the BAA permits the use of foreign goods if it is in the "public interest," 41 U.S.C. 10d, and
Law 109 does not contain such an exception. There are also disparities between the BAA and Law 109 as the
former has been interpreted in federal regulations. One such disparity is that the preference for domestic
construction materials in procurement by federal agencies is 6%, see 48 C.F.R. 25.204(b), whereas the
Preference Board currently sets the preference for purposes of Law 109 at 15%. Furthermore, the BAA
requires contracts for construction of public buildings to favor items manufactured in the United States that
are "substantially all" composed from American raw materials. 41 U.S.C. 10b. The applicable federal
regulation defines "substantially all" as meaning at least 50%. See 48 C.F.R. 25.101(a)(2). In
contradistinction, Law 109 seems to require that cement be manufactured 100% from indigenous (Puerto
Rican) raw materials, save for those indigenous materials that are unavailable in commercial quantities. See 3
P.R. Laws Ann. 927(d).
Substantially 80%
Substantially means 80%
Curtin 3 (John T. Judge, United States District Court for the Western District of New York, 2-23 Gateway
Equipment Corp. -vs- United States of America - 2003 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 2942, United States District Court for the
Western District of New York, lexis)
The government cites Webster's Ninth New College Dictionary for the definitions of "limit" and "impairment" as
suggesting "meanings equivalent to restriction and reduction, respectively." Item 30, p. 3, n.1. It posits that the word "substantially"
suggests "an order of magnitude equivalent to 80% or 90%." Id. It concludes that "using those definitions,
'substantially limited' and 'substantially impaired' means that there must be an 80%-90% restriction and/ or reduction of use
by virtue of the design of the CB-4000." Id.
Substantially Definitions
Substantially is quantitative
Merriam-Webster 3 (www.m-w.com)
Main Entry: substantial
b : considerable in quantity : significantly great <earned a substantial wage>
Substantially is without material qualification

Blacks Law Dictionary 91 [p. 1024]
Substantially - means essentially; without material qualification.
Substantially is essentially
Words and phrases 64, p. 818.
Substantially means in substance; in the main; essentially; by including the material or essential part.
Substantially is to a great extent or degree

WordNet 97 (dictionary.com)
Substantially - adv 1: to a great extent or degree; "I'm afraid the film was well over budget"; "painting the
room white made it seem considerably (or substantially) larger"; "the house has fallen considerably in value";
"the price went up substantially" [syn: well, considerably] 2: in a strong substantial way; "the house was
substantially built".
Substantially is to a large degree

Cambridge International Dictionary of English 1,
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/default.asp?dict=A
Substantially - adverb - The new rules will substantially (=to a large degree) change how we do things.
Substantial is of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or size

The Random House College Dictionary 73, p. 844
Substantial - is of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or size.
AT: Percentages are arbitrary

Accepting a substantial increase without linking it to a specific percentage is meaningless
Dube 2 (Steve, Western Mail, EARTH SUMMIT RHETORIC BLASTED BY OBSERVERS DESPERATE FOR
CHANGE, 9/4, lexis)
There were also scathing words from Simon Thomas, the Ceredigion MP who attended the summit as a
member of the House of Commons environment committee. Mr Thomas blasted British and European
statesmen, including Rhodri Morgan and Tony Blair, for failing to stand up to the United States by
insisting on raising the proportion of renewable energy produced to 15pc, and accepting instead a
meaningless reference in the final agreement that renewable energy should be substantially increased .
Substantially increase has no useful meaning unless its attached to a specific numerical
target
Africa Research Bulletin 2 (WORLD SUMMIT FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, 9/1, lexis)
Negotiations having stalled for 48 hours, trading renewable energy for sanitation the US won the argument so there
would only only be a reference in the final agreement that renewable energies "should be substantially increased".
But with no commitments or timetables, environment and development groups believed that the agreement would be
almost worthless.
Increase 1NC Preexisting

A. Interpretation Increase means to make greater, which presumes a preexisting
program.
Random House Dictionary, 1987
Increase v.t. 1. To make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to: to increase
taxes. v.t. 2. To become greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality: Sales of automobiles increased last
year.
B. Violation The plan creates a new social service

C. Vote Neg
1. Limits Their interpretation is bad because it would allow the Aff to establish any new
program. This explodes the limits of the topic and destroys predictability.
2. Ground Their interpretation destroys any predictable ground. We cant be prepared
to debate the case because there is no literature on programs that have not been
implemented, evaluated, and studied. Increasing or modifying existing programs is the
only fair division of ground to provide for Aff creativity but Neg predictability.
3. Education Their interpretation destroys any meaningful education about public health
instead it would force the debate into generic positions.
Increase EXT Pre-Exisiting

Increase requires making an already existing social service greater, they create a new
service
Buckley et al 6 attorney (Jeremiah, Amicus Curiae Brief, Safeco Ins. Co. of America et al v. Charles Burr et al,
http://supreme.lp.findlaw.com/supreme_court/briefs/06-84/06-84.mer.ami.mica.pdf)
First, the court said that the ordinary meaning of the word increase is to make something greater, which
it believed should not be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has
previously been charged. 435 F.3d at 1091. Yet the definition offered by the Ninth Circuit compels the
opposite conclusion. Because increase means to make something greater, there must necessarily
have been an existing premium, to which Edos actual premium may be compared, to determine whether
an increase occurred. Congress could have provided that ad-verse action in the insurance context
means charging an amount greater than the optimal premium, but instead chose to define adverse action in
terms of an increase. That def-initional choice must be respected, not ignored. See Colautti v. Franklin,
439 U.S. 379, 392-93 n.10 (1979) ([a] defin-ition which declares what a term means . . . excludes any
meaning that is not stated). Next, the Ninth Circuit reasoned that because the Insurance Prong includes the
words existing or applied for, Congress intended that an increase in any charge for insurance must apply
to all insurance transactions from an initial policy of insurance to a renewal of a long-held policy. 435
F.3d at 1091. This interpretation reads the words exist-ing or applied for in isolation. Other types of
adverse action described in the Insurance Prong apply only to situations where a consumer had an existing
policy of insurance, such as a cancellation, reduction, or change in insurance. Each of these forms of
adverse action presupposes an already-existing policy, and under usual canons of statutory construction
the term increase also should be construed to apply to increases of an already-existing policy. See
Hibbs v. Winn, 542 U.S. 88, 101 (2004) (a phrase gathers meaning from the words around it) (citation
omitted).
Increase requires pre-existence

Brown 3 US Federal Judge for the UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF OREGON
(ELENA MARK and PAUL GUSTAFSON, Plaintiffs, v. VALLEY INSURANCE COMPANY and VALLEY
PROPERTY AND CASUALTY, Defendants, 7/17, lexis)
FCRA does not define the term "increase." The plain and ordinary meaning of the verb "to increase" is to
make something greater or larger. 4 Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 589 (10th ed. 1998). The
"something" that is increased in the statute is the "charge for any insurance." The plain and common meaning
of the noun "charge" is "the price demanded for something." Id. at 192. Thus, the statute plainly means an
insurer takes adverse action if the insurer makes greater (i.e., larger) the price demanded for insurance.
An insurer cannot "make greater" something that did not exist previously. The statutory definition of
adverse action, therefore, clearly anticipates an insurer must have made an initial charge or demand for
payment before the insurer can increase that charge. In other words, an insurer cannot increase the charge for
insurance unless the insurer previously set and demanded payment of the premium for that insured's
insurance coverage at a lower price.
Increase Create New

Increase doesnt require pre-existence
Reinhardt 5 (Stephen, U.S. Judge for the UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH
CIRCUIT, JASON RAY REYNOLDS; MATTHEW RAUSCH, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. HARTFORD FINANCIAL
SERVICES GROUP, INC.; HARTFORD FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, Defendants-Appellees., lexis)
Specifically, we must decide whether charging a higher price for initial insurance than the insured would
otherwise have been charged because of information in a consumer credit report constitutes an "increase in
any charge" within the meaning of FCRA. First, we examine the definitions of "increase" and "charge."
Hartford Fire contends that, limited to their ordinary definitions, these words apply only when a consumer
has previously been charged for insurance and that charge has thereafter been increased by the insurer. The
phrase, "has previously been charged," as used by Hartford, refers not only to a rate that the consumer has
previously paid for insurance but also to a rate that the consumer has previously been quoted, even if that rate
was increased before the consumer made any payment. Reynolds disagrees, asserting that, under the
ordinary definition of the term, an increase in a charge also occurs whenever an insurer charges a
higher rate than it would otherwise have charged because of any factor--such as adverse credit
information, age, or driving record 8 --regardless of whether the customer was previously charged some
other rate. According to Reynolds, he was charged an increased rate because of his credit rating when he
was compelled to pay a rate higher than the premium rate because he failed to obtain a high insurance score.
Thus, he argues, the definitions of "increase" and "charge" encompass the insurance companies' practice.
Reynolds is correct. Increase" means to make something greater. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH
DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989) ("The action, process, or fact of becoming or making greater; augmentation,
growth, enlargement, extension."); WEBSTER'S NEW WORLD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH
(3d college ed. 1988) (defining "increase" as "growth, enlargement, etc[.]"). "Charge" means the price
demanded for goods or services. See, e.g., OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY (2d ed. 1989) ("The price
required or demanded for service rendered, or (less usually) for goods supplied."); WEBSTER'S NEW
WORLD DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH (3d college ed. 1988) ("The cost or price of an article,
service, etc."). Nothing in the definition of these words implies that the term "increase in any charge for"
should be limited to cases in which a company raises the rate that an individual has previously been
charged.
Increase - 1NCNet Increase

A. Violation - Increase must be a net increase based off of existing services making
something permanent isnt an increase
Rogers 5 (Judge, STATE OF NEW YORK, ET AL., PETITIONERS v. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY, RESPONDENT, NSR MANUFACTURERS ROUNDTABLE, ET AL., INTERVENORS, 2005 U.S.
App. LEXIS 12378, **; 60 ERC (BNA) 1791, 6/24, lexis)
Statutory Interpretation. HN16While the CAA defines a "modification" as any physical or operational change
that "increases" emissions, it is silent on how to calculate such "increases" in emissions. 42 U.S.C. 7411(a)
(4). According to government petitioners, the lack of a statutory definition does not render the term
"increases" ambiguous, but merely compels the court to give the term its "ordinary meaning." See Engine
Mfrs.Ass'nv.S.Coast AirQualityMgmt.Dist., 541 U.S. 246, 124 S. Ct. 1756, 1761, 158 L. Ed. 2d 529(2004);
Bluewater Network, 370 F.3d at 13; Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees v. Glickman, 342 U.S. App. D.C. 7, 215
F.3d 7, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Relying on two "real world" analogies, government petitioners contend that the
ordinary meaning of "increases" requires the baseline to be calculated from a period immediately
preceding the change. They maintain, for example, that in determining whether a high-pressure weather
system "increases" the local temperature, the relevant baseline is the temperature immediately preceding the
arrival of the weather system, not the temperature five or ten years ago. Similarly, in determining whether a
new engine "increases" the value of a car, the relevant baseline is the value of the car immediately
preceding the replacement of the engine, not the value of the car five or ten years ago when the engine was
in perfect condition.
B. Voting issue
1. Limits extending any existing policy means they can take ANY current social service
and just say its good, this means we have to debate all potential current services AND every
additional services in the literature
2. Negative ground we cant get disad uniqueness or perception disads is they just do the
status quo, perception disads are uniquely important on a topic about federal incentives
since the purpose of incentives is to debate how actors respond to federal signals.
Increase EXT Net Increase

Increase means net increase
Words and Phrases 8 (v. 20a, p.264-265)
Cal.App.2 Dist. 1991. Term increase, as used in statute giving the Energy Commission modification
jurisdiction over any alteration, replacement, or improvement of equipment that results in increase of 50
megawatts or more in electric generating capacity of existing thermal power plant, refers to net increase
in power plants total generating capacity; in deciding whether there has been the requisite 50-megawatt
increase as a result of new units being incorporated into a plant, Energy Commission cannot ignore
decreases in capacity caused by retirement or deactivation of other units at plant. Wests
Ann.Cal.Pub.Res.Code 25123.
Increase requires evidence of the preexisting condition to determine a net increase

Ripple 87 (Circuit Judge, Emmlee K. Cameron, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Frances Slocum Bank & Trust Company,
State Automobile Insurance Association, and Glassley Agency of Whitley, Indiana, Defendants-Appellees, 824 F.2d
570; 1987 U.S. App. LEXIS 9816, 9/24, lexis)
Also related to the waiver issue is appellees' defense relying on a provision of the insurance policy that
suspends coverage where the risk is increased by any means within the knowledge or control of the insured.
However, the term "increase" connotes change. To show change, appellees would have been required to
present evidence of the condition of the building at the time the policy was issued. See 5 J. Appleman &
J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice, 2941 at 4-5 (1970). Because no such evidence was presented,
this court cannot determine, on this record, whether the risk has, in fact, been increased. Indeed, the
answer to this question may depend on Mr. Glassley's knowledge of the condition of the building at the time
the policy was issued, see 17 J. Appleman & J. Appleman, Insurance Law and Practice, 9602 at 515-16
(1981), since the fundamental issue is whether the appellees contemplated insuring the risk which incurred
the loss.
Social Service - 1NCMust be Federal Assistance

A) Our interpretation: The resolution states that the United States federal government
should substantially increase social services this means federal assistance.
B) Violation: The affirmative uses an actor that is not the federal government
C) Standards:
1. Predictability anything actor outside the federal government is impossible for us
to anticipate they could pick anyone from Bill Gates to Chuck E Cheese. This
ruins any chances we have of developing a solid strategy
2. Limits they explode the topic by unlimiting the number of possible actors. This
justifies going beyond social services and persons living in poverty and before
you know it were not even debating the resolution anymore.
3. Topic education this is supposed to be about social services form the federal
government anything other than this robs us of the opportunity to learn about
how government and politics interacts with persons living in poverty.
4. They give us terrible ground they can spike out of any link we could ever come
up with by spiking out of the federal government
D) Voter for fainess, ground and education.
Social Service - Reduce dependency

Title XX indicates that social services must reduce welfare dependency
Stewart 78 (Supreme Court Justice, analysis on a Unanimous supreme court majority, Department of Public Aid
of Illlinois, et al v. Mandley et al., case no. 76-1159, 436 U.S. 725; 98 S. Ct. 2068; 56 L. Ed. 2d 658; lexis, AD:
7/8/9) LS
And the declared purpose of the new Title XX social services program enacted in 1975, 42 U. S. C.
1397 et seq. (1970 ed., Supp. V), was to "[encourage] each State, as far as practicable under the conditions in
that State, to furnish services directed at the goal of . . . achieving or maintaining economic self-support to
prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency. . . ."
Eliminating dependency is a defining theme of social services

Bledsoe et al 72 (Ralph has M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in public administration from USC is a professor of Federal
management at the Federal Executive Institute, and a member of the Federal Government's Senior Executive
Service, Dennis R. Denny, Charles D. Hobbs and Raymond S. Long, Productivity Management in the California
Social Services Program, Public Administration Review, Vol. 32, No. 6 (Nov. - Dec.), pg. 799-803, AD: 7/8/9) LS
The second problem of social services is finding a purpose for them. Again, the federal law is vague, but
one theme prevails throughout the Social Security Act. Services should be aimed at helping individuals to
attain or retain capability for self care or self support and personal independence. In other words, the goal
of services should be to reduce dependency on public welfare. This theme first appeared in the 1962
Amendments to the Social Security Act and was reinforced in the 1967 Amendments. Thus, for the past 10
years, the states have been required to define and perform social services that will result in reduced
dependency.
Social Service - Title XX (1/2)

Social Services Block Grant Program should be the litmus test for topicalityanything else
is nonprofit
Salomon 94 (Lester is a leading expert on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit
sector in the U.S., Ph.D in government from Harvard and B.A. in economic and policy from Princeton, Who
Benefits from the Nonprofit Sector? edited by Charles T. Clotfelter, Google books, p. 135-6, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Social services or human services are inherently amorphous terms. In the British context, these terms
are used to refer to the entire range of people oriented services and benefits, including basic income support
for he elderly and the unemployed (Brenton 1985). In the United States, this broad array of services and
benefits is more commonly referred to as social welfare, and the term social services is used slightly
more narrowly. Thus, under the basic federal program that funds such servicesoriginally known as the
Title XX program and now broadened and renamed the Social Services Block Grant Programsocial
services were defined as any activities that helped to support five broad goals: (1) economic self-support; (2)
self-sufficiency; (3) protective care for children or adults; (4) prevention of institutionalization; or (5)
provision of services to help people in institutions (Wickenden 1976, 572). In the first year of
implementation of this program, states specified 1,313 different services that fell within these five broad
goals. These were subsequently grouped into no fewer than forty-one different Title XX service
categories, including adoption assistance, case management, chore services, counseling, day care,
education and training services, family planning, foster care, information and referral, legal services,
protective services, provision of meals, recreational services, residential care, special services for the
handicapped or disadvantaged, sheltered workshops, and vocational rehabilitation (Gilbert and Specht
1981,4). While this definition is quite broad, it nevertheless excludes some activities that fall within the
domain of nonprofit organizations active in the human services field. Accordingly, we will adopt a usage
that is closer to the U.S. Census of Service Industries concept of social and legal services. In particular,
we exclude hospitals, schools, and arts, culture, and recreation institutions, but include agencies that
provide direct income and other material support, individual and family services, day care, residential care
(except for nursing homes), job training, mental health and addiction services, nonhospital health care, as
well as agencies that engage in community organizing, advocacy, or community development, including
research and public education. We will refer to the organizations that fall within this field as the nonprofit
human service sector.
Social services are purchased using Title XX

Indiana Administrative Code 2 (Article 13: Federal Social Services Block Grant Act,
http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/T04700/A00130.PDF, AD: 7/8/9) LS
"Social services" means services purchased using Federal Social Services Block
Grant Act funds and state and local funds.
Title XX requires uniform definition of servicesmost predictable interpretation

