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AHS Examinations
Semester 4

BIOLOGY

Grade

12

Advanced Level
Unit 5: Exercise, energy and coordination.
April, 2015
Time: 1 hour 45 minutes

MARK SCHEME
Q.NO
1 (a) (i)

(ii)
(b) (i)

(ii)

(iii)

Q.NO
2 (a)
(b)

MARK SCHEME
Decreases;

Paper Reference

WBI05/01
Total Marks

90

REMARKS
A- Any word that means a
decrease, eg,
shorter/narrower/ smaller
etc

Nothing / stay the same length / does not change ;

1.3,
Maximum overlap / muscle (fully) contracted / actin sites all
occupied /
no further cross bridge formation; 1
Actin and myosin, no overlap / completely separated;
No cross bridge formation ;
The muscle cannot contract; 2 max
Muscle is contracting;
Because binding sites available / interactions can occur;

MARK SCHEME
Pyruvate / pyruvic acid;
Cytoplasm/cytosol;

REMARKS

(c) (i)
(ii)

(d) (i)
(e)

ATP production inhibited / stops;

(ii) 1 No reduced NAD (released);
2 No pyruvate / link reaction / Krebs cycle inhibited;
3 Movement of electrons / protons / hydrogens (down the
chain)
stops;
(Accept no electrochemical gradient)
4 No (release of free) energy (to phosphorylate ADP);
Mitochondrion;
Pyruvate reacts with coenzyme A;
To produce acetyl coenzyme A / acetyl coA;
And carbon dioxide produced;
NAD is reduced / reduced NAD is formed;
Acetylcoenzyme A combines with a 4C molecule (in the
Krebs cycle) ;
(Accept oxaloacetate)

Q.NO
3 (a)

MARK SCHEME
(oxygen/carbon dioxide) detected by chemoreceptors /
(pressure) detected by baroreceptors ;
Medulla/cardiac centre involved;
More impulses to SAN/along sympathetic nerve;

(b) (i)

Produces electrical activity / impulses / action potentials that

initiates each beat / produces electrical activity that causes
atria to contract / stimulate AVN;

3 max
(Reject cristae)

3 max

REMARKS

Is myogenic / initiates each beat;

1 max
(ii)

(AVN produces electrical activity that) causes ventricles to

contract (after atria);
1 max (Accept reference to causing
delay between (contraction of)
atria and ventricles)

(iii)

Carries electrical activity from AVN to base of ventricles /

causes contraction from the base of ventricles;
1 (Reject bottom of heart)

(c) (i)

Correct answer of 100 beats per minute / 1.7 beats per sec /
1.67 beats per sec gains 2 marks;
(Remove 1 mark for correct answer but no units)
Principle correct gains 1 mark e.g. 0.6 secs for 1 beat;

(ii)

Damage to cells / tissue (in AVN) that produce electrical

activity;
So no / low peak of activity / lower big spike / less electrical
activity;
(Lower AVN spike) reduces the electrical activity of the rest of
the heart;
OR
(Damaged AVN) less ventricular contraction;
So less electrical activity generated by heart muscle;

Q.NO
4(a)(i)

MARK SCHEME
Photoreceptors / rods / cones / light sensitive cells;
Action potentials/impulses, along sensory neurones/optic
nerve/ to
the brain; 2

(ii)

(ii) Less light to enter / in bright light / parasympathetic,

causes
constriction of pupil;
Contraction of circular muscles;
More light to enter / in dim light / sympathetic, causes dilation
of pupil;
Contraction of radial muscles;
Correct references to TS; 3 max

(b)

1 Lens moves (forward in the octopus) / human lens does not

move;
2 Ciliary muscle causes movement / human muscle contracts
to change shape;
3 Lens remains the same shape / human lens
accommodates/fatter/ rounder;
4 No suspensory ligaments / human eye suspensory
ligaments slacken;

If 1.6 given as answer, look at

working and if 1.67 seen, but
rounding incorrect, then allow
2 marks

REMARKS

5 Refraction/amount of bending is the same / refraction

greater in humans;
6 Pupil becomes wider in octopus / humans stays the same
or constricts; 4 max

Q.NO
5 (a) (i)

(ii)

(b)

(c) (i)

MARK SCHEME
A - mitochondrion ;
B - post-synaptic membrane ;
C - myelin sheath / Schwann cell ;
produces ATP ; (1)
R produces energy
any two from
2 (for) ACh production ;
3 (for) vesicle formation ;
4 (for) vesicle movement ;
5 (for) exocytosis / described ;
6 (for) functioning of ion pumps ;
R calcium ions (2 max)
1. myelin sheath insulates axon ;
2. idea of depolarisation / action potentials, only at
nodes of Ranvier ;
3. ref. saltatory conduction / AW ;
1. (impulse from TENS) causes release of
endorphins ;
2. endorphins attach to morphine receptors ;
3. slows / stops, ACh release ;
4. no / less, binding of ACh on receptors ;

REMARKS

5. in postsynaptic membrane ;
6. fewer / no, action potentials/ impulses, to pain
centre (in brain) ;
7. AVP ; e.g. ref role of Ca2+ [4 max]
any two from
1. no need to use drugs ;
2. no addiction to drugs ;
3. patient can control the treatment / AW ;
4. fewer / no, side effects ;
5. cheaper ;

(ii)

Q.NO
6 (a)

(b) (i)

(ii)

(iii)

MARK SCHEME
1. carbon dioxide produced in respiration / eq ;
2. affects {volume / pressure} of gas / eq ;
3. allows measurement of oxygen used / eq ;
Two marks for correct answer
0.8 (mm min-1) ;;
if incorrect allow one mark for correct working
1. 48 ; OR 1. 12 ;
2. 60 to give answer ; OR 2. 15 to give answer
1. no oxygen available/no oxygen uptake ;
2. reference to anaerobic respiration ;
3. carbon dioxide produced is absorbed / eq ;
4. no (net) change of {volume / pressure} of gas ;
2. use same mass / express results per unit mass / eq ;
3. temperature changes / eq ;
4. control temperature using a water bath / eq ;
5. pressure may affect volume of gas / eq ;
6. use of control with no organisms, at the same time / eq
;

REMARKS