May 21, 2013

As Biology
Just in Time Revision
Unit 1

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Don't Worry if you've

never seen the topic!!

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Practical Questions

- Variables and how to measure

- Safety
- Repeats
- Control

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Longer Questions

- Check the Command Words

- Answer the question (not
what you think it says)!
- Bullet Points are OK
- Make at least 4 points
- Use keywords
- Don't repeat the question.

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DNA Structure

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DNA Replication

1. Helicase unwinds the DNA forming the replication fork.

2. New nucleotides diffuse into the fork and hydrogen bind
with their complementary partners
3. DNA Polymerase joins the nucleotides together forming
the new sugar phosphate backbone

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DNA - Conservative / semiconservative replication

Meselson and Stahls experiments involved growing
bacteria in culture media containing either heavy nitrogen
(15N) or light nitrogen (14N). The DNA was then
extracted from the bacteria. The DNA was then analysed:

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{1 / 2} molecules shown with

one light and one heavy strand
{1 / 2} molecules shown with
two light strands;

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DNA vs RNA

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mRNA vs tRNA

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DNA vs RNA

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Protein Synthesis
1) Transcription
2) Translation

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Protein Synthesis
1) Transcription
2) Translation

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Protein Synthesis
1) Transcription
2) Translation

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The Genetic Code

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Double vs Single
Circulation

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Gaseous Exchange insects

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Gaseous Exchange
- Fish

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Gaseous Exchange
- single celled
organisms

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Cardiac Cycle

Label this diagram!

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Cardiac Cycle

On the diagram, draw arrows to show the

flow of blood into and through the right
side of the heart during one beat of the
heart.

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1. SAN sends a wave of electrical activity

(depolarization) around the walls of the
atria.
2. A ring of insulating tissue blocks the wave
from passing into the ventricles.
3. The AVN conducts the wave into the
Ventricles slowly, which gives the ventricles
time to fill.
4. The Purkinje fibres are fast-conducting and
take the wave to the apex of the heart first,
so the ventricles contract bottom upwards.

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0 - 0.2s - Atrial Systole The atria contract, atrial pressure rises

&blood is pushed from atria --> ventricles
0.2
- 0.3s rises
- Ventricular
Systole
Theand
ventricles
contract,
ventricular
pressure
above atrial
pressure
the cuspid
valves
shut;
Ventricular pressure rises, but no blood leaves
the heart yet! When ventricular pressure rises above pressure in the
arteries the semi-lunar valves open Blood leaves the heart
0.3 - 0.4s - Diastole The ventricles relax. Ventricular pressure falls
and when pressure in the arteries > ventricular pressure the semilunar valves shut
0.4 - 0.7s - Diastole The entire heart is relaxed. The cuspid valves
open (4) and both atria and ventricles fill with blood.

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Blood Vessels

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Blood Vessels

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Blood Clo/ng

1. Platelets are
activated by
substances
released by the
damaged artery wall
2. Platelets become
sticky and form a
platelet plug on the
surface of the
atheroma
3. Platelet plus
releases chemicals
which activate
thromboplastin
4. Thromboplastin
initiates the clotting
cascade

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The clotting cascade

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Plasma Cell Membrane

Structure

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Transport Across membranes

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Transport Across membranes

Active Transport

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Transport Across membranes

Active Transport

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Transport Across membranes

Active Transport

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Amino Acid Structure

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Protein Structure

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Protein Structure
Explain the importance of the primary structure of an
enzyme to its function.
ANSWERS:
1. Primary structure determines 3D folding
2. Types of A.A. / bonds
3. Position of A.A. determines position of bonds
4. Shape / position/ of active site determined
by position of A.A.
5. Shape of active site being correct to bind to
substrate

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Proteins

ANSWERS:

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Enzymes
biological catalyst & activation energy.

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Fats & Oils

Triglycerides are either fats or oils. They are
made from the elements C, H & O only.
1 x glycerol

3 x fatty acid

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Esterification
A condensation reaction which causes an
ester bond to form between the fatty acid and
the glycerol
hydroxyl group carboxyl group
(-COOH)
(-OH)

This happens 3 times to join the 3 fatty acids

to the glycerol molecule

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Saturated triglycerides have no

C=C bonds in them.
They form fats.

Unsaturated triglycerides DO have

C=C bonds in them.
They form oils.