House of Representatives 0 (Committee on way and means, The 2000 Green Book: background Material
and Data on Programs within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means,
http://www.policyalmanac.org/social_welfare/archive/ssbg.shtml, October 6, AD: 7/8/9) LS
In the past, limited information has been available on the use of title XX funds by the States. Under the
Title XX Social Services Block Grant Program, each State must submit a report to the Secretary of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) on the intended use of its funds. These
preexpenditure reports are only required to include information about the types of activities to be funded and
the characteristics of the individuals to be served. The Family Support Act of 1988 (Public Law 100-485)
strengthened reporting requirements. That legislation required States to submit annual reports containing
detailed information on the services actually funded and the individuals served through title XX funds.
DHHS published a final rule on November 15, 1993 implementing the reporting requirements and
providing uniform definitions of services.
Social Service - Title XX (2/2)

There are only 5 goals that social services can be directed to
United Code Service 9 (Title 42, The public health and welfare, Chapter 7, Social Security Act, Title XX,
Block grants to states for social services, lexis, AD: 7/8/9) LS
For the purposes of consolidating Federal assistance to States for social services into a single grant,
increasing State flexibility in using social service grants, and encouraging each State, as far as practicable
under the conditions in that State, to furnish services directed at the goals of--(1) achieving or maintaining
economic self-support to prevent, reduce, or eliminate dependency; (2) achieving or maintaining selfsufficiency, including reduction or prevention of dependency; (3) preventing or remedying neglect, abuse,
or exploitation of children and adults unable to protect their own interests, or preserving,
rehabilitating or reuniting families; (4) preventing or reducing inappropriate institutional care by
providing for community-based care, home-based care, or other forms of less intensive care; and (5)
securing referral or admission for institutional care when other forms of care are not appropriate, or
providing services to individuals in institutions, there are authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year
such sums as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this title [42 USCS 1397 et seq.].
Title XX key to uniform policies

Title XX Social Services Block Grant Plan, 8, Department of Human Services, Administration for
Budget, Analysis and Financial Management , http://www.michigan.gov/documents/dhs/DHS-SSBG-FY0809_250475_7.pdf , AD: 7/8/9) LS
Section 2006 of Title XX of the Social Security Act directs the Secretary to establish uniform definitions
of services for use by the states in preparing the information to be submitted in the annual Social
Services Block Grant report. These services are defined in title 45, part 96, appendix A of the code of
federal regulations and are reflected in the state of Michigan's Title XX Social Services Block Grant Report
Social Service - 1NC Cash

A) Interpretation: a social service cannot be a cash payment
Gish 2 (Melinda, policy analyst Library of Congress, Social services block grant (Title XX of the social security
act), Domestic Social Policy Division, Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress,
http://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-3415:1, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Specifically, SSBG funds cannot be used for capital purchases or improvements; cash payments to
individuals (except that welfare reform allows vouchers for certain families, as described above); payment
of wages as a social service; medical care; social services for residents of institutions; public education;
child care that does not meet applicable state or local standards; or services provided by anyone
excluded from participation in Medicare or other Social Security Act programs.
B) Violation: The plan is material assistance

C) Standards
1. Limits they massively underlimit and increase our research burden to all kinds
of services and not just social services
D) T is voting issue for education and fairness. Default to competing interpretations
because reasonability is arbitrary and leads to judge intervention
Social Service - EXTCash Supplements

Income supplements and social services are distinct
Shlonsky 8 (Aron, associate professor and Factor-Inwentash Chair in Child Welfare at the University of Toronto,
Child Welfare Research, Questia, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Separation was also expected to reduce federal social services expenditures by increasing accountability. As
critics of the 1962 amendments rightly pointed out, nowhere in the legislation was the term social
services clearly defined. Whether intentional or not, this loophole, was not lost on state policy makers,
who recognized that federal reimbursement could be maximized by adopting a broad definition of social
services, one that would encompass anything done for, with, or about a client by a social worker
(Presidents Commission on Income Maintenance, 1970, p.307; see also Derthick, 1975; Hoshino, 1971b,
1972). Capitalizing on the argument that states were claiming reimbursement for costs that Congress had
never intended, proponents of separation contended that if income maintenance and social services were
administratively as well as organizationally separate, there would be greater accountability (Dattalo,
1992; Hoshino, 1972).
Federal government considers social services and cash assistance as separate

Allard 7 (Assistant Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Taubman Center for Public
Policy, Brown University, Getting There or Losing Out: Place, Race, and Access to the Safety Net
http://wcpc.washington.edu/news/seminars/docs/gettingThere2007-12-03.pdf, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Congressional Research Services (CRS) has tracked federal, state, and local expenditures in a small
number of social service program areas (job training, child care programs, and the SSBG) over the past thirty
years to provide a conservative estimate of trends in social service spending and to compare those
expenditures to more salient cash assistance programs. These CRS data are the best available data on
annual social service spending, but are substantial underestimates of the public social service sector financed
through thousands of programs and administered across thousands of governmental agencies. Nevertheless,
these data provide useful insights into the character of the contemporary safety net. According to CRS data,
federal, state, and local government spent $18.5 billion (in $2006) on social services in 1975, roughly half
that spent on welfare cash assistance ($31.5 billion in $2006). Public expenditures for this narrow
definition of social services almost doubled in real dollars between 1975 and 2002, reaching approximately
$34 billion (in $2006). In contrast, federal and state welfare cash assistance expenditures have declined by
two-thirds during the same period, hovering near $11 or $12 billion (in $2006) for the last several years.
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Other Cases

Our interpretation excludes income, TANF, Indians, Child Welfare, VA compensation
Work World 9 (Employment Support Institute school of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, all
information gathered from the Department of Social Services for Medicaid, VA aged, blind, and disabled income
exclusions-Medicaid, April 21,
http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/va_aged_blind_and_disabled_income_exclusions_medicaid.htm, AD: 7/8/9)
LS
A social service is any service (other than medical) that is intended to assist a handicapped or socially
disadvantaged individual to function in society on a level comparable to that of an individual who does
not have such a handicap or disadvantage. The following are income, though they may seem to be social
services as defined above: Remuneration for work or for activities performed as a participant in a program
conducted by a sheltered workshop or work activities center is earned income. Incentive payments to
encourage individuals to utilize specified facilities or to participate in specified medical or social service
programs are unearned income, to the extent that these payments are unrestricted as to use and are not
reimbursement for medical or social services already received. Governmental income maintenance
programs are not considered social services programs (e.g., Transitional Aid to Needy Families, Bureau of
Indian Affairs General Assistance and/or Child Welfare Assistance, State general assistance, and
Veterans Administration compensation or pension benefits). Cash from any insurance policy that pays a
flat rate benefit to the recipient without regard to the actual charges or expenses incurred is income.
Examples of these types of insurance policies are per diem hospitalization or disability insurance, or cancer
or dismemberment policies. Food, clothing, or shelter provided by a non-government medical or social
services organization are counted as unearned in-kind income. (All other in-kind items from nongovernment medical or social services organizations are not income. And note that food, clothing, and shelter
provided by a government medical or social services organization are not income.)
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements Medicaid

Social services must address personal well-being, basic needs, and barriers to employment
but excludes Medicaid
The Growing Centrality of Social Services to the Safety Net
Although scholars and policymakers frequently discuss place-based, mobility-based, and person-based types
of antipoverty assistance, even the most knowledgeable policy expert or community leader may not realize
that the manner in which society and communities help low-income populations has changed dramatically in
recent years. Even though welfare cash assistance, public housing, or Medicaid may be among the most
visible safety net programs, it is social or human service programs that address personal well-being,
basic material needs, and barriers to employment that compose a much larger share of public and
private safety net expenditures.
Social Service EXT Cash Supplements - Housing

Social services must address personal well-being, basic needs, and barriers to employment
but excludes housing
Although scholars and policymakers frequently discuss place-based, mobility-based, and person-based types
of antipoverty assistance, even the most knowledgeable policy expert or community leader may not realize
that the manner in which society and communities help low-income populations has changed dramatically in
recent years. Even though welfare cash assistance, public housing, or Medicaid may be among the most
visible safety net programs, it is social or human service programs that address personal well-being,
basic material needs, and barriers to employment that compose a much larger share of public and
private safety net expenditures.
Social Service - 1NC - Native Americans

A) InterpretationIndians are not given social services because they are already allocated
services
Code of Federal Regulations 8 (http://frwebgate4.access.gpo.gov/cgibin/PDFgate.cgi?
WAISdocID=687121277991+79+2+0&WAISaction=retrieve 5 CFR Ch. I (4108 Edition), AD: 7/8/9) LS
20.102 What is the Bureaus policy in providing financial assistance and social services under this part? (a)
Bureau social services programs are a secondary, or residual resource, and must not be used to
supplement or supplant other programs. (b) The Bureau can provide assistance under this part to
eligible Indians when comparable financial assistance or social services are either not available or not
provided by state, tribal, county, local or other federal agencies. (c) Bureau financial assistance and social
services are subject to annual Congressional appropriations.
B) Violation-the aff gives material aid to Natives

C) Standards
1. Predictabilityour definition is from the USFG
2. Limitsthey open the flood gates and greatly expand the size of the topic by
extending social services past status quo legal barriers
3. Neg Ground: all our disads and uniqueness evidence assumes a world where these
legal barriers dont allow for the plan. We cant ever get specific links to plan.
Social Service - EXTNative Americans

Extend our Code of Regulations 8 evidenceprefer our evidence its from the agency that
normally gives aid to Indians
SS to Indians are considered income NOT social services
Work World 9 (Employment Support Institute school of Business, Virginia Commonwealth University, all
information gathered from the Department of Social Services for Medicaid, VA aged, blind, and disabled income
exclusions-Medicaid, April 21,
http://www.workworld.org/wwwebhelp/va_aged_blind_and_disabled_income_exclusions_medicaid.htm, AD: 7/8/9)
LS
A social service is any service (other than medical) that is intended to assist a handicapped or socially
not have such a handicap or disadvantage. The following are income, though they may seem to be social
services as defined above: Remuneration for work or for activities performed as a participant in a program conducted by a
sheltered workshop or work activities center is earned income. Incentive payments to encourage individuals to utilize specified facilities
or to participate in specified medical or social service programs are unearned income, to the extent that these payments are unrestricted
as to use and are not reimbursement for medical or social services already received. Governmental income maintenance
programs are not considered social services programs (e.g., Transitional Aid to Needy Families, Bureau of
Indian Affairs General Assistance and/or Child Welfare Assistance, State general assistance, and Veterans
Administration compensation or pension benefits).
Social Service - 1NCEducation

A) InterpretationSocial services exclude education
Burke 4 (Vee, Domestic Social Policy Division, Specialist in Income Maintenance, Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, CRS REPORT FOR CONGRESS, Social Service Provisions in the CARE Act and
the Charitable Giving Act, REFERENCES, S. 476 (The CARE Act of 2003) as passed by the Senate
http://www.wikileaks.de/leak/crs/RS21713.pdf, AD: 7//8/9) LS
Definition of social service
Defines social services as helping people in need, reducing poverty, improving outcomes of low-income
children, revitalizing low-income communities, and services empowering low-income people to become selfsufficient. The term social services does not include programs delivering educational assistance
under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act or the Higher Education Act
B) Violationplan increases education

C) Prefer Our Interpretation:
1. PredictabilitySocial services is incredibly broadfederal definitions key check
2. Lit doesnt check there is lit for everything under the sun and leads to ridiculous
definitions thus drastically expanding the size of the rez.
Example - Happiness can be a social service
Dubos 82 (Rene, a Pulitzer Prize winning biologist,
http://www.tfwallace.com/pages_blocks_v3/images/links/CelebrationofLife.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
Happiness is contagious. For this reason its expression is a social service and almost a duty. The
Buddhists have a saying about this commendable virtue: "Only happy people can make a happy
world."
3. Ground they get a massive increase in ground while stealing our good ground, like
the politics DA. Who the hell would ever oppose education?
Social Service - 1NC Healthcare

A) Our interpretation is that healthcare is a series of medical tasks, not a social service
theyre clearly distinct.
Pollack et al 94 (David A. Pollack, Bentson H. McFarland, Robert A. George and Richard H. Angell Professor
for Public Policy, Departments of Psychiatry, Public Health & Preventive Medicine, and Medical Informatics &
Clinical Epidemiology, OHSU Prioritization of Mental Health Services in Oregon, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 72,
No. 3 (1994), pp. 515-550, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Another contentious issue is the question, What is a health care service and what is a social service?
Persons with severe mental illness at different times may need a variety of services, such as case
management, supported housing, psychosocial rehabilitation, or psychotropic medications (lamb et al. 1993).
Sharfstein and Stoline (1992) build on work by Astrachan, Levinson, and Adler (1976) to define these
services from the providers perspective as medical asks, reparative tasks, humanistic tasks, and social
controls. Some services (e.g., psychiatric diagnosis, medications, acute inpatient treatment) are clearly
medical tasks contained in the health sector, whereas other services (e.g., supported housing) are
clearly reparative tasks conducted in the social service sector.
B) Violationplan increases healthcare

C) Standards
1. Predictable limits keyHealthcare is too vague and complicated for the research burden
to be fair
Stanley 9 (Howard, Petoskey News Review managing editor,
http://www.petoskeynews.com/articles/2009/06/12/columns/doc4a32b83a87c3a105904620.txt, AD: 7/8/9) LS
The health care debate is so multi-faceted, so complex, so stunningly different across the country
that its enough to make you want to throw up your hands in frustration.
Healthcare is too big to include all of it

Brownlee 8 (Shannon, award winning writer about medicine and health care, masters degree in biology from
University of California.
http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2008/5_myths_our_sick_health_care_system_8451, AD: 7/8/9) LS
At 17 percent of gross domestic product, health care is the biggest single sector of the economy, and it's
consuming a larger and larger proportion every year.
2. Context--Our authors are professors from the departments of health, public assistance
and medicine.
Social Service EXT Healthcare

Medical social services are topical
Code of Colorado Regulations No date
(http://www.dora.state.co.us/INSURANCE/mcexam/2000/chic98.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Medical Social Services are those services provided by an individual who possesses a baccalaureate
degree in social work, psychology or counseling or the documented equivalent in a combination of
education, training and experience, which services are provided at the recommendation of a physician for
the purpose of assisting the insured or the family in dealing with [emphasis added] a specific medical
condition.
Medical Social Services must assist through diagnosis and treatmentclear limit
Department of Health and Human Services 4 (http://fdsys.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1994-12-20/html/9431065.htm [FR Doc No: 94-31065] AD: 7/9/9) LS
Comment: One commenter objected to this section's requirement that covered medical social services must
be necessary to resolve social or emotional problems that are expected to be an impediment to the treatment
of the beneficiary's medical condition or to his or her rate of recovery. The commenter stated that the services
of a social worker may address a wide range of difficulties in addition to those that present an impediment to
the treatment of the beneficiary's medical condition. Response: The Act at section 1861(m) specifically
defines medical social services as a covered home health service. In addition, section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the
Act excludes from Medicare coverage any service that is not reasonable and necessary for the
diagnosis or treatment of the patient's illness or injury. Therefore, Medicare is limited to covering
those social services that are provided to treat the patient's medical condition; that is, they are directed
at resolving impediments to the treatment of the patient's illness or injury.
Medicare must include treatmentfederal definition

Commerce Clearing House 2 (2004 Medicare Explained, Lexis, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Medical social services are covered as home health services if ordered by a physician and included in the
plan of care. The frequency and nature of the services must be reasonable and necessary for the
treatment of the Medicare beneficiarys condition. Medical social services are dependent services that
are covered only if the beneficiary needs skilled nursing care on an intermittent basis, physical therapy or
speech-language pathology services, or occupational therapy or speech-language pathology services, or
occupational therapy services on a continuing basis. [42 C.F.R. 409.45(c).] Treatment for a patients social
problems will be covered under the program only if (1) the services are necessary to resolve social or
emotional problems that are, or are expected to become, an impediment to the effective treatment of
the patients medical condition or rate of recovery, and (2) the plan of care indicates how, to be
performed safely and effectively, the required services necessitate the skills of a qualified social worker or
social worker assistant under the supervision of a qualified medical social worker [42 C.F.R 409.45 (c); Pub.
100-2, Chapter 7 50.3]
This is a good interpretation

Frank and Dawson 0 (Barbara W. Frank and Steven L. Dawson of the Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute, with assistance from And Van Kleunen and Mary Ann Wilner of the Paraprofessional Healthcare Institute, and Dorie Seavey, a labor
economist in the Boston area, Health Care Workforce Issues in Massachusetts
http://www.forumsinstitute.org/publs/mass/gt-mhpf_workforce_issue_brief.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS
Federal and state public payers are influenced by the broader political process of apportioning tax
dollars to an array of public serviceshealth care being only one among many. Similarly, private
insurers, 13 account- able to purchasers and shareholders who drive prices down, have created capitation
arrangements, utilization reviews, and a rigorous definition of what constitutes health care (as distinct
from social services) in order to control costs.
Social Service EXT - Medicare

Medicare is only topical if they have social workers
Oxford Health Plans 8 (UnitedHealth Group Incorporated NYSE: UNH is a managed health care company,
https://www.oxhp.com/secure/policy/home_health_oma_1208.html, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Medical Social Services (MSS)
MSS are used to assess the social and emotional factors related to the patients illness, counseling based
on this assessment, and searching for available community resources. Medical social services are provided
by a qualified medical social worker when the patient meets the criteria above for home health care
agency services and: 1. The services of these professionals are necessary to resolve social and emotional problems that are or are expected to be
an impediment to the effective treatment of the patients medical condition or his or her rate of recovery; and 2. The plan of care indicates how the services
that are required necessitate the skills of a qualified social worker or a social work assistant under the supervision of a qualified medical social worker to be
performed safely and effectively .
When the two requirements above are satisfied, services of these professionals
that may be covered include, but are limited to: * Assessment of the social and emotional factors related
to the patients illness, need for care, response to treatment and adjustment to care; * Assessment of the
relationship of the patients medical and nursing requirements to the patients home situation, financial
resources and availability of community resources; * Appropriate action to obtain available community
resources to assist in resolving the patients problem. * Counseling service which are required by the patient; and * MSS
furnished to the patients family member or caregiver on a short-term basis when the home health agency can demonstrate that a brief intervention (that is,
two or three visits) by a medical social worker is necessary to remove a clear and direct impediment to the effective treatment of the patients medical
condition or to his/her rate of recovery. To be considered clear and direct, the behavior or actions of the family member or caregiver must plainly obstruct,
contravene, or prevent the patients medical treatment rate of recovery.
Social workers key check

