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OFDM Orthogonal Frequecy Division

Multiplexing
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Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)

It is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. The primary advantage of
OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for
example, attenuation of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and
frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex equalization lters.
This section describes a simple idealized OFDM system model suitable for a time-invariant
AWGN channel.
Transmitter
An OFDM carrier signal is the sum of a number of orthogonal sub-carriers, with baseband data
on each sub-carrier being independently modulated commonly using some type of quadrature
amplitude modulation (QAM) or phase-shift keying (PSK). This composite baseband signal is
typically used to modulate a main RF carrier.

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S[n] is a serial stream of binary digits. By inverse multiplexing, these are rst demultiplexed into
N parallel streams, and each one mapped to a (possibly complex) symbol stream using some
modulation constellation (QAM, PSK, etc.). Note that the constellations may be dierent, so
some streams may carry a higher bit-rate than others.
An inverse FFT is computed on each set of symbols, giving a set of complex time-domain
samples. These samples are then quadrature-mixed to passband in the standard way. The real
and imaginary components are rst converted to the analogue domain using digital-to-analogue
converters (DACs); the analogue signals are then used to modulate cosine and sine waves at the
carrier frequency, fc, respectively. These signals are then summed to give the transmission
signal, s(t).
Receiver
The receiver picks up the signal r(t), which is then quadrature-mixed down to baseband using
cosine and sine waves at the carrier frequency. This also creates signals centered on 2fc, so lowpass lters are used to reject these. The baseband signals are then sampled and digitised using
analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and a forward FFT is used to convert back to the frequency
domain.

This returns parallel streams, each of which is converted to a binary stream using an
appropriate symbol detector. These streams are then re-combined into a serial stream, s[n]
estimate, which is an estimate of the original binary stream at the transmitter.

MATLAB CODE :
BER Performance of OFDM Vs OFDM with Error correcting codes(convolutional code).
MAIN FUNCTION(you need to run this):
1 clc;
2 clearall
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OFDMOrthogonalFrequecyDivisionMultiplexing|5amperes

nFFT=64;
nDSC=52;
nBitPerSym=52;
nSym=10^4;
EbN0dB=[0:10];
EsN0dB=EbN0dB+10*log10(nDSC/nFFT)+10*log10(64/80);
forii=1:length(EbN0dB)
ipBit=randint(1,nBitPerSym*nSym);
trellis=poly2trellis([54],[23350;0513]);
codedata=convenc(ipBit,trellis);
ipMod=2*ipBit1;
ipMod1=2*codedata1;

[ipBitHat]=ofdm_block(ipMod,nBitPerSym,nSym,nDSC,EsN0dB(ii),nFFT);
nBitPerSym1=52;
nSym1=1.5*10^4;
[ipBitHat1]=ofdm_block(ipMod1,nBitPerSym1,nSym1,nDSC,EsN0dB(ii),nFFT);
decodedata=vitdec(ipBitHat1,trellis,5,'trunc','hard');
nErr(ii)=size(find(ipBitHatipBit),2);
nErr1(ii)=size(find(decodedataipBit),2);

end

Ber=nErr/(nSym*nBitPerSym);
Ber1=nErr1/(nSym*nBitPerSym);

semilogy(EbN0dB,Ber1,'gx','LineWidth',2);
holdon
semilogy(EbN0dB,Ber,'mx','LineWidth',2);
%axis([01010^52*10^2])
gridon
legend('BERUsingConvolutionalCode','BERwithoutConvolutionalcode');
xlabel('Eb/No,dB')
ylabel('BitErrorRate')
title('BiterrorratecurveforOFDM')

FUNCTION OFDM_BLOCK:
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function[ipBitHat]=ofdm_block(ipMod,nBitPerSym,nSym,nDSC,EsN0dB,nFFT)
ipMod=reshape(ipMod,nBitPerSym,nSym).';
xF=[zeros(nSym,6)ipMod(:,[1:nBitPerSym/2])zeros(nSym,1)ipMod(:,[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym
xt=(nFFT/sqrt(nDSC))*ifft(fftshift(xF.')).';
xt=[xt(:,[49:64])xt];
xt=reshape(xt.',1,nSym*80);
nt=1/sqrt(2)*[randn(1,nSym*80)+1j*randn(1,nSym*80)];
yt=sqrt(80/64)*xt+10^(EsN0dB/20)*nt;
yt=reshape(yt.',80,nSym).';
yt=yt(:,[17:80]);
yF=(sqrt(nDSC)/nFFT)*fftshift(fft(yt.')).';
yMod=yF(:,[6+[1:nBitPerSym/2]7+[nBitPerSym/2+1:nBitPerSym]]);
ipModHat=2*floor(real(yMod/2))+1;
ipModHat(ipModHat>1)=+1;
ipModHat(ipModHat<1)=1;
ipBitHat=(ipModHat+1)/2;
ipBitHat=reshape(ipBitHat.',nBitPerSym*nSym,1).';

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PN Sequence, Gold Codes.

Amplitude, Phase , Frequency- Shift Keying

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