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Operational Amplifiers are one of the most commonly used electronics components.
They are used in amplification applications in many configurations such as inverting,
non inverting, summation, differentiation or integration.
The advantages of the used of OpAmps are the very high input impedance of
,
very high gain and low output impedance. Therefore, OpAmps can be used as
connectors between different circuits.
In Pspice, we have many models for OpAmps as shown on the figure below
However, it is a necessary to start with an ideal model which can be launched easily
by pressing the letter P (for place part) and then type OPAMP in the search
typebox.
In case, you want to change the characteristics of the ideal OpAmps, double click
on the model on capture cis schematic page to bring you to the devices page.
It is important to note that the voltage output of OPAMP cant be greater than the
positive and negative supply voltage. Hence, you must change these parameters in
case you need a voltage that higher than those aforementioned.
Now lets get started with some simple OpAmps simulations. We will begin with the
inverting configuration. Make sure you place and wire exactly the circuit below
In order to interchange the negative and positive terminals of the OPAMP to make
the negative terminal above the positive one vertically. You should right click the
OPAMP to launch a pop up menu then choose mirror vertically.
Then, choose the simulation settings as with the Time Domain (Transient) analysis
type and the time to run of 30 ms due to the frequency of the Vsin source is of 100
Hz, translates to a period of 0.01 second.
To make life simpler for you to check the nodes, it is highly recommended that you
use the net alias functionality of Capture CIS to place In and Out as in the
circuit.
Run the simulation by pressing the run arrow and choose Add Trace to reach the
Add Traces window above, type in v(In) in the Trace Expression box, the type
v(Out) in Trace Expression to get the waveforms as shown
In the figure of the waveforms, the v(In) in green and the v(Out) in red, it is ease
to realize that they are out of phase due to the relation
and
, so the amplitudes of the output and input voltages are the
same. This ciruit, actually, makes the phase of the output
difference compared
with the input. To make things more interesting, give the circuit some amplications,
it is easy to change the ratio between
and
. For an example, we need the
output voltage a half the input voltage, the gain
. Here, we choose
The circuit shown computes the difference of two voltages multiplied by some
constant. In particular, the output voltage is:
The differential input impedance Zin (i.e., the impedance between the two input
pins) is approximately R1 + R2. The input currents vary with the operating point of
the circuit. Consequently, if the two sources feeding this circuit have
appreciable output impedance, then non-idealities can appear in the output, as the
equations for this circuit were derived assuming zero source impedance for both V1
and V2. An instrumentation amplifier mitigates these problems.
Under the condition that the Rf /R1 = Rg /R2, the output expression becomes:
where
Moreover,
the
amplifier
synthesized
this
choice
of
parameters
has
parasitic
output
component.
Consequently,
choosing R1 = R2 and Rf = Rg is
common in practice.
In the special case when Rf /R1 = Rg /R2, as before, and Rf = R1, the differential
gain A = 1, and the circuit is a differential follower with:
to have an output
We have the same waveforms when trace the output voltage and the difference
between the two voltages.
Summing amplifier
When
When
, and
independent
Output is inverted
Input impedance of the nth input is
is a virtual ground)
To get the result as in the figure above, we use the bias point analysis.
Instrumentation Amplifier
Inverting integrator
(where
and
are functions of time,
integrator at time t = 0.)
Even when
high frequencies, this resistor will have negligible effect. However, at low
frequencies where there are drift and offset problems, the resistor provides
the necessary feedback to hold the output steady at the correct value. In
effect, this resistor reduces the DC gain of the "integrator" it goes from
infinite to some finite value