Connecticut Legislature 96 (Public act no. 96-19, act revises the general statutes to reflect the authority of
advanced practice registered nurses and physician assistants, http://www.cslib.org/pa/pa019.htm, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Medical social services are defined to mean services rendered, under the direction of a physician by a
qualified social worker holding a master's degree from an accredited school of social work, including but not limited to (A) assessment of the
social, psychological and family problems related to or arising out of such covered person's illness and treatment; (B) appropriate action and utilization of
community resources to assist in resolving such problems; (C) participation in the development of the overall plan of treatment for such covered person.
Social services are programs that are supervised by the State department of Health
Services and preformed by social service workers
Raye 97, (Justice COURT OF APPEAL OF CALIFORNIA, THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT, 57 Cal. App. 4th
784, *; 67 Cal. Rptr. 2d 350 AD: 7/9/9) LS
Section 10051 states: " 'Public social services' means those activities and functions of state and local
government administered or supervised by the department or the State Department of Health Services
and involved in providing aid or services or both . . . to those people of the state who, because of their
economic circumstances or social condition, are in need thereof and may benefit thereby." Section
10052 defines "aid" as "financial assistance provided to or in behalf of needy persons under the terms of
this division, including direct money payments and vendor payments." The Department argues FSD provides parents
with child support enforcement services, not financial assistance. We agree. FSD's activities do not constitute "aid" as defined by section 10052. Any
payments recovered by FSD are not provided by the FSD but by the errant parent .
Section 10053 defines "services" AS: "those

activities and functions performed by social work staff and related personnel of the department and
county departments with or in behalf of individuals or families, which are directed toward the
improvement of the capabilities of such individuals or families maintaining or achieving a sound family life,
rehabilitation, self-care, and economic independence." The Department argues child support services
provided by the district attorney do not qualify as services under section 10053 because (1) they are not
provided by social work staff and related personnel, but by attorneys, and (2) these attorneys are not
"personnel of the department or county departments," but are personnel of the district attorney's office. We find the Department's argument
persuasive. Section 10053 contemplates social services of a type performed by social workers, not
collection services performed by legal personnel. As we discuss in greater detail, the family support division is not the "County
Department" referred to in section 10053. The child support enforcement services offered by a district attorney are not "public social services" as the phrase
is used in section 10950.
To qualify as a public social service a state or local government function must

constitute either "aid" or "services." Child support enforcement services provided by a district attorney
are neither
Social Service - 1NC - Food Stamps

A) Interpretation:
1) Food stamps are distinct from social services because it is income maintenance
Allard 7 (Scott, Assistant Professor of Political Science and Public Policy, Taubman Center for Public
Policy, Brown University, Getting There or Losing Out: Place, Race, and Access to the Safety Net,
http://wcpc.washington.edu/news/seminars/docs/gettingThere2007-12-03.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
Even though social services are categorized as person-based assistance, they have a distinct spatial or
place component. Promoting economic self-sufficiency and greater well-being through a servicebased safety net hinges on how accessible services are to those in need. Place matters more in a
service-based safety net reliant upon local governmental and nonprofit agencies than a system
that primarily provides assistance through cash assistance of income maintenance programs.
Unlike welfare cash assistance, the EITC, or food stamps, social services cannot be mailed or
electronically transferred to an individual.
2) And, this is distinct from social services.

Although scholars and policymakers frequently discuss place-based, mobility-based, and person-based
types of antipoverty assistance, even the most knowledgeable policy expert or community leader may
not realize that the manner in which society and communities help low-income populations has changed
dramatically in recent years. Even though welfare cash assistance, public housing, or Medicaid may
be among the most visible safety net programs, it is social or human service programs that
address personal well-being, basic material needs, and barriers to employment that compose a
much larger share of public and private safety net expenditures.
B) Violation the plan increases food stamps, which is a type of income maintenance
C) Prefer our interpretation:
1. Limits by expanding the topic to include income assistance they greatly increase our
research burden. If you allow food stamps then you justify allowing bad cases like_______________________.
2. Predictability Income assistance is definitely not a social service they massively
increase our research burden
D) Extra Topicality the affirmative goes beyond the resolution by offering income
assistance it proves that the resolution isnt enough and kills our ground. The aff can
always garner advantages from the extra topical portion. This is a reason to vote neg
Social Service - Excludes (EITC)

Social services are a perquisite EITC is not topical
Perhaps surprisingly, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has expanded to become the largest meanstested program providing cash assistance to low-income households in America. Yet, at $40 billion in
credits in 2002 (in $2006), the EITC still lags far behind public investments in social services (House
Committee on Ways and Means 2004). Moreover, individuals can only receive the EITC if they are working.
Social service programs that alleviate barriers to work are critical to many low-income households if
they are to find a job and take advantage of the assistance available through the EITC. When looking at
Figure 1, it is important to keep in mind that the CRS estimates capture only a fraction of publicly funded
social services. More accurate estimates of public expenditures for the broader array of social or human
services available to low-income populations would certainly exceed $100 billion annually.
Social Service Excludes List

Social services are basic needs and not housing, water, healthcare, food, or sanitation
Regional Civil Society Forum 8 (Caribbean Sub Regional Civil Society Forum in Preparation for the Fifth
Summit of the Americas: Securing our Citizens Future by Promoting Human Prosperity, Energy Security and
Environmental Sustainability,
www.sasod.org.gy/files/FinalCaribCSForumPreliminaryreportofrecommendations.doc, 10/18, AD: 7/8/9) LS
Replace the phrase social services as used throughout this section with either amenities or basic
needs given that water, housing, healthcare, food and sanitation are key to human survival and if one
can achieve that then they move to the next level which is that of social services
.
Social Service Excludes List

Excludes health, education, housing, and income maintenance
Salomon 3 (Lester, leading expert on alternative tools of government action and on the nonprofit sector in the
U.S., Ph.D in government from Harvard and B.A. in economic and policy from Princeton, The State of Nonprofit
America, p.152, AD: 7/8/9) LS
The field of nonprofit social services is diverse and has many subsectors. Indeed, the makeup of this field
remains a matter of dispute. The term social services came into widespread use in the post-World War II
period, especially in the United Kingdom, where the term personal social services referred to the
governmentally supported provision of a wide range of services designed to promote the health and wellbeing of the community. In the United States, the term social services has generally referred to those
services rendered to individuals and families under societal auspices, excluding the major
independent fields of service (that is, excluding health, education, housing, and income maintenance)).
Thus, in practical terms, social services refer to the social care provided to deprived, neglected, or
handicapped children and youth, the needy, elderly, the mentally ill and developmentally disabled, and
disadvantaged adults. These services include daycare, counseling, job training, child protection, foster care,
residential treatment, homemakers, rehabilitation, and sheltered workshops.
Social Service - Excludes Military and Institutional

Federal government does not include military families and people in institutions
US Bureau of the Census No date
(http://www.data.gosap.governor.virginia.gov/GOSAP_App/DocumentsUploaded/20050606132236.Poverty%20All
%20Ages.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Persons Living in Poverty
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates (SAIPE) program.
Definition: The total number of people in poverty.
Limitations: Estimates exclude all persons living in military families and the population residing in
institutional group quarters. Some examples of institutional group quarters are correctional facilities,
juvenile institutions, and nursing homes. However, the estimates do include persons residing in non-institutional
group quarters, such as college dormitories, fraternity, and sorority houses.
2NC Social Service = Broad

Social service is so broad and can mean anythingfederal definitions provide resolutional
basis and filter out bad plans
And there is lit for everything under the sun and leads to ridiculous definitions
Happiness can be a social service
Dubos 82 (Rene, a Pulitzer Prize winning biologist,
http://www.tfwallace.com/pages_blocks_v3/images/links/CelebrationofLife.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
Happiness is contagious. For this reason its expression is a social service and almost a duty. The Buddhists have a
saying about this commendable virtue: "Only happy people can make a happy world."
Twitter is a social service?

Rubel 9 (Gina, president and CEO of Furia Rubel Communications Inc., 3/18,
http://www.law.com/jsp/nlj/PubArticleNLJ.jsp?id=1202429165569&slreturn=1, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Twitter is a social service for people to communicate and stay connected through the exchange of 140character answers to one simple question: What are you doing?
2NC Social Service = broad

Social service is a federal poverty program
Bush 2 (George, former president in an executive order, EO 13279, Equal Protection of the Laws for FaithBased and Community Organizations, http://www.religionandsocialpolicy.org/docs/legal/wh-20021212.pdf,
AD: 7/9/9) LS
"Social service program" means a program that is administered by the Federal Government, or by a
State or local government using Federal financial assistance, and that provides services directed at
reducing poverty, improving opportunities for low-income children, revitalizing low-income communities,
empowering low-income families and low-income individuals to become self-sufficient, or otherwise
helping people in need. Such programs include, but are not limited to, the following: (i) child care
services, protective services for children and adults, services for children and adults in foster care,
adoption services, services related to the management and maintenance of the home, day care services
for adults, and services to meet the special needs of children, older individuals, and individuals with
disabilities (including physical, mental, or emotional disabilities); (ii) transportation services; (iii) job
training and related services, and employment services; (iv) information, referral, and counseling
services; (v) the preparation and delivery of meals and services related to soup kitchens or food banks;
(vi) health support services; (vii) literacy and mentoring programs; (viii) services for the prevention
and treatment of juvenile delinquency and substance abuse, services for the prevention of crime and
the provision of assistance to the victims and the families of criminal offenders, and services related to
intervention in, and prevention of, domestic violence; and (ix) services related to the provision of
assistance for housing under Federal law.
Social service can be anything just as long as it helps people living in poverty
Burke 4 (Vee, Domestic Social Policy Division, Specialist in Income Maintenance, Congressional Research
Service, Library of Congress, CRS REPORT FOR CONGRESS, Social Service Provisions in the CARE Act and
the Charitable Giving Act, http://www.wikileaks.de/leak/crs/RS21713.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
REFERENCES H.R. 7 (The Charitable Giving Act of 2003) as passed by the House Defines social
services programs as programs providing benefits or services of any kind to persons and families in
need. [Section 301]
Social service just has to improve peoples standard of living

Development Education Program of the World Bank 0
(http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/TLSF/theme_c/mod13/www.worldbank.org/depweb
/english/modules/glossary.htm
Social services. Services generally provided by the government that help improve people's standard of
living; examples are public hospitals and clinics, good roads, clean water supply, garbage collection,
electricity, and telecommunications.

Social services can be anything
Parham 92 (Jim, professsor of social welfare at the University of Georgia, Practice Issues in Social Welfare
Administration, Policy and Planning, edited by Ed Lebowitz. Questia, AD: 7/8/9) LS
For an enterprise as large as social services (as above described), it is startling to be able to make the following
observations: 1. No one is certain what the term embraces. 2. No once can satisfactorily describe the generic
prupose of such services. 3. No agreement exists on the skills required to perform them. 4. No clarity exists as
to who should sponsor them. 5. Questions abound as to who should be entitled to use them. 6. No professional
discipline has been awarded undiluted centrality in their development and management. 7. No consensus exists
as to who would say whether or not they are done well.

Social services has no fixed meaning and can mean social welfare and work services
Parham 92 (Jim, professsor of social welfare at the University of Georgia, Practice Issues in Social Welfare
Administration, Policy and Planning, edited by Ed Lebowitz. Questia, AD: 7/8/9) LS
How did it get this way? It has never been simple due to the inherent semantic generalness of the terms
social and services (Wickenden, 1976). There has been and remains a usage of the term that embraces
broad social programs such as housing, health, and employment, which are offered with full or partial
freedom from market place constraints. The term is often used interchangeably with the phrase social
welfare services. The same is true of social work services. Wickenden has indicated that it requires
interplay of these two terms with the term social services to give her a comfortable understanding.
Kahn, Kamerman, and Morris have tried hardest to promote currency for the term personal social
servicestrying to establish a conceptual boundary for those activities with which we are primarily
concerned here (kahn, 1979; Kahn & Kamerman, 1978, 1979; Morris, 1979).
Social Services - Include

Social services include:
Employment Security Department 98 (Social Services, Washington State Labor Market,
http://www.wa.gov/esd/lmea/sprepts/indprof/social.htm AD: 7/6/9) LS
Social services cover a wide array of service organizations (public, for-profit private, and non-profit
private), including institutions providing welfare payments, individual and family social services, job
training and vocational rehabilitation services, child day care services, residential care, and other social
services (such as advocacy groups, community action and development groups, and councils for social agencies). Individual and family social services
include family counseling and welfare services. Since 1980, the number of people on welfare has surged, and annual Federal government expenditures have
more than quadrupled to over $140 billion, resulting in a strained financial system. Single mothers accounted for roughly half of this increase, and many of
them are teenagers. Given projected numbers of recipients, expected available financial resources, and the political environment for reform of public
assistance programs, any workable future solution will require that some kind of work be done in exchange for most benefits. Job-training vocational
rehabilitation services include manpower training and vocational rehabilitation and habilitation services for the unemployed, handicapped, and
disadvantaged (related to lack of job skills, education, or experience). Job retraining will continue to require substantial resources since the technical skills
required for success in the job market are rapidly changing. Even those remaining on the job will need continuous training in order to keep their skills up to
date. As competition for highly trained professional and technical workers is high, firms that don't provide continuous training or otherwise keep
employment attractive will lose their employees to other competitors. Over the past two decades, there has been growing demand for child day care
services. Currently there are roughly 96,000 licensed child care centers and nearly 300,000 licensed family child care providers in the United States. The
Federal government supports child care directly with approximately $2 billion in funding for services and indirectly with $2.5 billion through tax relief with
the Dependent Care Tax Credit. In addition, several states offer tax credits for child care. Besides government funding and employer-provided day care, the
demand for these services is largely demographic. Although an increase in the population of children is the most obvious factor, the proportion of working
mothers has dramatically increased during the last twenty years. Residential care includes personal care for children and the elderly where intensive care is
not a major element. Rising demand for these services has squeezed budget-constrained government facilities at the same time that private (both for-profit
and non-profit) are doing reasonably well. Demand for residential care for senior citizens will continue to grow modestly over the next decade as the
Finally, other kinds of social services include

community action, advocacy groups, anti-poverty boards, social agency boards, and regional planning
organizations. Largely non-profit, the fund-raising efforts of this segment have been hindered by scandals
over the misuse of funds and concerns over political affiliation. Consequently, this segment has been one of
the slowest growing areas of social services, growing by less than 6 percent per year in current-dollar terms
over the last ten years.
percentage of the population over seventy years remains relatively unchanged.
Social services includes:

Morrill 92 (William, a senior fellow at Mathtech, Inc., an applied research and consulting firm, and formerly its
president, assistant secretary for planning and evaluation of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
and he has a bachelor's degree in government, School Linked Services Vol 2, Num 1, Spring, The Future of
Children: Princeton and Brookings, http://www.futureofchildren.org/information2827/information_show.htm?
doc_id=79228, AD:7/6/9) LS
As stated previously, the present human services delivery system can, with considerable oversimplification, be
grouped into three major categories: education, health, and social services. The education system provides primarily
instructional services to children in public and private schools. The health category encompasses nutrition, medical,
and mental health services; the social services category includes not only traditional social services (such as child
welfare, day care, and counseling), but also income maintenance, housing, and training. The delivery systems
for these services are somewhat different, and a brief description of them will be helpful in understanding the nature
of current problems.
Social services includes:

Mackinac Center for Public Policy 93 (January 1, http://www.mackinac.org/print.aspx?ID=7310, AD:
7/6/9) LS
Social services are among the functions of state government most frequently contracted out by states and counties.
In the Apogee study, 38 percent of state agencies responsible for providing social services reported contracting with
private firms. Contracting out can be used successfully in the delivery of social services; such opportunities
include: child support enforcement, adoption services, disabilities rehabilitation, drug and alcohol treatment
programs, vocational training, and employment retraining.
Social Services - Include

Social services include:
Madan No Date (Indian Social Problems, http://books.google.com/books?
id=uBq4PhQJTXcC, AD: 6-5-9) AJK
Mr. Harry M. Cassidy defines social services as, those organised activities that are primarily and directly
concerned with the conservation, the protection, and the improvement of human resources, and includes as
social services: social assistance, social insurance, child welfare, corrections, mental hygiene, publich
health, education, recreation, labour protection and housing.
Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic (Types of social services, the Ministry of Labour
and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic website, http://www.mpsv.cz/en/1613, AD: 6-4-9) AJK
Social services mediate assistance in the care of one's own person, providing meals, accommodation,
assistance in running a household, care and assistance with bringing up a child, providing information,
mediation of contact with social environments, psychotherapy and social therapy, assistance in assuring one's
rights and interests.
Welfareinfo.org (Social Welfare Services, http://www.welfareinfo.org/services/;AD: 6-4-9) AJK

At times like those it can be very comforting to learn that there are agencies and people to turn to for advice
or assistance, thanks to Social Welfare Services. These welfare services can be used to provide tremendous
relief to a family in need, and can often times be the deciding difference between a family or person forced to
be homeless out on the streets, and that same person or family being able to afford safe shelter, nourishing
food, and clothing. No matter if you are married, widowed or single, there are a wide range of options
available to help you take care of your yourself and your familys needs. Some of the myriad options for
financial assistance are:
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Child Support
Benefits for Immigrants
Medicaid
The Child Nutrition Programs
The Food Stamp Program
Social Service - Includes Abortion

