CURISTINAM-A- HS acre -.. BS 1377: 1975 be Arbalager Methods of test for - ~ Soils for civil engineering purposes Gr10 British Standards InstitutionTies Batish Standard, haviag been approved by the Road Engineering Industry Standards Committee, was published under the authority ofthe Executive Board on 30 Api 1978. © Bish Standards institution 1975 Fics published July 1948 First revision July 1961 Second revision Docerber 1967 Thisd revision Aprit 1978 ISBN: 0 580 08206 7 Contract requirements Attention is drawn ¢o the fact that tis British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a contrac. Revision of British Standards In order to keep abreast of progres in the industries concerned, British Standards are subject to periodical review. 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Enquiries concerning subscribing membership, which hes considerable advantages, wil be welcomed, and should be made to Subscriptions Department, Both departments are located att 401 Pentonvitle Rod, London N1 9ND (Telephone 01-837 8801 ; Telex 23218). ‘he following BSI references relate to the work on this standard Committee reference RDE/9 Dra fo comment 71/41913 Co-operating organizations ‘The Roed Engineering Industry Standards Committe, under whose eupervisioa this British Standard was prepared, consists of representatives of the following Government departeeats and sclentilc and industealorgenisaons ‘Asphalt and Coated Macadam Asocition Association of Consulting Enginesrs ‘British Quarrying ind Slag Federation ‘British Tar Industsy vociation "Cement and Concrete association Concrete Society (Design end Development Divisional Committe) Contractor Pant Association *County Surveyars" Society ‘sSepartment of the Environment “Department of the Environment, Transport end Rosd Reseerch Laboratory “Fedzration of Civil Engineering Contractors Federation of Manufacturers of Constuction Equipment sand Cranes ‘Greater London Council “Institute of Petroleum Institute of Quaceying ‘Mastivution of Civl Enpincers ‘Institution of Highway Engineers ‘institution of Munieipal Engineers “Institution of Structural Engineers Ministry of Defence, Army Department Refined Bitumen association Led Road Emulsion Association Lid Road Surface Dresing ASociation Sand and Gravel Association Ltd Society of Chemical Industry “Individual experts, ‘The Government department and scientific and industrial oxganizstions macked with an astertk in the above list, together with the following, were diectly represented on tha committee entrusted with the preparation ofthis British Standard Department of the Envieonment, Building Research Establishment ‘GB0- Pilad i Evaiand by orld Son Tid, Landon, SEO TPSTRABAG BAU-AG i] BS 1377 : April 1975 Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes &. TP. AnIBRALAGAN. Amendments issued since publication Amd, No, Date of issue | Text affected British Standards Institution - 2 Park Street - London W1A 2BS ‘Telephone 01-629 9000 Telex 268933 | ; LyPage Determination of the unconfined compressive strength using portable apparatus 105 Determination of the compressive strength of a specimen tested in undrained triaxial compression without the measurement of pore water pressure 108 5.5 Tost 20 5.6 Test 21 Appendices ‘A. Maximum mass of material to be retained on each test sieve at the completion of sieving 113 B, Typical data and calculation formas 14 Figures 1. Terms used in compaction tests 7 2. Rubber pestle 8 3. A suitable type of sample divider (riffle) 9 4, Cone penetrometer used for the determina- tion of the liquid limit of sols 18 5, Casagrande liquid limit apparatus 2 6. Grooving tool and height gauge (brass or stainless steel) 23 7, Determination of the plastic limit 4 8, Mould for linear shrinkage test 25 9. Gas jar with glass plate and rubber stopper for the determination of the specific gravity of soll paticles 27 10, Particle size distribution cart 32 11. Sampling pipette for sedimentation apparatus 34 12. An arrangement for lowering the sampling pipette into the soil suspension 35 13, Hydrometer for the determination of particle size distribution in soil 42 14, Nomographic chart for use with hydrometers 42 15, Temperature correction chart for hydro- eters calibrated in density at 20°C “4 16. Tor-exchange column for sulphate determinations 2 17, Constant heed device for use with ion- exchange column 2 18, Apparatus for the rapid field method of determining the pH value ofa soll 55 19, Colour chart for pH test 56 20. Mould for compaction test 58 21. 