Beruflich Dokumente
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FILE
2014-2015
CHIRAG KUMAR
Roll no:
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Chirag Kumar of class XII-A of
DAV PUBLIC SHOOL, Vasant kunj carried out this
project under the guidance of Mrs.Swastika. The
work on this project is his original work.
SIGNATURE:
(Mrs.Swastika)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank our chemistry teacher
Mrs.Swastika & lab assistant Mr.Kamlesh for their
constant support and encouragement throughout
this project.This project couldnt have been
possible without their support.
INDEX
Materials required
Introduction
Procedure & Results
Bibliography
MATERIALS
REQUIRED
Apparatus:
1) Microscope
2) Cover slip
3) Test tubes
4) Beakers
5) Glass rod
6) Water
Chemicals:
1) Blood
2) Alkaline solution of methylamine
3) Phenolphthalein
4) Zinc powder
5) Sodium hydroxide
Introduction
Blood is a specialized bodily fluid in animals that delivers necessary
substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transport metabolic
waste products away from same cells.
Blood consists of cellular material (99% red blood cells, with white blood cells
And platelets making up the remainder), water, amino acids, proteins,
Carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, vitamins, electrolytes, dissolved gases, and
Cellular wastes.
The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain
Haemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates transportation
Of oxygen by reversibly binding to this respiratory and greatly its solubility in blood.
In contrast,
biacarbonate ion.
The presence or absence of blood stains often provides important information for
those investigating criminal cases and forensic scientists. The detection ofblood is
usually based on one of classes of methods.
CRYSTAL TESTS
Haem forms crystals when reacted with certain reagents. The most common such
reagent is pyridine, which forms pink crystals.
CATALYTIC TESTS
These tests rely on the fact that haem can catalyse the breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide. As the
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
Chromatography can be used to identify the presence of haemoglobin.
All of the methods are in some way dependent on the presence of haemoglobin, and
will therefore give positive results for both human and animal blood. The discussions
is confined to chemical methods and therefore and does not consider biological
methods such as antigen- antibody reactions. The biological methods are generally
slower than chemical methods but more specific.
These tests are used practically for several different purposes. These include both
the confirmation of the nature of visible stains, the detection of non-visible and the
enhancement of hard to see stains.
PROCEDURE
CRYSTAL TEST
The crystal tests, are all based on the formation of haemoglobin derivative crystals
such as haematin, haemin and haemochromogen. The test is carried out on a
microscopic slide, with an alkaline solution of methylamine as reagent being added
to the stain under the cover slip, and crystals formation observed microscopically. If
blood is present, pink crystals of a complex between methylamine and haem form as
the slide is warmed.
The best known of the crystal test is that developed by TAKA YAMA about 80
years ago using an alkaline solution of pyridine as reagent.
CATALYTIC TESTS
These methods depend on the fact that the haem group of haemoglobin possesses
a peroxidase-like activity which catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. The
oxidising species formed in this reaction can then react with a variety of substrates to
produce a visible colour change.
Among substrates in common use are benzidine and various substituted benzidines,
ortho-tolidine, leucomalachite green, leucocrystal violet and phenolphthalein.
Oxidation with haemoglobin and peroxide causes an instant colour change to the
well- known bright pink.
(Test results)
The catalytic test are extremely accurate. The general principle is that if the test is
negative, blood is absent, but that if the test is positive, blood is probably present.
For this reason the test are often described as presumptive tests.
INSTRUMENTAL METHOD
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to confirm the identity
of blood using the absorbance of haemoglobin for detection. This method can also
be used to identify the species of origin from variations in the globin chain, to
distinguish foetal haemoglobin from adult haemoglobin, and to give an estimate of
the age of bloodstain.
RESULT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://nzic.org.nz/chemprocesses/biotech/12A.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org
http://chemistry.about.com
http://www.bluestar-forensic.com
THE END