Social services includes family planning through Title XX funding
Sollom, Gold and Saul 84 (Terry Sollom is policy analyst, Rachel Benson Gold is senior public policy
associate and Rebekah Saul is senior public policy assistant at The Alan Guttmacher Institute,
Washington, D. C., U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, grant no. FPR000057,
http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2816696.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
Public funds to provide subsidized family planning come from diverse federal and state programs. The
federal government makes funds available for family planning services through four major sources:
Title X of the Public Health Service Act, and Titles V, XIX and XX of the Social Security Act. The latter
three sources are better known as the maternal and child health (MCH) block grant, Medicaid and the social
services block grant, respectively. The importance of each of these individual funding sources for family
planning services varies across states, since each state can structure its family planning effort individually.
Social Service - Include Basic Needs

Social services help individuals or families meet their basic needs
City of Columbia 9 (Social Services Funding Policy, Boone County Community Services Advisory
Commission, January,
https://www.gocolumbiamo.com/CommunityServices/Programs/Social_Service/documents/SocialServicesFundingP
olicy1-14-09.pdf AD: 7/6/9) LS
Definition of Social Services
Social services are those services provided to individuals or families experiencing difficulty in meeting
their basic human needs: physical survival (i.e. food, shelter, and clothing); adequate preparation for
increased economic opportunity and self-reliance (i.e. employment and training programs, child care, and
transportation); assistance in addressing conditions related to mental health and substance abuse,
especially in times of personal or family crises (rehabilitation and counseling); prevention services for at-risk
children and youth (education, enrichment, and opportunity); independent living services specifically for
seniors and/or persons with disabilities (i.e. in-home services, adult day care, and care coordination); and
help in gaining access to available appropriate services (i.e. transportation and information & referral
services).
Social services means anything that solves for basic needs

Social Services Advisory Board of Manhattan No date
(http://www.ci.manhattan.ks.us/DocumentView.asp?DID=1954, AD: 7/9/9) LS
The SSAB uses the following definition of social services: Those not-for-profit activities, programs, or
agencies that are primarily engaged in providing basic human needs services such as temporary shelter,
protection, nutrition, care, emergency support, and guidance to those members of our community who are in
need because of their dependence, income status, health or other immediate circumstances, when those needs
cannot be adequately met by other private or public services or agencies.
Social services are programs for people with special needs or conditions not based on
income
AMC 2 (Association of Minnesota Counties, Social services & The Community Social Services Act, July,
http://www.mncounties.org/Publications/FYIs/PDF/Social_Services08.pdf, AD:7/6/9) LS
Social services are programs which serve people with special needs or conditions. Eligibility for these
programs is based on need, not income level. Social services in Minnesota include programs for the
mentally ill, mentally retarded, the abused and neglected and their families, the elderly, the chemically
dependent, and children (including day care programs).
Social Service - Includes Disability Assistance

Social services include disability assistance
Department of Public Assistance (http://dpaweb.hss.state.ak.us/manuals/apa/440/4403_items_that_are_not_income.htm, AD: 6-5-9) AJK
Social services. A social service is any service which is intended to help a handicapped or socially
not have such a handicap or disadvantage.
Social Service - Includes Education

Education is definitively a social service
Dimmock and Walker 0 (Clive, Graduate School of Education, University of Western Australia, Allan,
Chinese University of Hong Kong, Compare. Oxford: Oct 2000. Vol. 30, Iss. 3; pg. 303, 10, AD: 7/9/9) LS
That schools provide education and that education is a social service is undeniable.
Social Service - Includes Healthcare, Education, Welfare

Social services are health, education, welfare, and government services
Hanson 83 (Royce & National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Behavioral and Social
Sciences and Education. Committee on National Urban Policy, Rethinking urban policy, Pg 17,
http://books.google.com/books?id=pjcrAAAAYAAJ, AD: 6-8-9) AJK
The first of the new systems, developed by Browning and Singelmann (1975), uses the traditional
classification for the first two sectors, which they call extractive and transformative industries. They divide
services into four classes: (1) distributive services- transportation, communications, wholesale and retail
trade (except eating and drinking places); (2) producer- finance, insurance, real estate, professional and
business services; (3) social serviceshealth, education, welfare, government; and (4) personal servicesdomestic, lodging, repair, entertainment. Distributive services reflect the next stage (after extraction and
transformation) in the development of goods as they move from the most undifferentiated primary form to
their distribution to the ultimate consumer (Singelmann, 1978:30). While the other sectors do not follow
Social services include health care and education

Ledgerwood 99 (Joanna, Microfinance handbook: an institutional and financial perspective, Pg 63,
http://books.google.com/books?id=luaAHdTKMM8C, AD: 6-8-9) AJK
In addition, some MFIs provide enterprise development services such as skills training and basic business
training (including bookkeeping, marketing, and production) or social services such as health care,
education, and literacy training. These services can improve the ability of low-income men and women to
operate microenterprises either directly or indirect.
Social Service - Includes Housing

Federal government considers housing is a social service
Chan Chun Wai 3 (Master of Housing Management dissertation, University of Hong Kong,
AN ASSESSMENT ON THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE HONG KONG GOVERNMENT
IN PUBLIC HOUSING PROVISION DURING THE 1990s,
http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/view/B31969069/ft.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
It is generally recognized that housing is a form of social services. As Richard M. Titmuss pointed out.
social services can be defined as all collectively provided services which are deliberately designed to meet
certain socially recognized needs. Therefore, government regarded housing as a form of social services
which is provided jointly with education, medical and health and other services to the most needed in
the society
Social Service - Includes Medicaid but Excludes Medicare

Medicaid is topicalMedicare is NOT
Council for Economic Education No date (The Council for Economic Education offers many
programs promoting economic literacy in the United States and across the globe,
http://www.econedlink.org/lessons/index.php?lesson=190&page=teacher )
Medicare provides health care coverage for 40 million elderly. Medicaid provides health care for 34 million
poor people, people with disabilities, and seniors in nursing homes. Medicare is an entitlement. Medicaid
is a social service.
Persons - Human
Persons are humans
Merriam Webster 9 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/person, AD: 7-8-09) MT
Persons: human, individual sometimes used in combination especially by those who prefer to avoid man
in compounds applicable to both sexes
Persons are living Humans

American Heritage Dictionary 9
(http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/person;_ylt=Av2wIVSgFdJAdIL0yIrjCP2sgMMF, AD: 7-809) MT
Person- A living human. Often used in combination: chairperson; spokesperson; salesperson.
Persons - Corporations
Corporations are persons- Supreme Court Ruled
Kellman 99 (Peter, president of the Southern Maine Central Labor Council, and a member of the executive board
of the Maine AFL-CIO Labor Organizing Must Challenge Corporate Rule,
http://www.poclad.org/articles/kellman01.html, AD: 7-8-09)MT
People have rights, inalienable rights. Corporations have only the privileges we the people give them,
because corporations are created by people through their legislatures. Corporations are not mentioned in the
United States Constitution. Their constitutional privileges stem from Supreme Court cases, judge-made
law. These judges are lawyers, appointed for life. In Santa Clara County v. the Southern Pacific
Railroad Corporation (1886), the Supreme Court of the United States declared that "...equal
protection of the laws, applies to these corporations." The meaning of the Court was clear:
corporations are persons under the law deserving "equal protection."
Corporations are persons

Oregon Law Review 7 (https://www.oregonlaws.org/glossary/definition/person, AD: 7-8-09) MT
"Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability
company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality,
public corporation or any other legal or commercial entity.

Merriam Webster 9 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/person, AD: 7-8-09) MT
Person- one (as a human being, a partnership, or a corporation) that is recognized by law as the subject of
rights and duties

EIA Energy Glossary 9 (http://www.eia.doe.gov/glossary/glossary_p.htm, AD: 7-8-09) MT
Person- An individual, a corporation, a partnership, an association, a joint-stock company, a business trust,
or an unincorporated organization.
Persons Corporations
Corporations are not persons
Burke 4 (Vee, Candidate for Juris Doctor, University of Colorado School of Law, 2004; M.A., University of
Colorado, 1991, B.A., CAN WE STAND FOR IT? AMENDING THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT WITH AN
ANIMAL-SUIT PROVISION, University of Colorado Law Review, Lexus, AD: 7-8-09) MT
When the endangered Hawaiian Crow filed a lawsuit [*654] through a human next friend to enforce the
ESA, the District Court of Hawaii found that the crow could not be represented by a next friend under
Rule 17(c) because it was not a "person," which the court interpreted to mean a human. n138 Rule
17(c) does refer to "incompetent persons," and the relevant dictionary meaning of "person" is, "in general
usage, a human being
Corporations are not full persons

Werhane 91 (Patricia, Ruffin Professor of Business Ethics; Senior Fellow, Olsson Center for Applied Ethics;
Strategy, Ethics and Entrepreneurship ; Chair, Doctoral Program Operating Committee at University of Virginia,
Person, Rights, and Corporations, pg. 33, http://www.wirtschaftsethik.ch/upload/werhane-ch1_3.pdf, AD: 7-8-09)
MT
Corporations are not full persons under the law, however. For example, the courts have denied
corporations the privilege to plead the Fifth Amendment to avoid self-incrimination, and the courts
have denied corporations some of the rights to protection due to persons under the Fourteenth
Amendment.4 Notice, however, that these are all legal rights as-cribed to a legally fictional person created by
incorporation
Persons are not Corporations

Nader and Mayer 88 (Carl and Ralph, consumer advocate, directs the Corporate Accountability Research
Group., Corporations are not Persons, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/09/opinion/corporations-are-notpersons.html, AD: 7-8-09)MT
Our constitutional rights were intended for real persons, not artificial creations. The Framers certainly
knew about corporations but chose not to mention these contrived entities in the Constitution. For
them, the document shielded living beings from arbitrary government and endowed them with the
right to speak, assemble and petition.
Animals Persons
Animals are not persons
Parry 7 (Professor, Lewis & Clark Law School, Finding a Right to Be Tortured, Cardozo Law and Literature,
Vol. 19, Issue 2 , pp. 207-228, Lexus, AD:7-8-09)MT
Part of the foundation of human dignity is the "I will" that each person is capable of by virtue of his freedom.
By virtue of this power, the person is capable of self-possession and self-determination. He can be selfstanding, that is, he can take a stance or position that he determines. That is a basic meaning of freedom
and dignity. If we compare man with animals, we see that the animal's behavior is determined by its
nature. In other words, a dog acts just like a dog. In contrast to this, our human nature makes our
behavior possible, it does not determine it
Animals are not Persons

Burke 4 (Vee, Candidate for Juris Doctor, University of Colorado School of Law, 2004; M.A., University of
Colorado, 1991, B.A., CAN WE STAND FOR IT? AMENDING THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT WITH AN
ANIMAL-SUIT PROVISION, University of Colorado Law Review,Lexus, AD: 7-8-09) MT
If Congress enacted an animal-suit provision in the ESA, and the Court accepted an animal plaintiff suing
under such a provision, some mechanism must be found to represent the interests of the animal plaintiff in
court. This part shows that the Rule 17(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides such a
mechanism by providing for the representation of parties who, for one reason or another, cannot speak for
themselves. One obstacle to the use of Rule 17(c) in animal suit cases immediately presents itself: the
expectation that those entitled to representation must be "persons." n130 Animals do not fit the
traditional understanding of personhood. However, as explained below, the personhood problem should
not pose an insurmountable obstacle to use of Rule 17(c) to bring suits under an animal-suit provision in the
ESA.
Courts have ruled- animals are not persons

Inkelas 5 (Daniel, Assistant Counsel, Transatlantic Programs Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. J.D. with
high honors, 2004, The George Washington University Law School; Ph.D. 1998, SECURITY, SOUND, AND
CETACEANS: LEGAL CHALLENGES TO LOW FREQUENCY ACTIVE SONAR UNDER U.S. AND
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, George Wasghinton International Law Review, Lexus, AD: 7-809) MT
In Cetacean Community v. Bush, n146 attorney Lanny Sinkin filed suit on behalf of whales, dolphins,
porpoises, and nearly eighty other species against the Navy's proposed use of SURTASS LFAS. n147 The
plaintiffs based their challenge on the fact that the Navy had focused entirely on peacetime, training uses of
SURTASS LFAS in its environmental assessment, permit requests, and consultation process, neglecting the
potential harms that could result from LFAS use during conditions of heightened threat or military
operations. n148 The court did not fully reach the merits of this interesting argument, however, dismissing the
complaint on the grounds of standing, ripeness, and prudential concerns. The claims were not ripe because
the plaintiffs had not suffered hardship from regulations that had been neither proposed nor issued. n149 The
court also held that "animals are not 'persons' with standing" for the purposes of ESA or APA, under
the plain language of those statutes. n150 Finally, the court dismissed the MMPA and NEPA claims against
President Bush, reasoning that "since the President is not an 'agency' within the meaning of APA, Plaintiff
cannot obtain judicial review under APA of its claims that the President violated, or will violate, MMPA or
NEPA."
Living in Poverty - 1NC Federal Definition

A. Interpretation: Persons living in poverty eligibility determined by federal model
DHHS 9 (Department of Health and Human Services, The 2009 HHS Poverty Guidelines: One Version of the
[U.S.] Federal Poverty Measure, AD: 7/9/9) LS
There are two slightly different versions of the federal poverty measure: The poverty thresholds, and the
poverty guidelines.The poverty thresholds are the original version of the federal poverty measure. They are
updated each year by the Census Bureau (although they were originally developed by Mollie Orshansky of
the Social Security Administration). The thresholds are used mainly for statistical purposes for instance,
preparing estimates of the number of Americans in poverty each year. (In other words, all official poverty
population figures are calculated using the poverty thresholds, not the guidelines.) Poverty thresholds
since 1980 and weighted average poverty thresholds since 1959 are available on the Census Bureaus Web
site. For an example of how the Census Bureau applies the thresholds to a familys income to determine its
poverty status, see How the Census Bureau Measures Poverty on the Census Bureaus web site. The
poverty guidelines are the other version of the federal poverty measure. They are issued each year in the
Federal Register by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The guidelines are a
simplification of the poverty thresholds for use for administrative purposes for instance,
determining financial eligibility for certain federal programs. The Federal Register notice of the 2009
poverty guidelines is available.
B. Violationprisoners are excluded from the federal poverty guidelines

U.S. Census Bureau, Small Area Income & Poverty Estimates, 2009.
(Model Input Data - Denominators for State and County Poverty Rates, 1/2/09,
http://www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/data/model/info/denominators.html, accessed 7/10/09, TAZ)
The state models estimate ratios of number of people in poverty to population, as measured in the American Community Survey (ACS), for the groups of
interest. We convert these ratios to estimates of numbers of people in poverty by multiplying by demographic estimates of the population, as covered by the
ACS, for these groups. The county models directly estimate logarithms of numbers of people in poverty for the groups of interest. The computation of
poverty rates corresponding to the model-based county and state estimates of numbers of people in poverty requires estimates of the number of people in the
relevant poverty universes. Because the poverty numbers are consistent with the ACS definitions, the poverty universes must also be. Beginning in 2006 ,
the ACS poverty universe includes a small portion of group quarters populations, namely those in noninstitutional quarters, not elsewhere classified, such as emergency shelters, workers' dormitories, and
so on. Residents of college dormitories, military housing, and all institutional group quarters
population were excluded. Also, children under the age of 15 who are not related to the reference
person within the household by birth, marriage or adoption (for example, foster children) are not
included in the poverty universe and so are neither "in poverty" nor "not in poverty". Procedures for
computing poverty universe estimates at the state and county levels for 2006 and beyond are described
below.
C. Standards
1. Limits we should only have to research what the federal government normally does
means tested affs are the most predictable
2. Ground Dont allow them to defend a change in the poverty guidelines that should be
CP ground
D. Voting issue for reasons abovedefault to competing interpretations, reasonability leads
to a race to the bottom
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition

A. Interpretation- Living in poverty is defined as people living below the poverty line
US Census Bureau, 8 (US Census Bureau, U.S. Census Bureau, Housing and Household Economic Statistics
Division http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/poverty.htmlPoverty definition)
--- Following the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB) Statistical Policy Directive 14, the Census
Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine
who is in poverty. If a familys total income is less than the familys threshold, then that family and
every individual in it is considered in poverty. The official poverty thresholds do not vary
geographically, but they are updated for inflation using Consumer Price Index (CPI-U). The official
poverty definition uses money income before taxes and does not include capital gains or noncash benefits
(such as public housing, Medicaid, and food stamps).
Living in poverty is any person living below the nationally set poverty line
Harms 95 (The University of Chicago Chronicle, William Harms, May 11, 1995 Vol. 14, No. 17
http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/950511/poverty.shtml)
"The current poverty measure has not kept pace with far-reaching changes in society and the
economy," Michael said. "Our new measure, for example, will show for the first time the effects of workrelated expenses -- such as transportation costs and child-care costs -- on families' available income. This
new approach will provide us all with a more accurate and consistent picture of who is living in poverty
today. "The accuracy of such data is essential, Michael said, because poverty measurements are used
broadly as an indicator of the population's well-being and to design and evaluate particular social
policies. In 1994, for example, 27 government programs providing low-income families with benefits -- such
as food stamps, Head Start, legal service and Medicaid -- linked applicants' eligibility to poverty status in
some way. The current poverty line, developed in the early 1960s, is considered to be the minimum
dollar amount needed for individuals, couples or families to purchase food and meet other basic needs.
According to 1992 data -- the most recent available -- 36.9 million people, or 14.5 percent of the U.S.
population, have incomes below the current poverty line. The panel's recommended measure uses both a
more accurate definition of income and a different concept of basic needs. The recommended measure
of disposable income reflects the income actually available to the nation's families for purchasing basic
needs. According to the panel's recommended measure, income would include, in addition to money
received, the value of noncash benefits such as food stamps, school lunches and public housing that can be
used to satisfy basic needs. The new measure also would subtract from gross income certain expenses that
cannot be used for these basic needs, such as income taxes, child-support payments, medical costs, healthinsurance premiums and work-related expenses, including child care. The new measure of basic needs is
based on amounts spent on three essentials -- food, clothing and housing (including utilities) -- with a small
percentage added to cover other necessary items, such as personal-care expenses and nonwork travel. The
new measure also includes adjustments for different family sizes and an adjustment for the cost of living in
different city sizes and different regions of the country. The panel recommends that, for purposes of
measuring poverty, the definition of family be broadened to include cohabiting couples.
Living in Poverty EXT Food Standard