2.5 kgrammer for the standard compaction test $8 22.4.5 kg rammer for the compaction test 61 23. Tamper for the vibrating hammer compaction test oa 24, Small pouring cylinder for the determination of the dry density of fine-and medium- grained soils a 25, Dibber for digging holes for soll density determinations 0 3 STRABAG BAU-AG BS 1377 : 1975 Page 68 26, Scraper for levelling surface of soi 27. Calibrating container for use with the small pouring cylinder 68 28, Large pouring cylinder for the determination of the dry density of fine., medium- and ‘coarse-grained soils n 29. Calibrating container for use with large ‘pouring cylinder and in the hand scoop method 2 30. Core-cutter apparatus for soil density determination n 31. Apparatus for the determination of dry density of soil by the immersion in water method 9 32, Cradle and supporting frame for the determination of dry density of soll by the immersion in water method 9 33, Apparatus for measuring soil density by ‘water displacement 81 34, Cylindrical mould for the determination of the California Bearing Ratio 84 35. Alternative mould for the California Bearing Ratio test 85 36, Plug and collar for use with cylindrical mould for the determination of the California Bearing Ratio 86 37. Arrangement for the California Bearing Ratio test a7 38, Apparatus for measuring the movement of the top of @ specimen during soaking for the California Beating Ratio test 87 39. Typical California Bearing Ratio test results 91 40. Diagrammatic illustration of 2 typical consolidation cell 33 41, Square root of time fitting method: laboratory curve 96 42. Logarithm of time fitting method Inboratory curve 97 43, Correction factor for coefficient of consolidation 98 44, Typical arrangements for vane test apparatus 100 45. Vane and rod mounting 102 46, Vane protecting shoe 102 47, Split-barrel sampler assembly 103 43. Portable compression apparatus 106 49. Unconfined compression test chart with typical load deformation records 107 50, Apparatus for measuring the extension modulus of the rubber membrane 2BS 1377 :1975 Contents Page Cooperating organizations _—slde front cover Foreword 4 Methods 1, General 1 Scope 5 12 Defiition and symbols 5 13 Apparatus 7 14 Grouping of ols 3 5 Preparation of isturbed samples for esting § 2. Soil classification tests 21 Test Determination of the moisture content 3 2.1.1 Test 1(A) Standard method (oven drying method) 13 24.2 Test 1(B) Subsidiary method (sand bath method) 4 2.3 Test 1(C) Subsidiary method (aloo! method) 16 22 Test2 Determination of the lguid limit 22.1 Test (A) Preferred method using the cone penetrometer " 2.2.2 Test (8) Method using the Casagrande apparatus 9 2.2.3 Test 2(C) One point method using the Casagrande eppaatus 2» 23. Test3 Determination ofthe plastte tiie 2B 2A ‘Test4 Determination ofthe plasticity index as 25 ‘TestS Determination ofthe linear stuinkage a 2.6 Test 6 Determination of the specific ayarity of sol particles, 6 2.6.1 Test 6(A) Method for fine-, medium. and coarse-grained soils 6 2.6.2 Test 6(B) Method for fine-grained soils 28, 2.7 Test? Determination of the particle size distribution 30 2.7.1 Test H(A) Standard method by wet sieving 30 2.7.2 Test 7(B) Subsidiary method by dry sieving 31 2.7.3 Test {C) Standard method for fine- grained soils (pipette method) 33 2.7.4 Test 1(D) Subsidiary method for fine- ‘rained soils (hydrometer method) 39 3. Soil chemical tests BA Test Determination of the organic matter content 46 Page 32 Test9 Determination of the total sulphate content of soil 48 33. Test10 Determination of the sulphate content of ground water and of aqueous soil extracts 50 34 Test11 Determination of the pH value 53 3.4.1 Test 11(A) Standard method (electro metric) 3 3.4.2 Test 11(B) Subsidiary method (colori- metric) 54 4. Soil compaction tests 4.1 Test 12 Determination ofthe dry density/moisture content relationship (2.5 kg rammer method) 37 Determination of the dry density moist content relationship (4.5 kg rammer method) 60 Determination of the dy density/moisture content relationship of granular soil (sibrating hammer method) 63 Determination of the dry density of soilon the site 66 44.1 Test 15(A) Sond replacement method suitable for fine- and mediuim= rained soils (small pouring cylinder method) 66 4.4.2 Test 15 (B) Sand replacement method suitable for fine-, medium-and coarse-grained soils (large pouring cylinder method) 70 443 Test 15(C) Sand replacement method suitable for fine-, medium- and coarse-grained soils (hand seoop method) 1” 4.44 Test 15(D) Core-cutter method for fine- ‘rained and chalk soils free from stones 6 4.45 Test 15(B) Immersion in water method 78 44.6 Test 15(F) Water displacement method 0 42 Test 13 43° Test 14 44° Test 15 5. Soil strength tests 5.1 Test 16 Determination of the California Bessing Ratio 8 52. Test17 Determination of the one dimensional consolidation properties 2 53. Test 18 Determination of shear strength in the fold by the vane tet 99 54 Test 19 Determination ofthe penetra tion resistance using tho split barrel sampler 103 2STRABAG BAU-AG BS 1377 : 1975 British Standard Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes —_— 1. General 1.1 Scope ‘This British Standard specifies