United Arab Emirates

Ministry of Education
RAK Educational Zone
Al Nakheel School for secondary education

CELL PHONES
The Work Of Student
: Salman Noor Mohd hussain
: Awad Mohammed Fayiz Alafuni
: Jassem Shah Ali
: Mohammed Ahmed Fahed Al Khateeb

: Moosa Abdullah Mohd Ahmed

Of The Grade :12commerce-2

Acknowledgment
First of all I thank Allah for inspiring our team and made our strong enough to do this project
then, I thank my friends for helping together to collecting the information and the pictures from the
places , after that.

Introduction
A cell phone is a portable telephone that uses wireless cellular technology to send and receive phone
signals. This technology works by dividing the Earth into small regions called cells. Within each cell
the wireless telephone signal goes over its assigned bandwidth to a cell tower, which relays the signal
to a telephone switching network, connecting the user to the desired party.

Subject
:History of cell phones
Cell phones may be new devices, but they originated in the 1920s. Radios
were
used since 1921. Features were put into these radios in the 1940s, and they
were
used by police. The concept of the cellular phone was developed in 1947
which
originated from the mobile car phone. The concept of the cellular phone was
produced by Bell Laboratories.
The first actual cell phone was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper of Motorola
and other assisting inventors who used the idea of the car phone and
applied
the technology necessary to make a portable cell phone possible. Cell
phones were
first made available to the public in 1984. Back then, they were very large,
expensive
instruments.
The Federal Communications Commission made a regulation that limited
radio-spectrum frequencies. This is the reason only twenty-three
simultaneous
conversations were possible in the same service area. In 1968 the FCC
decided to
increase the frequencies to allow research for better connections. The FCC
worked
together with AT&T and Bell Towers to establish broadcast towers. The
towers were
small with low power and covered a cell that was a few miles in radius,
but actually
covered a larger area. This allowed calls to pass from tower to tower.

inventors
Martin Cooper pioneered Motorolas research for cellular phones.
He was raised in Chicago, and attended the Institute of Technology
in Illinois where he obtained a degree in electrical engineering.
After working for the navy he also worked for a telecommunications
company, and got a job with Motorola in 1954. Cooper worked on
the first portable handheld police radio. He was also the first to ever
make a phone call using a cellular phone.

Some of the other people that aided in the invention of cell phones
include Richard W. Dronsuth, Albert J. Mikulski, Charles N. Lynk Jr., James J.
Mikulski, John F. Mitchell, Roy A. Richardson, and John H. Sangster.

How the cell phone works

We use our cell phones all day, every day, but did you ever wonder what is really going on when you
make or receive a call? Of course there are towers that we see dotting the landscape and its obvious
that they make this all possible, but exactly how? Here is a detailed look at how cell phone calls
actually work.
First a cell phone radios the nearest cell tower (or site).when you make a call or turn your phone on.
Your phone sends a message via radio thats picked up by the towers antennas .

Next, a wire or fibrotic line carries the call down to the wireless access point, connected to a multi-port
switch.

The call ( along with many others) gets routed to a backhaul usually down to an underground wired
t1 or t3 line , but sometimes back up the mast to powerful line-of-sight wireless microwave antenna
(typically only used either when there isnt a ground connection is poor).

The incoming Call or data comes back from the backhaul and up through the switch to the antenna,
where it then hits your phone(presuming your phone is still communicating with the same site). If you

are moving then theres a handoffanew but more or less identical cell site transmits the data to your
phone, once your phone checks in.

health Problem with cell phones

Many people are concerned that cell phone radiation will cause cancer or other serious health
hazards. The weight of scientific evidence has not linked cell phones with any health problems.

Cell phones emit low levels of radiofrequency energy (RF). Over the past 15 years, scientists have
conducted hundreds of studies looking at the biological effects of the radiofrequency energy emitted
by cell phones. While some researchers have reported biological changes associated with RF energy,
these studies have failed to be replicated. The majority of studies published have failed to show an
association between exposure to radiofrequency from a cell phone and health problems.

The low levels of RF cell phones emit while in use are in the microwave frequency range. They also
emit RF at substantially reduced time intervals when in the stand-by mode. Whereas high levels of RF
can produce health effects (by heating tissue), exposure to low level RF that does not produce heating
effects causes no known adverse health effects.

The biological effects of radiofrequency energy should not be confused

with the effects from other types of electromagnetic energy.
Very high levels of electromagnetic energy, such as is found in X-rays
and gamma rays can ionize biological tissues. Ionization is a process
where electrons are stripped away from their normal locations in atoms
and molecules. It can permanently damage biological tissues including
DNA, the genetic material.

The energy levels associated with radiofrequency energy, including both radio waves and microwaves,
are not great enough to cause the ionization of atoms and molecules. Therefore, RF energy is a type of
non-ionizing radiation. Other types of non-ionizing radiation include visible light, infrared radiation
(heat) and other forms of electromagnetic radiation with relatively low frequencies.

While RF energy doesnt ionize particles, large amounts can increase body temperatures and cause
tissue damage. Two areas of the body, the eyes and the testes, are particularly vulnerable to RF
heating because there is relatively little blood flow in them to carry away excess heat.

Conclusion
In conclusion, we came to know that cell phone have both positive and
negative aspect. We cannot live without its help. We need them in
each and every step so that we can perform our work smoothly ,
efficiently and its easily acceptable new trend and it plays a vital role
for every individuals.

References
library.thinkquest.org/04oct/02001/home.htm
www.gizmodo.com
www.fda.gov/Radiation.../Cell Phones/ucm116282.htm

Index

Cover Page

Acknowledgment

Introduction

3,4,5

Subject

Conclusion

References

Index