Living in poverty is determined by a food standard
Driscoll 2 (Anne, Institute for Health Policy Studies, School of Medicine @ UC San Francisco, Journal of Social
Policy, Poverty and Welfare Patterns: Implications for Children)
In the UK and other European countries, living in poverty is commonly defined as having half of the national
median household income. In the USA, living in poverty is defined as having an income that is three
times the low cost food budget, a definition that is controversial but which has been consistently
tracked over many decades. However, both the UK and the USA have higher rates of poverty among
children than other industrialized European nations. Declining but large proportions of American children are
in poverty and/or receive welfare. During the 1970s, the proportion of American children living in poverty
rose substantially from 14.9 per cent in 1970 to 19.5 per cent in 1980. Since then, the percentage of poor
children in the USA has hovered between 17 and 22 per cent; in 1999, 16.9 per cent of children were living in
poverty. Although poverty is defined differently in the USA than in the UK, approximately one-third of
children in the UK were living in poverty in 1996.
The federal poverty standard is measured by the food budget

Zlatos 9, Bill Pittsburgh Tribune Review, Poverty Worse in Pa. Than Reported: Study
One in five Pennsylvania households do not make enough money to meet basic needs even though many live
above the federal poverty level, according to a study released Monday. "It's not a lack of work effort that's a
problem," Diana M. Pearce, director of the Center for Women's Welfare at the University of Washington, said
during a telephone news conference. "It's the lack of adequate wages." Pearce is author of "Overlooked and
Undercounted: Struggling to Make Ends Meet in Pennsylvania," a study conducted in cooperation with the
nonprofit PathWays PA for the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry. The report found that twice
as many of the state's 3.4 million households are having a hard time making ends meet compared to data
based on the federal standard for poverty. Just one in 10 households in the state lives in poverty,
according to the federal standard. That standard, however, calculates poverty based on a food budget.
In contrast, PathWays PA examines needs such as the cost of food, housing, child care and health care in each
county.
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition

US has a specific dollar amount to define poverty
Fass 9 (Sarah, Masters of Public Health degree from the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University and a
Bachelors degree in American Studies and French from Georgetown University, Measuring Poverty in the United States April
2009 http://www.nccp.org/publications/pdf/text_876.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS
How does the U.S. measure poverty? The U.S. government measures poverty by a narrow income
standard that does not include other aspects of economic status, such as material hardship (for example,
living in substandard housing) or debt, nor does it consider financial assets (including savings or property). The official
poverty measure is a specific dollar amount that varies by family size but is the same across the
continental U.S. According to the guidelines, the poverty level in 2009 is $22,050 a year for a family of four and
$18,310 for a family of three (see table). The poverty guidelines are used to determine eligibility for
public programs. A similar but more complex measure is used for calculating poverty rates. The current poverty measure was established in the
1960s and is now widely acknowledged to be flawed.
Federal government defines poverty through the guidelines

IRP 9 (Institute for Research on Poverty, "How is poverty measured in the United States?," 2/17,
http://www.irp.wisc.edu/faqs/faq2.htm AD: 7/9/9) LS
In 1965, the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity adopted the SSA thresholds as a working definition of poverty for statistical purposes and for program
planning.
In 1969, the U.S. Bureau of the Budget (now the U.S. Office of Management and Budget) issued
a directive that made the thresholds the federal government's official statistical definition of poverty.
Social services are means tested based on the poverty thresholdschange is worse
Blank 7 (Rebecca, Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan and Brookings Institution, National Poverty Center
Working Paper Series #07-30, November 2007, How to Improve Poverty Measurement in the United States,
http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-30.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS
the current poverty

measure is used by a large number of programs. According to a recent Congressional Research Service estimate (Gabe, 2007), 82
federal programs use the official poverty rate (typically as a basis for allocating funds) or the Poverty
Guidelines (typically as one element in their eligibility determinations.) The result is that any changes in
the definition of thresholds or the measurement of poverty raise the possibility of changes in funding
allocation or program eligibility. The longer the statistic is unchanged, the bigger the potential changes when updating occurs. This
considerably raises the resistance to changes in poverty measurement.
Second, changes in poverty have become harder the longer that the statistic has gone without changes, in part because
The operational definition of poverty is restricted to money income

Jones 97 (Susan R., Professor of Clinical Law, George Washington University Law School, Clinical Law Review, Small
Business and Community Economic Development: Transactional Lawyering for Social Change and Economic Justice, Fall,
Lexis AD: 7/9/9) LS
Although the terms low-income and poor are sometimes used synonymously in this paper, I am compelled to highlight that low-income communities are
"Poverty is generally thought of as material deprivation. However, the

operational definition of poverty currently used in the United States is restricted to money income.
Poverty is defined by the federal government as a range of income thresholds adjusted for the size of
the family, the age of the householders, and the number of children under age 18 in the family. The absolute money-income thresholds are updated
very rich in non-monetary resources.
yearly on the basis of the Consumer Price Index." National Association of Social Workers, Encyclopedia of Social Work (Richard L. Edwards et al. eds.,
19th ed. 1995). In 1995 there were 36.4 million poor people (13.8% of the total population) living in the United States. See Eleanor Baugher and Leatha
Lamison-white, U.S. Dept. Of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports 60-194 (1995).
Social services are means tested

Besharov and Germanis 4 (Douglas, lawyer and the first director of the U.S. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect,
professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy, Peter, assistant director of the University of Maryland Welfare Reform
Academy. Previous director of the Division of Program Evaluation, Office of Family Assistance, U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Reconsidering the Federal Poverty Measure June 14, http://www.welfareacademy.org/pubs/poverty/povmeasure.description.pdf AD:
7/9/9) LS
The federal poverty measure is the most commonly used indicator of the material well-being of lowincome Americans. It compares an individuals or a familys income to the amount believed necessary to
meet a minimum standard of living. For almost four decades, it has been the primary statistic by which
the extent of U.S. poverty is measured and by which federal, state, and local governments allocate
means-tested social welfare benefits.
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition Predictable

Means tested budgets are determined with the federal poverty line
Eberstadt 8 (Nicholas, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, The Poverty of The Poverty Rate,
http://www.aei.org/docLib/20081117_PovertyofthePovertyRate.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
6. Derived from Congressional Research Service, Cash and Noncash Benefits for Persons with Limited
Income: Eligibility Rules, Recipient and Expenditure Data, FY2002FY2004, by Karen Spar et al., CRS
Report RL33340, March 27, 2006, 2027, 23346. To go by the estimates in this report, roughly two-thirds
(65.4 percent) of all means-tested public spending in America in FY 2004 was allocated using the official
poverty rate.
$380 billion on social services is already based on this

Eberstadt 8 (Nicholas, senior fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, The Poverty of The Poverty Rate,
http://www.aei.org/docLib/20081117_PovertyofthePovertyRate.pdf , AD: 7/9/9) LS
The authority and credibility enjoyed by the official poverty rate (or OPR) as an especially telling indicator of American domestic want are revealed in its
unique official treatment. The OPR is regularly calculated not only for the country as a whole, but for every locality down to the level of the school district.3
(It is even available at the level of census tractsenumerative designations that demarcate the nation into subdivisions of as few as one thousand
residents.) Furthermore, U.S. government antipoverty spending has come to be calibrated against, and made contingent upon, this particular measure.
eligibility for means-tested public benefits depends on the relationship between a

households income and the apposite poverty threshold. In fiscal year 2002, by one estimate, over $300 billion in public
Everywhere in America today,
funds were allocated in accordance with the criterion of poverty guidelines, the version of poverty thresholds used by the Department of Health and
Human Services.4 Many billions of dollars of additional public spending not directly earmarked for antipoverty programs are currently also contingent upon
the OPR, which may, for example, serve as a component in the complex formulas through which Community Development Block Grants (formerly
referred to as revenue-sharing programs) dispense funds to local communities. No estimate for the total volume of annual government outlays allocated
with reference to the poverty rate appears to be currently available from any official U.S. source.5 A recent study by the Congressional Research Service,
no less than $380 billion in

official expenditures at the federal, state, and local levels were distributed through mechanisms
wherein the federal poverty measure came into play as a criterion for disbursement.
however, indicates that in fiscal year 2004 (the latest period for which such figures are readily available),
The government has a federal definition---it is not a term of art

Blank 7 (Rebecca, Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan and Brookings Institution, National
Poverty Center Working Paper Series #07-30, November 2007, How to Improve Poverty Measurement in the
United States, http://www.npc.umich.edu/publications/u/working_paper07-30.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS
How many people are in poverty in the United States? How many people are in poverty in [my state OR
my county OR my city]? The Census Bureau is the federal agency that prepares statistics on the number
of people in poverty in the United States. To obtain figures on the number of people in poverty since 1959, visit the Poverty section of
the Census Bureaus web site, or contact the Census Bureaus Demographic Call Center Staff at (301) 763-2422 or 1-866-758-1060 (toll-free), or visit
<http://ask.census.gov>. The Census Bureaus poverty statistics represent the number of people below the Census Bureau poverty thresholds. Neither the
Census Bureau nor the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services prepare tabulations of the number of people below the HHS poverty guidelines,
which are a simplified version of the poverty thresholds used for program eligibility purposes. The best approximation for the number of people below the
there is an
official federal definition of poverty, does the federal government also have official definitions for such
terms as middle class, middle income, rich, and upper income?
HHS poverty guidelines in a particular area would be the number of persons below the Census Bureau poverty thresholds in that area. Since
Poverty measure is the basis for federal and state policy

Besharov and Germanis 4 (Douglas, lawyer and the first director of the U.S. National Center on Child Abuse
and Neglect, professor at the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy, Peter, assistant director of the
University of Maryland Welfare Reform Academy. Previous director of the Division of Program Evaluation, Office
of Family Assistance, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Reconsidering the Federal Poverty
Measure June 14, http://www.welfareacademy.org/pubs/poverty/povmeasure.description.pdf AD: 7/9/9) LS
The poverty measure (actually the HHS poverty guidelines), 5 or some multiple of them, are also used to
determine eligibility for at least $60 billion in social welfare aid. (This does not include the significant
proportion of the $258 billion in Medicaid spending for persons whose eligibility is determined using the
poverty guidelines because that amount is not separately identified.) 6 Table 1 lists the thirteen federal
means-tested programs with expenditures of at least $1 billion that use these guidelines (or some multiple of
them) to establish income eligibility. Many state and local governments also use the guidelines for their
own programs, including state health insurance, child care, and child support programs.
Living in Poverty EXT Federal Definition - Predictable

FPL is most predictable because it never changes
National Womens Law Center 8 (http://www.nwlc.org/pdf/federal%20poverty%20level.pdf)
The Federal Poverty Level:
What Is It and Why Does It Matter? The Federal Poverty Level (FPL) defines the income level under which an
individual or family is considered to be living in poverty. The FPL is the primary factor used to determine
eligibility for many government programs, including Medicaid, SCHIP, and premium subsidy programs aimed
at helping moderate- and lower-income families purchase private insurance plans. Use of the FPL is often criticized
for its failure to reflect a typical family in the modern world, as its definition has not changed since its inception
more than four decades ago.1,2 For example, the FPL calculation does not take into account certain major costs
like child care, because when the formula was established policymakers assumed that a family included at least one
homemaker and that child care was not a typical item in the family budget. Moreover, the FPL does not reflect
geographic differences in the cost of living. 3,4 Adjusted annually to reflect inflation, the FPL for 2008 is $17,600 of
income per year for a family of three. Income includesamong other thingsgeneral earnings, unemployment
compensation, workers compensation, income from Social Security payments, alimony or child support, and
financial assistance from outside sources. In 2006, 17 percent of women almost one in sixlived in families with
incomes at or below 100 percent of the FPL.5
AT: Poverty Line Bad

Even if the poverty line has flaws it is still the most used standard for social services
Meyer and Sullivan 9 (Bruce, McCormick Tribune Professor of Public Policy in the Harris School. B.A. and
M.A. in economics from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. in economics from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and James, Assistant Professor of Economics at University of Notre Dame
"Five Decades of Consumption and Income Poverty" March
http://harrisschool.uchicago.edu/About/publications/working-papers/abstract.asp?paper_no=04.16, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Few measures of economic well-being receive greater attention and scrutiny than poverty. Poverty
rates indicate the extent of deprivation in an economy and changes in poverty are an important measure of
success or failure of our economic system and government policies. The official poverty rate based on
pre-tax money income is the most cited measure of the well- being of those with few resources. In 2005
the official poverty rate was 12.6 percent, virtually the same as it was in 1970. This measure is still relied
upon despite its well-known flaws, which include a narrow definition of income, an odd adjustment for
family size, and a biased adjustment for price changes (Citro and Michael 1995; Besharov and Germanis
2004, Jencks, Mayer and Swingle 2004a). While past work has examined some modifications to the official
poverty rate, the effect that alternative measures have on changes over time remains unclear. Some
have found that the change in poverty is sharply altered, while others have argued that alternative measures
differ in levels but not trends. This paper examines changes in a number of income and consumption
measures of poverty in the United States from the 1960s to the 2000s. In addition to the standard poverty
rate, we examine changes in several other poverty measures including relative poverty, poverty gaps (the
difference between family resources and the poverty line), and how these measures differ across family
types. Our analyses incorporate many methodological improvements and address several critical issues
related to measurement and data quality. A better understanding of recent changes in poverty is
important to both policy makers and researchers. First, the poverty rate is frequently cited by those
who are evaluating the need for and consequences of social programs. Together, these programs
account for a substantial amount of government spending. In 2002, government expenditures for meanstested state and federal transfer programs exceeded $522 billion (U.S. Census Bureau 2004, p. 347). A large
body of research examines poverty rates and poverty gaps (Burtless and Smeeding 2001), or uses these
measures to argue in support of or in opposition to specific government policies (Murray 1984; Sawhill
1988; Blank 1997; Scholz and Levine 2001; Joint Economic Committee Democrats 2004).1 Over the past
few decades, we have seen dramatic changes in policies that target poor families including welfare reform
and expansions of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC). However, there is little consensus on how these
reforms have affected poverty. Second, poverty rates are a key determinant of the allocation of
federal funds to states and localities for use in education and other programs for the disadvantaged.
The poverty line or a multiple of the poverty line is also used as an eligibility criterion for dozens of
assistance programs (Citro and Michael 1995). Third, an accurate assessment of the material well-being of
the worst off helps to gauge the performance of our economy. The degree of poverty and inequality is
cited in discussions of the benefits of growth and trade and the merits of government interventions.
AT: Federal Poverty Level

FPL is too vagueunder limits the topic
DHHS 9 (Department of Health and Human Services, The 2009 HHS Poverty Guidelines: One Version of the
[U.S.] Federal Poverty Measure, AD: 7/9/9) LS
The poverty guidelines are sometimes loosely referred to as the federal poverty level (FPL), but that
phrase is ambiguous and should be avoided, especially in situations (e.g., legislative or administrative)
where precision is important.
Precision is key for legislation

Willis 0 (Jessie, Oregon Center for Public Policy, How we measure poverty: A history and brief overview,
February, http://www.ocpp.org/poverty/how.htm, AD: 7/9/9) LS
There are two slightly different U.S. federal poverty measures: poverty thresholds, based on the "thrifty
food plan" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and poverty guidelines, a simplification of the poverty
thresholds used to determine eligibility for a number of programs. The poverty thresholds are established
after the year is over, based on the Current Population Survey from March of the current year. For example,
the 1998 poverty threshold, which reflects the 1998 calendar year, was calculated by the 1999 March Current
Population Survey. Until it is calculated, the poverty threshold is merely an estimate. Poverty thresholds are
used mainly for statistical purposes and research, such as preparing estimates of the number of Americans
in poverty each year. Poverty guidelines are issued at the beginning of each year, generally in February or
March, and are used to determine eligibility for poverty programs such as the Oregon Health Plan. In
most cases, guidelines and thresholds can be used interchangeably, except when precision is needed for
administrative or legislative purposes. When people talk about the "federal poverty level," or "federal
poverty line," they are usually referring to guidelines, unless it is in a research-oriented context. It is always
good to check which is being used.
Living in PovertyBelow 100

Poverty is up to below 100% the poverty level
Colorado General Assembly 9(Session Laws of Colorado 2009: First Regular Session, 67th General
Assembly, Chapter 379, Human services-social services, House bill 09-1064, Section 1, Article 2 of Title 2, 2-21403. Definitions., http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl2009a/sl_379.htm, AD: 7/9/9) LS
(3) "Poverty" means living at or below one hundred percent of the federal poverty level.
Persons in poverty are those who make less than 100% of the federal poverty thresholds
The Kaiser Family Foundation 5 (Total Number of People Living in Poverty based on Household Income
(In Thousands), 2005, http://www.statehealthfacts.org/comparemaptable.jsp?cat=1&ind=17, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Definitions: Persons in poverty are defined as those who make less than 100% of the Federal Poverty
Level (FPL). The federal poverty level for a family of three in the 48 contiguous states and D.C. was
$17,170 in 2007. For more information, please see a detailed description of the federal poverty level provided
by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, available at http://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/faq.shtml.
AT: Revising Federal Guidelines