methods of test for soils for civil engineering purposes. [NOTE, The titles ofthe British Standards refered to inthis standard are listed on the inside back cover, 1.2 Definitions and symbols 1.2.1. Definitions, For the purposes of this British Standard the following definitions and those given in BS 892 apply: (1) Liquid limit (LL), The moisture content at which a soil passes from the plastic to the liquid state, as determined by the liquid limit test (2) Plastic limit (PL. The moisture content at which a soil becomes too dry to be in a plastic condition, as determined by the plastic limit test (3) Plasticity index (PI). The numerical difference between the liquid limit and the plastic limit of a soil @)Non-plastic. A soil with e plasticity index of zero or one on which the plastic limit cannot be determined, (5) Particle size distribution, The percentages of the various grain sizes present in a soil as determined by sieving and sedimentation. (6) Cobbles. Rounded or sub-angular stones of sizes between 200 mm and 60 mm. (7) Gravel fraction. The fraction of a soil composed of particles between the sizes of 60 mm and 2 mm. The sravel fraction may be subdivided as follows: BS test sieve sizes to be used for separation* Coarse gravel 60 mm to 20mm 63 mm to 20 mm Medium gravel = 20 mmto 6mm = 20mmto 6.3mm Fine gravel 6mmto 2mm 63 mmto2 mm (8) Sand fraction, The fraction of a soil composed of particles between the sizes 2.0 mm and 0.06 mm. The sand fraction may be subdivided as follows: BS test sieve sizes to be used for separation* Coarse sand 2.0 mm to 0.6 mm 2.0 mm to 600 pm Medium sand 0.6 mm to 0.2 mm 600 pm to 212 pm Fine sand 0.2 mm to 0.06 mm 212 pm to 63 pm (9) Site fraction: The fraction of a soil composed of particles between the sizes 0.06 mm and 0.002 mm. The silt faction may be subdivided as follows: Coarse silt 0.06 mm to 0.02 mm Medium sit 0.02 mmm to 0.006 mm Fine silt 0.006 mun to 0.002 mm (10) Clay fraction. The fraction of a soil composed of particles smaller in size than 0.002 mn, (LA) Cohesive soil. A soil which, by virtue of its clay content, will form a coherent mass, (12) Now cohesive soil. Granular soil A soil which will not form a coherent mass (13) Sampling. The selection of a representative portion of a material ‘These ae the test ove sizes nearest tothe theoretical sizes. When the 2.0 mm and 63 pm sieves are not available the 2.36 mm ‘Wo. 7) and 75 ym (No, 200) sieves may be used without seriously affecting the result.em BS 1377 : 1975 Foreword “This British Standard was first published in 1948, under the authority of the Road Engineering Industry Standards Committee. The third edition was published in 1967 but the need for a metricated edition soon beceme apparent and this new edition is basicaly a metricated version of the third edition. in making the change SI units have been used and wherever possible the dimensions have been rationalized ¢& a length formerly specified as 12in has been changed to 300 ram and not to the exact equivalent of 304.8 mm. In Some instances, however, (¢-g. Cesogranda liquid limit device and the Californie Bearing Ratio test epparatus) the dimensions cannot be rationalized in this way without international agreement on the manner in which the tationalization should be done. In such inatances the dimensions given are exact conversions from the imperial units Where critical dimensions have been rationalized the equations in the standard relate, of course, only to these now dimensions, Its recognized that equipment made to the specifications in BS 1377: 1967 may thus have been Tendered obsolescent, Both sets of equipment give the same results but itis important when using equipment to the old specification to quote the final results in the same SI units that are used in this edition. Provided that eare is taken to ensure that the correct factors are used in the equations and calculations, apparatus made to conform to BS 1377: 1967 may therefore continue to be used up to 1 January 1980. Where necessary the opportunity has been taken to revise the test procedures to take account of the increased Knowledge that has been gained since the third edition was published. No changes of principle have been involved but minor improvements have been incorporated into many of the test procedures, and moze major changes made to the following tests ‘Test 6, Determination of the specific gravity of soil particles Test 7. Determination of particle size distribution ‘Tost 9. Determination of the total sulphate content of soil ‘Test 10, Determination of the sulphate content of ground water and of aqueous sofl extracts, In addition a test for determining the liquid limit of soils, using the cone penetrometer (see Test 2A) has been included as this form of testis now widely used ia many countries for assessing the upper limit of plasticity of soils. In several instances