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Lipid structures - omega

3 & omega 6

Describe omega 3.
How is it different to omega 6?
Why are they so named?

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Carbohydrates - Saccarides
Made of: Carbon, Hydrogen and
Oxygen
Monosaccharides 1 sugar molecule
Disaccharides 2 sugar molecules joined
Polysaccharides many sugar molecules

barley
sugar cane
milk

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Carbohydrates different structures of glucose

Spot the difference?!

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Carbohydrates condensation reactions:

a-glucose

a-glucose

maltose

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maltose

Carbohydrates hydrolysis reactions:

+
a-glucose

a-glucose

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Carbohydrates - polysaccharides

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Carbohydrates - starch

a1-4 bonds between 3 glucose molecules.

Made from 2 molecules - Amylose & Amylopectin
Found in Amyloplasts (starch grains) inside plant
cells for energy storage
Insoluble, so no osmotic effect in tissues
Amylose has no branches (1-4 GB only), so
access to glucose is slow
Amylopectin has some branches (both 1-4 & 1-6
GB)

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Carbohydrates - starch

Amylose
Amylose coiled structure
/ compact ideal for
storage!

Amylopectin side branches

allow enzymes
which break
down the
molecule to get
to bonds easily.
Means
GLUCOSE CAN
BE RELEASED
QUICKLY!

Unbranched

Amylopectin

branched

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Carbohydrates - glycogen
1. Made from Poly ( Glucose).
2. Found in muscle and liver cells for energy
storage
3. Insoluble, so no osmotic effect in issues
4. Lots of branches (i.e. 1-6 GB present),
which allows quick access to glucose
5. Compact shape, so good for storage

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Carbohydrates - cellulose
1. Made from Poly ( Glucose).
2. Main component of cell walls as it is a very
strong
structural molecule
3. Insoluble for obvious reasons!
4. Cellulose has no branches (i.e. 1-4 GB only),
so adjacent cellulose chains line up close
5. Hydrogen bonds form between adjacent
chains, creating very strong cellulose fibrils

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Water structure - as a dipolar molecule

Water molecules are polar

H = Positively charged (+)
O = Negatively charged (-)
This allows them to form Hydrogen
Bonds with other water molecules. This
gives water some useful properties;

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Lungs

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Reasons for not

getting a valid
conclusion
- other variables are present or need
considering
- no information available about other
variables

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Correlation
vs
Causal Link
Causation: when a change in
one variable is responsible for a
change in another variable
Correlation: when a change in
one variable is reflected by a
change in the other

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Using the information in the graph...

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Using the information in the graph ...

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Using the information in the graph, describe the

effect of storage time on the vitamin C content
of the camu-camu fruit.

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Using the information in the table ...

Using the data in the table, what is the evidence that drug S
is safe for people to take

Using the information in the table, describe the effect

that temperature has on the permeability of the
membranes of the beetroot cells.

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Genetics

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Distinguish between the terms allele and

gene; homozygous; recessive allele

Pedigree diagrams

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Drawing Genetic diagrams

Parents
Phenotype:
Parents
Genotype:
Gametes
Genotype:

Zygotes
Genotype:
Zygotes
Phenotype:

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Genetically Inherited
Diseases

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Genetic Screening

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Vectors

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Genetic Screening

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Multiple choice - don't

leave blank!!

Explain
Describe

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Compare!

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Describe an experiment questions

Include all variables (IV, DV, CV)

Include any relevant safety measures
How to maintain DV (e.g. water bath)
Reference to {range / at least 5} of IV
Appropriate controlled variable named
Reference to repeats / replicates
Include equipment / procedures to use
Reference to comparison of volumes

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(QWC - Spelling of technical

terms must be correct and the
answer must be organised in
a logical sequence)

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CVD

Not smoking
Increase exercise
Improvements to diet (e.g. reduce salt,
reduce saturated fat, increase fibre)
Maintaining appropriate weight
Reduced alcohol consumption
Reducing stress
Use of medication e.g. statins,

May 21, 2013

CVD

Not smoking
Increase exercise
Improvements to diet (e.g. reduce salt,
reduce saturated fat, increase fibre)
Maintaining appropriate weight
Reduced alcohol consumption
Reducing stress
Use of medication e.g. statins,

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CVD

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