Read remove barriers T---this is neg ground or a form of an untopical aff
The poverty measure is predictable and reflects changes in levels of poverty-alternative
measures arent better by default
National Poverty Center 8 (Poverty in the United States Frequently Asked Questions
http://www.npc.umich.edu/poverty/ AD: 7/9/9) LS
Additionally, the threshold value a family must earn to escape poverty was developed in the 1960s by
combining emergency food budget data from the US Department of Agriculture with an estimate of what
fraction of income families spend on food. Although the thresholds are adjusted each year for inflation, some
analysts believe that these numbers no longer accurately reflect the minimal resources a family requires.
Since 1979, the Census Bureau has published a variety of experimental poverty measures using expanded
definitions of income and alternative methods to account for inflation.[5] These alternative measures tend
to show lower levels of poverty than the official measure in any year, but the timing of increases and
decreases in the poverty rate is very similar across measures. This similarity suggests that, despite the
criticism it receives, the official poverty measure provides a reliable indicator of changes in the poverty
rate from year to year. In addition to the Census Bureau's alternatives, a 1995 panel appointed by the
National Academy of Sciences (NAS) suggested a series of poverty measures based on alternative
definitions of both income and needs (the amount of resources a family needs to escape poverty).[6] The
income measures consider taxes paid, tax credits received, some noncash transfers, and deduct medical
expenses and work expenses such as childcare and transportation costs. The needs thresholds are derived
from a typical family's spending on food, clothing, shelter and utilities and some measures incorporate
geographic differences in cost-of-living. These alternative definitions tend to show higher levels of
overall poverty than the official measures in any year, although the difference is usually less than one
percentage point. The incidence of poverty across groups also differs under these measures. Singlemother households fare somewhat better and married couples tend to have somewhat higher rates of poverty
than when measured using the official methodology. This discrepancy likely results from the differing level
of noncash benefits received by these two types of families.
There are an unlimited amount of different measurements---SQ measurement is the most

predictable because we already know how it works
Besharov et al 7 Douglas J,. Scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research University of
Maryland School of Public Policy, Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony Measuring Poverty in America August 01,
Lexis AD: 7/9/9) LS
As shown above, the official poverty measure provides an imperfect picture of economic resources
available to low-income Americans. If the flaws are so clear why has it proven so difficult to reform the
measure? I think that there are four main reasons. Correcting the technical flaws in the official poverty
measure is scientifically difficult and raises many legitimate conceptual disagreements. Much of the
Census Bureau data upon which a new measure would be based are obsolete and inaccurate and even the
infusion of substantial additional funds might night help. Moreover, there are broad disagreements about
how to handle a myriad of issues, such as MOOP and transportation and child care expenses. Correcting
the technical flaws in the official poverty measure would tend to lower poverty rates , and many think the
current measure understates true poverty. I think the others on this panel have expressed this issue as well as I
can. Correcting the technical flaws in the official poverty measure or raising poverty thresholds would play
havoc with the eligibility rules of many means-tested programs (and many formulas for federal aid to the
states).Finally, the current measure does a credible job making year- to-year comparisons in poverty rates
and the political system has adjusted to it by setting eligibility for many programs at multiples of the
current thresholds.
ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (1/2)

1. Even if they theoretically work better they are crazy unpredictable
Greenberg 7 (Mark, Executive Director, Task Force on Poverty Center for American Progress, Capitol Hill Hearing
Testimony, Measuring Poverty in America, August 01, Lexis, AD: 7/9/9) LS
While my principal focus in this testimony is on the need to improve the poverty measure, I want to begin
by emphasizing that we get much valuable information from the current one. The current measure is a
useful and reliable indicator of the extent of serious deprivation, and of the extent of disparities across
races, sex, and ages, workers and non-workers, and other groups. Most importantly, year-to-year changes
help us understand whether more or fewer families are struggling to get by. Alternative measures including those based on the National Academies of Sciences recommendations - show different poverty
levels, but typically reflect quite similar trends because the largest sources of income and, thus, the
largest "driver" of poverty rates will be cash income from sources that are included in the official
measure. I believe the poverty measure can be significantly improved. Still, the shortcomings of the current
measure should not be used to dismiss the information provided by the current poverty measure about the
state of our nation. Why Should the Measure of Poverty beUpdated? There are few, if any, defenders of the
current poverty measure. It remains in place for two principal reasons. First, there are a host of genuinely
difficult conceptual and technical issues to be resolved in determining how poverty should be measured.
Second, adopting any alternative measure is fraught with political controversy because it will likely
result in either more or fewer people reported as "poor" (either immediately or in the long run); greater
or lesser measured poverty rates for particular demographic, racial, and geographical and other
subgroups; and uncertain implications for determining eligibility and distributing funds for individuals,
localities, and states.
2. There are too many kinds of alternativethis severely underlimits

Toikka 2 (Richard, Chief Economist at the Employment Policies Institute, Measuring Poverty in America: Science or
Politics? April, http://www.epionline.org/studies/epi_poverty_04-2002.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Even though most people recognize that poverty measurement is subjective and not entirely scientific, the
governments official poverty measure is deeply woven into our political system. The government
creates programs and policies designed specifically to reduce poverty. Politicians carefully assess the
political implications of the federal governments annual release of its poverty estimates. Eligibility for
means-tested programs such as Medicaid and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) are based on
current poverty guidelines.1 Even though most in the policy community admit that the current poverty
measure has its flaws, there is no consensus as to whether or how it should be revised.
ExtChanging Guidelines Bad for Predictability (2/2)

3. The federal definition is the most objective way of measuring poverty
Toikka 2 (Richard, Chief Economist at the Employment Policies Institute, Measuring Poverty in America: Science or
Politics? April, http://www.epionline.org/studies/epi_poverty_04-2002.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Many in the policy community recognize that the current poverty measure has flaws. For example, it does not
reflect in family income in-kind government subsidies, or consider geographic difference in the cost of
living. However, there is no consensus as to whether the measure needs radical surgery or merely a
band-aid. Social activists have recently begun to exploit this lack of consensus by arguing that the current
measure greatly understates the extent of poverty and hardship in America. These groups, including the
union-funded Economic Policy Institute, the Ms. Foundation for Women and Wider Opportunities for
Women, have developed so-called basic needs budgets for different family types and localities. The budget
numbers in these studies typically range from 150 to 300 percent of the official government poverty line. For
example, the Economic Policy Institutes median basic needs budget for a two-parent, two-child working
family in 1999 was $33,511, or roughly twice the governments poverty threshold for such a family. The
activists who conduct and promote these studies have also organized a campaign to discredit the official
poverty statistics. Some argue that their methodology should replace the official government approach
to measuring poverty. The activists also use their higher thresholds to support proposals for an $8.00 national
minimum wage or $13.00 or higher local government living wage mandates. In view of the wide disparity
between the activists estimates of poverty and hardship and the official government numbers, the American
public has a right to know which perspective on the poverty issue has more validity. The Activists Rely on an
Arbitrary, Discredited Budget Methodology In 1995, in response to a request from Congress, the National
Academy of Sciences (NAS) published a report on poverty measurement in the United States. After
assessing various possible approaches, including needs budget methodology, the NAS Panel recommended
setting a poverty threshold at 78 to 83 percent of median spending on food, clothing and shelter plus an
additional 15 to 25 percent for other items. The Panel expressly rejected the methodology of needs budgets as
excessively arbitrary, relativistic and political, and having a misleading appearance of objectivity.
According to the Panel, expert budgets were not really expert at all, but in the final analysis looked to
actual spending of the population at rather high levels of income or spending. For example, many of them
used Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Fair Market Rents (FMRs) to assess the needs
budget. The HUD FMRs are set at the 40th percentile of the distribution of rents in decent, safe and sanitary
rental units. The use of FMRs in needs budgets arbitrarily rejects 40 percent of acceptable quality housing as
beneath the poverty population. Other items in needs budgets are similarly overpriced. In fact, the
threshold range recommended by the NAS Panel was below the thresholds used in four of the six budget
studies reviewed, demonstrating that the budget studies were not only arbitrary, but their thresholds
were biased upward as well. Furthermore, defining poverty thresholds at a roughly fixed percentile of
actual spending guarantees that poverty will not fall by much even when the incomes of the poor
increase in absolute and relative terms. For example, if poverty status is defined as all families below the
20th percentile of spending, this guarantees that 20 percent of all families will always appear to be in poverty.
In the hands of the activists, the concept of needs budgets has been elevated to a new art form intended not
to measure poverty in America, but to exaggerate its presence. The activists basic needs budgets are not
compiled by true experts in the physiology of basic needs. Rather, they are intended to build political
support for increases in government regulation and permanent income support programs for families who
are above the poverty line.
Politics Links-Revising Guidelines (Unpopular)

Even if they win that revising guidelines is topical it is politically unpopular and makes it
more unrealistic
Blank 8 (Rebecca, Robert V. Kerr senior fellow in economics at the Brookings Institution in Washington, Los
Angeles Times How we measure poverty September 15, http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-oeblank15-2008sep15,0,6860739.story AD: 7/9/9) LS
Why weren't these changes made years ago? That's a story of politics getting in the way of good statistics.
Back in the 1960s, the poverty measure was placed under the control of the White House. This is in
contrast to all of our other national statistics, which are defined and updated by agencies with a long
history of nonpolitical decision making. Unfortunately, no president (Democrat or Republican) has
wanted to touch this political hot potato. If a new measure shows higher poverty, the president looks
bad, but if a new measure shows lower poverty, he'll be accused of dismissing the problem.
The SQ guideline is insulated from political motives

Toikka 2 (Richard, Chief Economist at the Employment Policies Institute, Measuring Poverty in America:
Science or Politics? April, http://www.epionline.org/studies/epi_poverty_04-2002.pdf, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Although Congress may have expected a panel of academic experts to recommend improvements in the
science of poverty measurement, the Panel made it clear that defining poverty was not a scientific
endeavor. In the Introduction to its Report, the Panel stated: Science alone cannot determine whether a
person is or is not poor. Thus, there is no scientific basis on which one might unequivocally accept or reject
aconcept for developing an official poverty measure. Given the limits of science, other criteria must be
brought to bear in weighing alternatives and reaching decisions about an appropriate concept to underlie an
official poverty indicator. No concept of economic poverty, whether ours or another, will of itself determine
a level for a poverty threshold. That determination necessarily involves judgment. As it turned out, there
was no consensus among the Panel members on the non-scientific aspects of poverty definition and
measurement. As panel member John Cogan of the Hoover Institute stated in his Dissent: The major
recommendations and conclusions for changing the measurement of povertyare not based on scientific
evidence. They lie well outside the National Research Councils stated mission to deliver science advice to
the government. Instead of focusing on those areas where science can make a contribution, the report is
devoted to recommendations and conclusions that are driven by value judgments. They are value
judgments made by scientists with a particular point of view. The value judgments of scientists (or social
activists) are no more worthy of reflection in the poverty standards than the value judgments of other
Americans. Congress may have wished to give the governments poverty standards the imprimatur of an
objective panel of social scientists. However, if their analysis is infused with their individual value
judgments, Congress has passed the buck on an essentially political question. It is, therefore, instructive
to consider the extent to which poverty measurement is scientific, and thus the proper domain of experts, and
the extent to which it reflects individual value judgments, placing it squarely in the domain of politics.
AT: Poverty Line should be relative

Poverty rates would become overrated and too subjective to be successful
Shurtleff 9 (Sean, policy analyst with the National Center for Policy Analysis, Reforming the U.S. Poverty
Standard January 20, http://www.ncpa.org/pub/ba640, AD:7/9/9) LS
A Relative Poverty Standard. Many scholars support two fundamental reforms to the poverty standard
proposed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In its 1995 report, "Measuring Poverty," the NAS
proposed adjusting the income data by adding any government welfare benefits received and subtracting
taxes, health care spending and work-related expenses. These adjustments would improve the accuracy of the
poverty standard. The NAS also recommended linking U.S. poverty thresholds to approximately 80 percent
of the median (average) amount families spend on food, clothing and shelter, adjusted for geographic
differences in expenditures for these goods. However, tying the poverty standard to spending would
change it from an absolute measure to a measure of relative consumption. This would have several
negative impacts. First, the poverty rate would rise immediately: Data from a 2005 Census Bureau report
show that the NAS model would have raised the 2002 poverty rate by 1.1 percentage points, or 3.1 million
people. Classifying 3.1 million more people as poor would cost the government an extra $40 billion
every year, according to Tanner's estimates. Second, the revised poverty rate would continue to rise
because family incomes, and therefore consumption spending, grow faster than inflation. For instance,
consumer spending grew an average of 44 percent faster than inflation from 2000 to 2007. Finally, a
relative measure would always classify a percentage of the population as poor, encouraging further
efforts to redistribute income.
Relative definitions of poverty mean poverty cant ever be reduced

3. The Relativism in Many Budget Studies Means That Measured Poverty Cannot Be Significantly
Reduced The Panel also commented that under excessively relativistic thresholds, the number of families
deemed to be in poverty can never fall even if the absolute and relative incomes of the poor increase.
Many of the activists budget studies have extremely relativistic thresholds defined in terms of specified percentiles of spending by the
American people. For example, in many studies, HUD Fair Market Rent (FMRs, the 40th percentile, or the median in many cases, of
privately owned housing deemed by HUD to be decent, safe and sanitary rental housing). is used to define a hardship threshold
for housing, and actual spending at the lowest one-third or onefifth percentile levels may be used to define thresholds for food or
clothing. Because these thresholds are derived from arbitrarily selected percentiles of actual spending,
their application will always result in a roughly constant fraction of the population falling below the
threshold. Consequently, poverty can never be reduced regardless of how rapidly real incomes and
spending of the poverty population increases. As the NAS Panels report put it, [T]he poverty rate cannot go down [] if
the poverty level is defined each year as that [level] not exceeded by, say, the lowest 20 % of familiesby definition, 20% of families
are always below that level." To see this point, imagine that we define a poverty threshold at the 20th percentile of spending. Figure 1
illustrates that at poverty threshold sp1. 20 percent of the population will spend less than that amount (area A). Now suppose spending
by those in poverty increases so that the number of families under spending threshold sp1 falls. This is shown as area B in Figure 2.
However, because the threshold is defined in relative terms, it must now be adjusted upward until once again 20 percent of the
population (area B plus area C) is in poverty at sp2. Thus, the choice of percentile completely determines the poverty rate. But, as we
have seen, the choice of percentile is largely arbitrary. Thus, it is not too harsh to say that under the activists poverty definition, the
computer programmers maxim GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) applies. The estimated poverty rate is just as arbitrary and
meaningless as the choice of percentile used to define the poverty threshold. Thus, not only are the budget study thresholds
arbitrary and biased upward, they also ratchet up automatically so that a predetermined percent of
the population will always appear to be in poverty.
Relative definitions make poverty a permanent condition no matter what

After a careful review of the various approaches to measuring poverty, we conclude that the budget study
numbers are wildly exaggerated, suggesting an ulterior political motive on the part of those who prepare
them. The activists estimates of poverty or hardship are arbitrary and biased upward. They are also
based on an unsound relativistic definition of poverty under which poverty can never fall even if
incomes of the poor increase in absolute and relative terms.
Federal Poverty Line Bad (1/2)

1. Its outdated and doesnt adjust for changes in the cost of living
Blank 8 (Rebecca, Robert V. Kerr senior fellow in economics at the Brookings Institution in Washington, Los
Angeles Times How we measure poverty September 15, http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-oeblank15-2008sep15,0,6860739.story AD: 7/9/9) LS
Who is poor in America? It turns out that's a hard question to answer. The federal government's badly
outdated method of measuring poverty provides an inaccurate picture. New York found the official
numbers so useless that the city recently developed its own poverty measure. Other cities, including Los
Angeles, are considering doing the same thing, and those efforts are expected to be high on the agenda when
the U.S. Conference of Mayors meets in Los Angeles on Sept. 23-24. But what's most needed is an overhaul
of the nation's poverty measurement statistics. The good news is that legislation is being drafted in both the
House and Senate. A change is long overdue. Why does it matter if we have a good measure of poverty? In
the last four decades, the U.S. has greatly expanded programs for lower-income families, including food
stamps, housing vouchers, medical care assistance and tax credits. But the poverty rate doesn't take any of
these resources into account because it doesn't account for taxes or noncash income. At the same time,
Americans' medical expenses have increased, and more single parents work and pay child-care expenses.
The current poverty measure is unaffected by these changes too. The result? Poverty statistics that make it
depressingly easy to claim that public spending on the poor has had little effect. Indeed, most programs to
help the needy would never budge the U.S. poverty rate the way we measure it now.
2. The poverty line hasnt changed in over 40 years

Michael et al 96 (Edited by Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy
Studies, University of Chicago, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach, a National Academy of Science Report,
http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=poverty&page=summary.html, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Like other important indicators, the poverty measure should be evaluated periodically to determine if it
is still serving its intended purposes and whether it can be improved. This report of the Panel on Poverty
and Family Assistance provides such an evaluation. Our major conclusion is that the current measure needs
to be revised: it no longer provides an accurate picture of the differences in the extent of economic
poverty among population groups or geographic areas of the country, nor an accurate picture of trends
over time. The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Yet during
that time, there have been marked changes in the nation's economy and society and in public policies that
have affected families' economic well -being, which are not reflected in the measure. Improved data,
methods, and research knowledge make it possible to improve the current poverty measure.
3. Poverty guideline doesnt include costs of basic needs

Vogel 8 (Stacy, Staff Writer, What is poverty? Gazette Extra, Aug. 24,
http://gazettextra.com/news/2008/aug/24/what-poverty/, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Most studies use federal standards to define poverty, but critics argue that the standards are woefully outdated. The
federal government set the poverty line in the 1960s based on income and family size. Researchers estimated that families spent about
one-third of their incomes on food, so they calculated how much families spent on food and multiplied those numbers by three to find
the minimum amounts that families needed to get by. The numbers are adjusted annually for inflation, but the formula has never
changed. In 2008, the poverty threshold for a family of four is $21,200. For one person, its $10,400. But
many groups say the formula no longer works because costs such as housing, child care, health care
and transportation have grown more than the cost of food. The average family now spends about oneseventh of its income on food, according to the National Center for Children in Poverty at Columbia
University.A family actually needs an income of about twice the federal poverty level to meet its basic
needs, the center states.
Federal Poverty Line Bad (2/2)