methods are termed ‘standard method” and ‘subsidiary method! respectively. The Former ‘are more accurate but may be unsatisfactory for use in the laboratory or the field owing to the time taken or the need for equipment which is not easily obtainable. “Typical forms are included for nearly all the test methods, to illustrate how the results may conveniently be ‘calculated and recorded, The layout of such forms is a matter of individual preference, but most of the typical qayouts have been printed so that photographic reproduction and enlargement to about AA size will provide a teable standard form. If there is likely to be a wide demand for these forms within industry the British Standards. Institution will be pleased to consider the printing of bulk supplies at the usual rates. Tn each of the methods the measurement of only one value of the quantity concesned is required. It is recognized that it is necessary in many practical applications to make a number of tests in order to obtain a mean ‘alue and an indication ofits reliability. Guidance on the number of messurements required and the treatment of tthe results obtained is regarded as being beyond the scope of the present standard. “This edition is being published simultaneously with the related British Standard 1924 Methods of test for stabilized soils, which has also been pcepared in a metricated edition. This has been done to ensure that where Similar tests exist for natural and stabilized soils the same test proceduses are specified in the respective standards, thus making it possible to compare cesulls obtained with natural and stabilized soll ‘The term ‘specific gravity” as been retained in this edition. The term recognized by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for this concept i ‘relative density” but the latter tam s used in lls ngineeting with ceference to the relationship between the voids ratio of the sili its loosest state and the voids ratio of the soll in its densest state (see BS 1991 ‘Letter symbols, signs and abbreviations, Part 4 ‘Structures, materials and soll mechanicsBS 1377 : 1975 TO%, 5% Oma cl yods tines (6,= 268) Maximum dey dansity / Compaction curve} Dry density of soil (Mg /m?) Optinun welsture ° 5 10 5 20 25 30 Moisture content (%) Fig, 1. Terms used in compaction tests 1.2.2 Symbols. For the purposes of this British Standard the following symbols and those given in BS 1991. Pacts Vand 4 thd used: ce Term Symbol Term ‘Symbol Moisture content w Secondary compression ratio % Liquid limit LL Vane shear strength 8 Plastic limit PL Penetration resistance N Plasticity index PL Unconfined compression strength oF Non-plastic NP ‘Maximum principal stress difference oe Linear shrinkage Ls Specific gravity of soit particles G California Bearing Ratio CBR Bulk density of soil Pa Coefficient of volume compressibility Dry density of soil p (one dimensional) m Density of water Py Coefficient of consolidation 4 Percentage air voids % Initial compression ratio a Degree of saturation st Primary compression ratio » 1.3. Apparatus Apparatus shall comply with the requirements of British Standards, where these are available, For example, BS410 Test sieves BS 593. Laboratory thermometers BS 604 Graduated measuring cylinders BS718 Density hydrometers and specific gravity hydrometers BS733. Density bottles BS 846 Burettes and bulb burettes BS 1583 One-maxk pipettes BS 1739 Filter flasks BS 1752 Laboratory sintered or fritted filters, BS 1792 One-mark volumetric flasks BS 1923 Glass filter funnels BS 2648 Performance requitements for electrically-heated laboratory drying ovens BS 3423 Recommendations for the design of glass vacuum desiccators 7BS 1377 : 1975 (14) Quartering. The reduction in quantity of a large sample of material by dividing a circular heap, by diameters at right angles, into four approximately equal parts, removing two diagonally opposite quarters, fand mixing the two remsining quarters intimately together so as to obtain a truly representative half of the original mass. The process is repeated until a sample of the required size is obtained. (15) Riffing. The reduction in quantity of a large sample of material by dividing the mass into two approximately equal halves by passing the sample through an appropriately sized siffe (or riffle box). The process is repeated until a sample of the required size is obtained. (16) Compaction, The process of packing soil paticles more closely together by rolling or other mechanical means, thus increasing the dry density of the soil (17) Consolidation. The process whereby soil particles are packed more closely together over a period of time by application of continued pressure. (i8) Bulk density. The mass of a material (including solid pastieles and any contained water) per unit volume including voids. (19) Dry density. The mass of the dry material, after drying to