4. The measure has inherent structural issues
Michael et al 96 (Edited by Constance F. Citro and Robert T. Michael, Harris Graduate School of Public Policy
Studies, University of Chicago, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach, a National Academy of Science Report,
http://www.nap.edu/readingroom.php?book=poverty&page=summary.html, AD: 7/9/9) LS
From the beginning, the poverty measure had weaknesses, and they have become more apparent and
consequential because of far-reaching changes in the U.S. society and economy and in government policies.
First, because of the increased labor force participation of mothers, there are more working families who must pay for child care, but the
current measure does not distinguish between the needs of families in which the parents do or do not work outside the home. More
generally, the current measure does not distinguish between the needs of workers and nonworkers.
Second, because of differences in health status and insurance coverage, different population groups face
significant variations in medical care costs, but the current measure does not take account of them. Third,
the thresholds are the same across the nation, although significant price variations across geographic
areas exist for such needs as housing. Fourth, the family size adjustments in the thresholds are anomalous
in many respects, and changing demographic and family characteristics (such as the reduction in average
family size) underscore the need to reassess the adjustments. # Fifth, more broadly, changes in the
standard of living call into question the merits of continuing to use the values of the original thresholds updated only for inflation.
Historical evidence suggests that poverty thresholdsincluding those developed according to "expert" notions of minimum needs
follow trends in overall consumption levels. Because of rising living standards in the United States, most approaches for developing
poverty thresholds (including the original one) would produce higher thresholds today than the current ones. # Finally, because the
current measure defines family resources as gross money income, it does not reflect the effects of
important government policy initiatives that have significantly altered families' disposable income and,
hence, their poverty status. Examples are the increase in the Social Security payroll tax, which reduces disposable income for
workers, and the growth in the Food Stamp Program, which raises disposable income for beneficiaries. Moreover , the current
poverty measure cannot reflect the effects of future policy initiatives that may have consequences for
disposable income, such as changes in the financing of health care, further changes in tax policy, and efforts to move welfare recipients into the
work force.
5. Poverty guideline doesnt include costs of basic needs

Vogel 8 (Stacy, Staff Writer, What is poverty? Gazette Extra, Aug. 24,
http://gazettextra.com/news/2008/aug/24/what-poverty/, AD: 7/9/9) LS
Most studies use federal standards to define poverty, but critics argue that the standards are woefully outdated. The
federal government set the poverty line in the 1960s based on income and family size. Researchers estimated that families spent about
one-third of their incomes on food, so they calculated how much families spent on food and multiplied those numbers by three to find
the minimum amounts that families needed to get by. The numbers are adjusted annually for inflation, but the formula has never
changed. In 2008, the poverty threshold for a family of four is $21,200. For one person, its $10,400. But many groups say the formula
no longer works because costs such as housing, child care, health care and transportation have grown
more than the cost of food. The average family now spends about one-seventh of its income on food,
according to the National Center for Children in Poverty at Columbia University.A family actually needs an
income of about twice the federal poverty level to meet its basic needs, the center states.
6. The official poverty counts too many people living in poverty

Besharov et al 7 (Douglas, Scholar, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research University of
Maryland School of Public Policy, Capitol Hill Hearing Testimony Measuring Poverty in America August 01,
Lexis AD: 7/9/9) LS
Each year, the Census Bureau reports on the nation's poverty rate, based on the number of people with
incomes below the official poverty line, adjusted annually for inflation. In 2005, the poverty line, which varies by family size, was
$15,577 for a family of three, and $19,971 for a family of four.1 By this measure, in 2005, about 12.6 percent of the population, or about 37 million people,
were reported as poor, including 17.6 percent of children and 10.1 percent of the elderly. That's essentially the same as the 1968 rate of 12.8 percent which is
a big reason why people think so little progress has been made against poverty. (Little noted, however, is that the poverty rates for the elderly declined
Many on the left as well as the right believe that there has been "much greater
progress in poverty reduction over the last two decades than the official poverty measure would
indicate," in the words of the Democrats on the Congressional Joint Economic Committee. The results presented in this paper suggest much
greater progress in poverty reduction over the last two decades than the official poverty measure would
indicate. Antipoverty programs such as the Earned Income Tax Credit, combined with changing family formation patterns, including
considerably, from 25 percent in 1968.)
declining teen birth rates and increases in cohabitation,
resulted in significant decreases in poverty among all demographic

groups. The level of poverty reduction was particularly dramatic during the decade of the 1990s.
Ext #1Poverty Measure Bad (Laundry List)

The poverty measure failsmultiple reasons
Greenberg 7 (Mark, Executive Director, Task Force on Poverty Center for American Progress, Capitol Hill
Hearing Testimony, Measuring Poverty in America, August 01, Lexis, AD: 7/9/9) LS
What are the principal problems with the current measure? Many of the difficulties were catalogued in the thoughtful and balanced 1995
report of the National Academy of Sciences panel, Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Among the concerns identified by the NAS
panel:
--the current poverty thresholds cannot be justified as reflecting contemporary costs for meeting basic
needs;
--the poverty measure does not reflect the costs of child care and other work-related expenses;
--it does not reflect regional cost variations;
--it does not reflect that funds spent to meet health care costs are not available to meet other needs;
--it does not reflect that funds spent to meet child support obligations are not available to meet other
needs;
--it does not reflect the impact of taxes; and
--it does not reflect the provision of near-cash benefits such as food stamps and housing assistance.
Sometimes in discussing poverty measurement, an individual may focus on one particular problem with the measure - e.g., that it is too
low, or does not count taxes or near-cash benefits. An important insight from the NAS panel is the need to look at the issues together
using an internally consistent approach to measurement. A poverty measurement effort should be able to articulate what it is seeking to
measure, and its thresholds and rules about which resources are counted should be consistent with each other and the underlying
purpose. For example, if the goal is to measure whether families have sufficient resources to meet their food, clothing, and shelter needs,
then it makes sense to set a threshold that reflects the resources needed to do so, to count resources that are available to meet the needs,
and not count as resources items that are not available to meet those needs. But if, for example, the threshold is not constructed to
include the amounts needed to pay for medical costs, child care, and work expenses, then the amounts families must pay for those costs
should not be counted as available to meet other needs. Alternatively, if the goal is to measure whether families have resources to meet a
broader set of needs, then the thresholds and counting rules should be constructed consistent with that intent. Thus, a fundamental
problem with the current measure is that it is not clear what it seeks to measure, the thresholds are not
based on the actual costs of meeting a set of needs in today's economy, and it brings no consistent
approach to when income is counted or excluded in the measurement. It fails to count resources that
are available to meet basic living costs, and yet counts resources that are not available to meet basic
living costs. The result is a framework that distorts our understanding of when families are in need,
and impairs our ability to see whether government efforts to provide assistance are improving family
well-being.
Ext #2Poverty Measure Bad

Poverty measures should be improved
The National Academies Press No Date (Advisers to the National Science, Enigneering, and Medicine,
Measuring Poverty: A New Approach, AD 7/8/09 http://www.nap.edu/html/poverty/summary.html, AOO)
Like other important indicators, the poverty measure should be evaluated periodically to determine if
it is still serving its intended purposes and whether it can be improved. This report of the Panel on
Poverty and Family Assistance provides such an evaluation. Our major conclusion is that the current
measure needs to be revised: it no longer provides an accurate picture of the differences in the extent of
economic poverty among population groups or geographic areas of the country, nor an accurate
picture of trends over time. The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years.
Yet during that time, there have been marked changes in the nation's economy and society and in public
policies that have affected families' economic well -being, which are not reflected in the measure. Improved
data, methods, and research knowledge make it possible to improve the current poverty measure.
Current poverty measurement has terrible limits- it doesnt take into account many
poverty
From the beginning, the poverty measure had weaknesses, and they have become more apparent and
consequential because of far-reaching changes in the U.S. society and economy and in government
policies.
First, because of the increased labor force participation of mothers, there are more working families
who must pay for child care, but the current measure does not distinguish between the needs of
families in which the parents do or do not work outside the home. More generally, the current measure
does not distinguish between the needs of workers and nonworkers.
Second, because of differences in health status and insurance coverage, different population groups
face significant variations in medical care costs, but the current measure does not take account of
them.
Third, the thresholds are the same across the nation, although significant price variations across
geographic areas exist for such needs as housing.
Fourth, the family size adjustments in the thresholds are anomalous in many respects, and changing
demographic and family characteristics (such as the reduction in average family size) underscore the
need to reassess the adjustments.
Fifth, more broadly, changes in the standard of living call into question the merits of continuing to use
the values of the original thresholds updated only for inflation. Historical evidence suggests that
poverty thresholdsincluding those developed according to "expert" notions of minimum needsfollow
trends in overall consumption levels. Because of rising living standards in the United States, most
approaches for developing poverty thresholds (including the original one) would produce higher
thresholds today than the current ones.
Finally, because the current measure defines family resources as gross money income, it does not
reflect the effects of important government policy initiatives that have significantly altered families'
disposable income and, hence, their poverty status. Examples are the increase in the Social Security
payroll tax, which reduces disposable income for workers, and the growth in the Food Stamp Program,
which raises disposable income for beneficiaries. Moreover, the current poverty measure cannot reflect
the effects of future policy initiatives that may have consequences for disposable income, such as
changes in the financing of health care, further changes in tax policy, and efforts to move welfare
recipients into the work force.
The Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance concludes that the poverty measure should be revised to
reflect more accurately the trends in poverty over time and the differences in poverty across
population groups. Without revision, and in the face of continuing socioeconomic change as well as changes
in government policies, the measure will become increasingly unable to inform the public or support
research and policy making.
Ext #3Poverty Measure Bad

The Federal definition of the poverty line is inconsistent with individual different state
standards of living
In the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program, for which we were asked to consider
issues of a national minimum benefit standard, federal law currently defines "countable income." The
definition is similar in concept, if not in specifics, to the proposed disposable income definition of
family resources. However, a unique feature of AFDC is that the states establish need standards for
eligibility but are allowed to and often do pay benefits below that standard. Most state need standards
and, even more so, most state benefit standards are considerably below the poverty thresholds, and the
level varies widely across statesmore widely than can be explained by differences in living costs.
Currently, more than a dozen states link their need standard in some way to the current poverty
guidelines. Again, the proposed measure would be an improvement for this purpose. We
encourage the states to consider the use of the proposed measure, which includes an adjustment to the
thresholds for geographic differences in housing costs, in setting their need standard for AFDC.
Poverty = Bad Resources (1/2)

People in poverty experience unemployment, low income, poor housing, inadequate health
care, and education barriers
CPA No Date (Combat Poverty Agency, http://www.cpa.ie/povertyinireland/glossary.htm, AD 7/8/09,AOO)
People are said to be living in poverty if their income and resources are so inadequate as to preclude
them from having a standard of living considered acceptable in Irish society. Because of their poverty they
may experience multiple disadvantage through unemployment, low income, poor housing, inadequate
health care and barriers to education. They are often excluded and marginalised from participating in
activities that are the norm for other people.
People in poverty lack money, housing, food, clothing, and medical care
GCC et al 2 ( Galway County Council Communnity and enterprise, NATIONAL PICTURE ON
POVERTYHow is Poverty defined?,
http://www.galway.ie/en/Services/CommunityEnterprise/SocialInclusion/PovertyinIreland-Stats, AD 7/8/09, AOO)
There are different types of poverty. Lack of money or limited income is common to any definition of
poverty. When we think of poverty we may think of starving people, living without proper housing,
clothing or medical care - people who struggle to stay alive. This is known as absolute poverty. Some
people in Ireland , including homeless people, may experience this type of poverty
Persons in poverty lack clothing, food, health, clothes, and housing

Barnhart and Pagels et al 96. (Don and Marcia, NDICATORS FOR A SUSTAINABLE SAN MATEO
COUNTY, http://www.plsinfo.org/healthysmc/5/html/living_in_poverty.html,AD 7/8/09, AOO
The definition most often used for sustainability is "to meet the needs of the present generation while
not compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." The needs of the present
generation are not being met if there are those among us who cannot afford adequate food, health care,
housing and clothes. In addition, county general funds spent on entitlements leaves less for discretionary
programs, such as parks and libraries.
Those in poverty lack nutrition, health care, and education

Barnhart and Pagels et al 96. (Don and Marcia, INDICATORS FOR A SUSTAINABLE SAN MATEO
COUNTY, http://www.plsinfo.org/healthysmc/5/html/living_in_poverty.html,AD 7/8/09, AOO
A sustainable society is one in which each individual has the opportunity to develop and make the best use of
his or her unique gifts. Those living in poverty are often unable to fulfill their potential because their
nutritional, health care, and educational needs are inadequately met. Children are especially
vulnerable, as deprivation can stunt growth and cognitive development lasting into adulthood.
Poverty = Bad Resources (2/2)

Poverty includes persons who lack food, clothing, and shelter-the Census Bureau excludes
many those in poverty
Rector and Johnson 4 (Robert E. and Kirk A., Heritage Foundation, Understanding Poverty in America ,
January 5, 2004, AD 7/8/09, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Welfare/bg1713.cfm, AOO)
For most Americans, the word "poverty" suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with
nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. But only a small number of the 35 million persons
classified as "poor" by the Census Bureau fit that description. While real material hardship certainly
does occur, it is limited in scope and severity. Most of America's "poor" live in material conditions that
would be judged as comfortable or well-off just a few generations ago. Today, the expenditures per
person of the lowest-income one-fifth (or quintile) of households equal those of the median American
household in the early 1970s, after adjusting for inflation.1
Those in poverty cant provide for their family, food, clothing, and shelter
Rector and Johnson 4 (Robert E. and Kirk A., Heritage Foundation, Understanding Poverty in America ,
For most Americans, the word "poverty" suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with
nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter. For example, the "Poverty Pulse" poll taken by the
Catholic Campaign for Human Development in 2002 asked the general public the question: "How would you
describe being poor in the U.S.?" The overwhelming majority of responses focused on homelessness,
hunger or not being able to eat properly, and not being able to meet basic needs.
Persons living in poverty are those who lack nutritious food, warm houses, clothingRector and Johnson 4 (Robert E. and Kirk A., Heritage Foundation, Understanding Poverty in America ,
But if poverty means lacking nutritious food, adequate warm housing, and clothing for a family,
relatively few of the 35 million people identified as being "in poverty" by the Census Bureau could be
characterized as poor. While material hardship does exist in the United States, it is quite restricted in scope
and severity. The average "poor" person, as defined by the government, has a living standard far higher than
the public imagines.
Poverty = Basic needs

Poverty is the lack of resources, money, and goods
Rank 4 (Mark, Ph.D., associate professor in the George Warren Brown School of Social Work
Underprivileged: Why American Poverty Affects Us All, pg. 38, AD: 7/9/9) LS
By its very definition, poverty
represents a lack or absence of essential resources. Websters (1996) defines

poverty in three ways: 1. the state or condition of having little or no money, goods or means of
support; 2. efficiency of necessary or desirable ingredients, qualities, etc.; 3. scantiness; insufficiency .
The experience of poverty is epitomized by having to do without. This having to do without includes comprises
involving basic resources such as food clothing, shelter, health care and transportation . It also entails not
having other items and services that many of us take for granted, from the convenience of writing a check to the small pleasure of going
out for lunch. And as noted earlier, the purchasing power of poor Americans is far less than the purchasing power of their counterparts in
many other industrialized countries. In short, poverty embodies a deficiency of necessary or desirable
ingredients that most Americans possess. I discuss several of these.
Poverty is lack of social and economic resources

Shike 5 (Moshe Modern nutrition in health and disease, Pg. 862)
Living in poverty means having inadequate social as well as economic resources in the environment.
Children live in the world of their parents and the institutions that serve families directly. This is the
microsocial environment proximal to childrens experience, including being at home with parents or
babysitters, in day care, pre-school or school, at the library, or with police in the neighborhood.
Poverty includes people who have limited material, cultural, and social resources
Children in Wales 5 (Poverty -Definitions and measurement, Children In Whales, Children In Whales
is a registered charity group,
http://www.childreninwales.org.uk/areasofwork/childpoverty/endchildpovertynetwork /2156/poverty
qanda/index.html)
There is no single, universally accepted standard definition of poverty. Modern definitions of poverty have
moved away from conceptions based on a lack of physical necessities towards a more social and
relative understanding. The European Unions working definition of poverty is: Persons, families and
groups of persons whose resources (material, cultural and social) are so limited as to exclude them
from the minimum acceptable way of life in the Member State to which they belong. This is now the
most commonly used definition of poverty in the industrialised world. It recognises that poverty is not
just about income but about the effective exclusion of people living in poverty from ordinary living patterns,
customs and activities.

Lab
91
File Title
AT: Basic Needs

Basic needs is subjective and overestimates figures
There has been a recent rash of basic needs-type budgets studies, which have been used by their proponents
to ridicule the official poverty estimates and to argue for radical changes in labor and social policy to raise
wages without regard to skills or productivity. While the concept of basic needs budgets is not new, its use by
the social activists has elevated it to a new art form intended not to estimate poverty in America, but to
exaggerate its presence. The NAS Panel found that needs budget poverty thresholds, even when crafted
by genuine experts, were unduly subjective and rejected many of them as having unreasonably high
thresholds. The social activists basic needs budgets are not compiled by true experts on human needs
and are designed to build political support for increases in government regulation (including wage
mandates) and public spending on families who are not in poverty.

Lab
92
File Title
Poverty = Children
Children live in poverty
Smith 6 (Stephen C, is a professor of economics at The George Washington University, Poverty Traps and
Global Development, The Globalist, http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=5032. AD 7/8/09,
AOO)
Many poor people are deeply ashamed of their poverty, even when it is not their fault. They commonly have
to endure daily mocking and humiliation for their circumstances. And they usually feel terrible that
they are unable to provide adequately for their children. This inability creates chronic feelings of
hopelessness and anguish.

Lab
93
File Title
Poverty = Communication poverty

Poverty includes communication poverty
WACC No Date (The World Association for Christian Communcation, Communication and Poverty,
http://www.waccglobal.org/en/programmes/communication-and-poverty.html,AD 7/8/09,AOO)
Poverty includes communication poverty. Strengthening the voices of people living in poverty improves
understandings and actions aimed at addressing poverty, injustice and inequality and can inform and
influence public agendas locally, nationally and internationally Adequate access to knowledge and
information helps poor communities work for a better future. Projects will claim and build the
communication rights of people living in poverty and strive for better representation of poverty in the
media.
Objectives
1. Claim and build communication rights to support poor women and men taking action to
address poverty, injustice and the growing feminisation of poverty.
2. Employ communication strategies and practices to achieve a stronger voice for the poor,
marginalised and excluded in shaping local and national decision making.
3. Promote the development of transparent public communication policies, including the
right to information of people living in poverty.
4. Improve the quality and quantity of media representations of poverty

Lab
94
File Title
Poverty = Criminals/Violent Situations

People in violent environments are in poverty-prisoners, abused children, and food
insecurity
Payne 9 (Ruby K.,Ph.D., Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Loyola, Bnet, Poverty does not restrict a
student's ability to learn: oft-criticized educator responds that her work emphasizes a belief in each individual's
cognitive ability to succeed, regardless of background in poverty,
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6952/is_5_90/ai_n31215068/,AD 7/8/09, AOO)
Another criticism has to do with "stereotyping" and negative depictions of poverty, i.e., "violent, depraved,
criminal." Well, poverty often is violent. Every year for the last five years, 30,000 people died of gun
violence in the cities; most of the victims were from poverty (Diaz 2008). Sixty to 70% of prisoners
come from poverty. A child in poverty is seven times more likely to be abused than a child not in
poverty (Payne 1996, 2005). Twelve million poor children report "food insecurity," according to the
U.S. Department of Agriculture (Feeding America 2008). To frame the facts simply as stereotypes is to
trivialize and dismiss the brutal reality of generational poverty. Yet in Framework and other books, I always
state up front: "This work is based on patterns. All patterns have exceptions"
Criminal, thieves, and thugs are persons living in poverty

AOO)
The resulting fights, thefts and criminal activities then compound the community's poverty trap by
destroying assets, diverting resources to provide for personal and property security and even taking
the lives of able-bodied young men. Most of the victims are innocent and most are poor. Worsening
social and economic conditions draw more people into criminality, a vicious circle that reinforces poverty.

Lab
95
File Title
Poverty = Day Laborers and Housemaids

Day laborers and housemaids live in poverty
AOO)
Impoverished day laborers, housemaids and others among the poorest of the poor work long hours
every day just to put one or two meals on the table. Even though existing alternatives may pay a higher
wage, they have no time or energy to learn about what these occupations pay or how to work in them.

Lab
96
File Title
Poverty = Education
Persons living in poverty lack education
Blank and Greenberg 9 (Rebecca, Senior Fellow , Mark. H, Georgetown Center on Poverty, Inequality and
Public Policy, Brookings Institute, Poverty and Economic
Stimulus,http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0210_poverty_stimulus_blank.aspx, AD 7/8/09, AOO)
During the campaign, the president put forward an ambitious agenda for poverty reduction, including
some features of the recovery bill such as tax credits and expansion of early and higher education. He
also advocated targeted initiatives in high-poverty communities, an improved official poverty measure, and a
national goal of cutting poverty in half in ten years. Long-run success depends on reviving and renewing
the economy, but significant parts of this strategy can move ahead even during the downturn. For
example, improving the official poverty measure this year would cost little, would provide a far more
accurate picture of poverty, and will help us measure how effectively the recovery bill addresses it.

Lab
97
File Title
Poverty = Expenditure
Our interp says we should use actual expenditure to develop the threshold
The official U.S. poverty thresholds should comprise a budget for the three basic categories of food,
clothing, shelter (including utilities), and a small additional amount to allow for other needs (e.g.,
household supplies, personal care, non-work-related transportation). Actual expenditure data should
be used to develop a threshold for a reference family of fourtwo adults and two children. Each year,
that threshold should be updated to reflect changes in spending on food, clothing, and shelter over the
previous 3 years and then adjusted for different family types and geographic areas of the country. The
resources of a family or individual that are compared with the appropriate threshold to determine
poverty status should be consistently defined to include money and near-money disposable income:
that is, resources should include most in-kind benefits and exclude taxes and certain other
nondiscretionary expenses (e.g., work expenses).
Their measurements arent adjusted for different economic times

The procedure for updating the poverty thresholds over time is an integral part of the proposed measure.
Poverty measures tend to reflect their time and place. At issue is whether the thresholds ought to be
updated for real changes in living standards only occasionally, or on a regular basis, and by how much.
We propose a regular updating procedure to maintain the time series of poverty statistics. We also
propose a conservative updating procedure that adjusts the thresholds for changes in consumption that
are relevant to a poverty budget, rather than for changes in total consumption.

Lab
98
File Title
Poverty = Food
Persons living in poverty include those who lack food
AOO)
If an undernourished person is too weak to work productively, her resulting wage is too small to pay for sufficient
food, so she continues to work with low productivity for low wages. This is an undernutrition trap an extreme
form of structural poverty found in famines and deeply impoverished areas.
Living in poverty means not having access to health services

Patel 5 (Vikram Patel. "Is Depression a Disease of Poverty?". Regional Health Forum WHO South-East Asia
Region 5 (1).)
Those living in poverty and lacking access to essential health services, suffering hunger or even
starvation,[92] experience mental and physical health problems which make it harder for them to
improve their situation

Lab
99
File Title
Poverty = Mental people

Persons in poverty have mental health problems, drug, or alcohol abuse
AOO)
Drug and alcohol abuse also be comes increasingly common and so depression also becomes a cause of
poverty. A vicious cycle ensues, making poor mental health a form of poverty trap.

Lab
100
File Title
Poverty=Relative
Fair Limits are impossible to achieve- poverty is constantly changing

GCC et al 2 ( Galway County Council Communnity and enterprise, NATIONAL PICTURE ON
POVERTYHow is Poverty defined?,
http://www.galway.ie/en/Services/CommunityEnterprise/SocialInclusion/PovertyinIreland-Stats, AD 7/8/09, AOO)
Poverty is not the same everywhere. It varies, as each society's standard of living is different. Poverty
also varies over time as living standards change. The income level that might have indicated poverty
ten years ago is not the same income level today as living standards have risen. While people in poverty
may have more money than ten years ago their position relative to average incomes in society may
have deteriorated. If the incomes of the rest of society increase more than the incomes of people in
poverty, people's poverty will have worsened.
Living in poverty is relative towards other members of society

ACE 4 (Addison County Summer Poverty Internship, http://www.middlebury.edu/NR /rdonlyres/3E65927ADD7F-4F93-A969-AF1745834D6B/0/PovertyInternshipPrimerPDF version.pdf)
In sum, poverty is a dreadful experience yet hard to break for those who are burdened by the paralyzing
mindset that they have no choices. Poverty is a concept that may be defined in either absolute or relative
terms. When poverty is defined in absolute terms, one is either in poverty, or one is not. When
defined in absolute terms, poverty may be further described in social terms (e.g. poverty is the
condition of lacking certain items necessary for proper living such as food, clothing, water, and
shelter1), or in statistical terms (e.g. poverty is the condition of earning less than a
statistically calculated amount of money per year). Note that when poverty is defined in
absolute terms, it is theoretically possible to eliminate poverty. As you will see below, the
United States government defines poverty in absolute statistical terms an important detail
to keep in mind when considering federal statistics on poverty. In addition, poverty may also be
defined in relative terms. That is, poverty can be defined as the condition of having significantly less
income and/or wealth as compared to other members of society. For example, in the European Union,
poverty is defined in relation to median incomes (in the EU, one is in poverty if he or she makes less
than 60% of his or her member countrys median income). Note that when poverty is defined in relative
terms, there will always be poverty, because poverty is a question of degree.

Lab
101
File Title
Poverty = Rural
Poverty includes children in rural locations
UNFPA No Date (United Nations Population Fund,Putting Young People Into National Poverty Reduction
Strategies: A Guide to Statistics on Young People in PovertyAD 7/8/09,AOO)
The available data can provide a profile at three levels of young people in poverty. At the broadest
level, it is possible to show how significant young people, defined as a specific age group, are in a
country's basic demographic structure now and in the future. The second level focuses in on the
incidence of young people in poverty, using, for example, national averages based on Millennium
Development Goals indicators. A third level of data offers a more differentiated picture of young people
in poverty. This involves presenting detailed data, taking into account young people's differences by
gender, rural/urban location, where the data is available, household poverty status.

Lab
102
File Title
Poverty = Unemployment
Unemployed people are in poverty
AOO)
Unemployment means steep reductions in family income. It isn't surprising that rapid increases in
unemployment lead to substantial increases in poverty. A rough rule of thumb is that for every percentage
point increase in unemployment, the poverty rate increases by almost half a percentage point. If
unemployment reaches 10 percent, as some analysts now project, the nation's poverty rate could grow from
12.5 percent in 2007 to 14.8 percent _ meaning that more than one out of every seven Americans will be
living in poverty.
EITC, food stamps, child care, and unemployment benefits are social services
AOO)
Specifically, the stimulus package includes provisions such as the Making Work Pay tax credit
worth $500 for most workers, expansion of the federal Earned Income Tax Credit and Child Tax
Credit, temporary increases in food stamp benefits and child care subsidies, enhanced
unemployment insurance benefits, and expanded health care coverage for unemployed workers.
These all will help unemployed and lower-income families weather the recession.
103
File Title
Lab
In = within
In means within this is the core meaning
Encarta World English Dictionary 7 (In (1), 2007,
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861620513)
in [ in ] CORE MEANING: a grammatical word indicating that something or somebody is within or
inside something.
In means within the limits of

Merriam Webster Online Dictionary 6 (http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?
book=Dictionary&va=in)
Main Entry: 1in
Pronunciation: 'in, &n, &n
Function: preposition
Etymology: Middle English, from Old English; akin to Old High German in in, Latin in, Greek en 1 a -- used
as a function word to indicate inclusion, location, or position within limits <in the lake> <wounded in the
leg> <in the summer>
In expresses being enclosed or surrounded within

Compact Oxford English Dictionary 8 (in, 2008, http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/inxx?
view=uk)
In preposition 1 expressing the situation of being enclosed or surrounded. 2 expressing motion that results in being
within or surrounded by something. 3 expressing a period of time during which an event takes place or a situation remains the case. 4 expressing the length
of time before a future event is expected to take place. 5 expressing a state, condition, or quality. 6 expressing inclusion or involvement. 7 indicating a
persons occupation or profession. 8 indicating the language or medium used. 9 expressing a value as a proportion of (a whole). adverb 1 expressing
movement that results in being enclosed or surrounded. 2 expressing the situation of being enclosed or surrounded. 3 present at ones home or office. 4
expressing arrival at a destination. 5 (of the tide) rising or at its highest level.
In is used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits.

Dictionary.com Unabridged 6 (in, 2006, http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=in&r=66)
1. (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.
2. (used to indicate inclusion within something abstract or immaterial): in politics; in the autumn.
3. (used to indicate inclusion within or occurrence during a period or limit of time): in ancient times; a task done in
ten minutes.
4. (used to indicate limitation or qualification, as of situation, condition, relation, manner, action, etc.): to speak in a
whisper; to be similar in appearance.
5. (used to indicate means): sketched in ink; spoken in French.
6. (used to indicate motion or direction from outside to a point within) into: Let's go in the house.
7. (used to indicate transition from one state to another): to break in half.
8. (used to indicate object or purpose): speaking in honor of the event.

Lab
In = throughout
The word in means throughout
Words and Phrases 8 (Permanent Edition, vol. 20a, p. 207)
Colo. 1887. In the Act of 1861 providing that justices of the peace shall have jurisdiction in their
respective counties to hear and determine all complaints, the word in should be construed to mean
throughout such counties. Reynolds v. Larkin, 14, p. 114, 117, 10 Colo. 126.
104
File Title

Lab
105
File Title
US Includes All Areas Under US jurisdiction

United States includes all areas under U.S. jurisdiction
Rainey, 95 - US District Judge (John, DONALD RAY LOOPER, INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF HIS
FIRM'S CLIENTS, Plaintiff, v. WILLIAM C. MORGAN, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY UNITED
STATES CUSTOMS SERVICE, AND ALL UNKNOWN INDIVIDUALS AND AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE
SEARCH OF A BRIEFCASE AT INTER-CONTINENTAL AIRPORT IN HOUSTON, TEXAS, Defendants.
1995 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10241, lexis)
The term "United States" means the United States and all areas under the jurisdiction or authority
thereof.

Lab
106
File Title
US Includes Territories and Possessions

United States includes territories and possessions
US Code 7 (2 USCS 1966, lexis)
(f) Definition of United States. As used in this section, the term "United States" means each of the several
States of the United States, the District of Columbia, and territories and possessions of the United
States.

(6) United states. The term "United States" means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico,
the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any other territory or
possession of the United States.

American Law Encyclopedia 8
(Territories of the United States - Further Readings, Vol 10)
Portions of the United States that are not within the limits of any state and have not been admitted as
states. The United States holds three territories: American Samoa and Guam in the Pacific Ocean and the
U.S. Virgin Islands in the Caribbean Sea. Although they are governed by the United States, the territories
do not have statehood status, and this lesser legal and political status sets them apart from the rest of the
United States. The three U.S. territories are not the only U.S. government land holdings without statehood
status. These various lands fall under the broad description of insular political communities affiliated with the
United States. Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and the Northern Mariana Islands in the Pacific Ocean
belong to the United States and have the status of commonwealth, a legal and political status that is
above a territory but still below a state. The United States also has a number of islands in the Pacific
Ocean that are called variously territories and possessions. U.S. possessions have the lowest legal and
political status because these islands do not have permanent populations and do not seek selfdetermination and autonomy. U.S. possessions include Baker, Howland, Kingman Reef, Jarvis,
Johnston, Midway, Palmyra, and Wake Islands.

Lab
107
File Title
US Includes Military Bases

Military bases are part of the United States
American Law Encyclopedia 8
(Territories of the United States - Further Readings, Vol 10)
Finally, land used as a military base is considered a form of territory. These areas are inhabited almost
exclusively by military personnel. They are governed largely by military laws, and not by the political
structures in place for commonwealths and territories. The United States has military bases at various
locations around the world, including Okinawa, Japan, and Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Lab
108
File Title
US = the 50 States
The United States is limited to the 48 contiguous states, Alaska, and Hawaii
Encyclopedia Britannica 8
(Online. 9 July 2008 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9111233>)
officially United States of America , abbreviations U.S. or U.S.A. , byname America country of North
America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 contiguous states that occupy the middle
latitudes of the continent, the United States includes the state of Alaska, at the northwestern extreme of
North America, and the island state of Hawaii, in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The coterminous states are
bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and
Mexico, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean. The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in
area (after Russia, Canada, and China). The national capital is Washington, which is coextensive with the
District of Columbia, the federal capital region created in 1790.
United States is the 50 States of the United States of America

The term "United States" means the 50 States of the United States of America.
United States- A country in central North America Consisting of 50 States

Encarta World English Dictionary, 7 (United States, 2007,
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861708119)
United States country in central North America, consisting of 50 states.
The United States is the 50 states

Wordnet 6 ("United States." WordNet 3.0. Princeton University. 01 Jul. 2007. <Dictionary.com )
1.
2.
North American republic containing 50 states - 48 conterminous states in North America plus
Alaska in northwest North America and the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean; achieved
independence in 1776
The executive and legislative and judicial branches of the federal government of the United
States [syn: United States government]
The States, DC, and Puerto Rico

USDA 8
(Regulations Governing the Financing of Commercial Sales of Agricultural Commodities 17.2 Definition of
terms, P.L. 480 Federal Regulations, Last modified: Monday, April 14, 2008 06:13:23 PM,
http://www.fas.usda.gov/excredits/FoodAid/Title%201/pl00172.html accessed June 18, 2008)
United States--the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico.

Topicality Scholars GDI09

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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

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Resolved implies a specific course of action

Resolved means to reach a firm decision

Resolved means a firm decision

Resolved means determined and firm in intent.

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Resolved After the Colon

Colon is a punctuation mark that precedes an explanation

Colon is the sign used to introduce a sentence or phrase

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The means unique, as in there is one USFG

The word the implies there is only one as in the USFG

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The serves a function to indicate a generic following noun or phrase

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USFG 1NC Not The States

Federal government is central government

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USFG EXT Not The States

Federal government is central government

Federal government is in Washington, D.C.

Federal means relating to the national government of the United States

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Government is the political and administrative hierarchy of the state

Government is the apparatus of the state

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Should 1NC Past Tense Of Shall

B. This is a better interpretation

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Should 1NC Past Tense of Shall

C. Topicality is a voting issue for fairness

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AT: Should--Past Tense More Grammatical

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Should is equal to obligation

Should indicates obligation or duty

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Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Should = Excludes certainty (AT: Consult)

Should is permissiveits a persuasive recommendation

Should means desirable or recommended, not mandatory

Should is not mandatory

Should describes what is probable

Should is used to express probability or expectation

Gonzaga Debate Institute 2009

Substantially is without material qualification

Substantially is to a great extent or degree

Substantially is to a large degree

Substantial is of ample or considerable amount, quantity, or size

AT: Percentages are arbitrary

Increase 1NC Preexisting

B. Violation The plan creates a new social service

Increase EXT Pre-Exisiting

Increase requires pre-existence

Increase Create New

Increase - 1NCNet Increase

Increase EXT Net Increase

Increase requires evidence of the preexisting condition to determine a net increase

Social Service - 1NCMust be Federal Assistance

Social Service - Reduce dependency

Eliminating dependency is a defining theme of social services