constant mass at 105 °C, contained in unit volume of undried material. (20) Moisture contenc®, The mass of water which can be removed from the soil, usually by heating at 105 °C, ‘expressed as a percentage of the dry mass. Ql) Optimum moisture content The moisture content at which a specified amount of compaction will produce the maximum dry density (see Fig. 1). (22) Maximum cry density, The dry density obtained using a specified amount of compaction at the optimum ‘moisture content (see Fig. 1) (23) Relative compaction. The percentage rato of the dry density of the soil to the maximum dry density of that soi, 2s determined by a specified laboratory compaction test. (24) Dry density moisture content relationship. The relationship between dry density and moisture content of a soil when a given compactive effort is employed. (25) Percentage air voids. The volume of zir voids in the soil expressed asa percentage of the total volume of the soil (26) Air voids line A line showing the dry density /moisture content relationship for soil containing a constant percentage of air voids. (Air voids lines are shown in Fig. 1.) The line can be calculated from the equation: te oe - 100 where Pais the dry density of the soil (Mg/m?); Pw isthe density of water (Mg/m*); , isthe volume of air volds inthe soil, expressed as @ percentage ofthe total volume of the soil; Gis the specific gravity of the sol particles; wis the moisture content, expressed asa percentage of the mass of dry soil. (22) Saturation line (2er0 air voids line). Aline showing the dry density moisture content relationship for soil containing no air voids. The saturation line is also shown on Fig. 1. Its obtained by putting ¥ , = 0 in the equation given in definition (26). ‘attnough the term moisture content has been used throughout-this standard, the team water content 5 abo widely used and either may be employed.BS 1377 : 1975 NOTE. Alldimensions except A are approximate only. Maximum size | Number | Iateral dimensions Internal dimensions of sample ‘of slots of the boxes (3 required) ASH ee F 40 [s so 1so_ «(| 230180400 20 10 3013040 ~—=«| iso —s100 00 10 2 15 3 30—| 2090200 5 2 7 2 1 | 50 5090 ‘This design has teen found satistactory but alternative designs may be employed provided thatthe esential requirements are fotfted. Fig. 3, A suitable type of sample divider (riffle) 9BS 1377 : 1975 For the type of materials covered by this British Standard full tolerance sieves will be sufficiently accurate. Sieves with 5 mm aperture size and above shall be perforated plate square hole test sieves. Below that size they shall be waven wire test sieves. “The essential details of the equipment illustrated in this standard have been indicated by asterisks in the figures. "The manufacturing tolerances on the essential dimensions shall be as shown below unless other tolerances are shown in the figures. (1) #10 mm on dimensions greater than 300 mm. (2) +0.5 mm on dimensions between 100 mm and 300 mm as fractions. (G) £0.15 mm on dimensions up to and including 100 mm. ‘Where mass is an essential requizement the tolerance on the mass is shown in the figure. [NOTE 1. The following range of balances covers the requirements of all the tests in tis standard Capacity «00g HDs Dke Ske DKS Ske Accuncy 0.001g lglg. 022 05s ip Se. NOTE 2. The following palette knives cover the soquiements of ll the tests inthis standard: Length 100mm 200mm Breadth 20mm — 30mm 1.4 Grouping of soils For the purposes of the tests described in this British Standard, soils shall be grouped as follows: (1) Fine grained soils Soils containing not less than 90 % passing a 2 mm BS test sieve (2) Medium grained soils. Soils containing not less than 90 % passing a 20 min BS test sieve (3) Coarse-grained soils. Soils containing not less than 90 9% passing a 37.5 mm BS test sieve. ‘The grouping ofa soil thus depends on the result of sieve analysis. Any soll shall be regarded as belonging to ‘the finest-giained group appropriate under the definitions given above. ‘soils with a greater proportion of material than about 10 % retained on a 37.5 mm BS test sieve cannot usefully bbe examined by any of the tests in this British Standard except the sieve analysis and the plasticity tests. They would, of necessity, fall into the range of materials classed as aggregates which are covered by BS 812. 1.6 Preparation of disturbed samples for testing 1.5.1. General, This clause covers the preparation of soll samples as received from the field and their allocation for subsequent tests (See Note 1). 1.5.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required (Q) a balance readable and accurate to 0.1 g. (2) a balance readable and accurate to 1 g G@) a means of breaking up aggregations of sol without reducing the size of the individual particles, ¢.. mortar and a rubber pestle similar to the one lustrated in Fig. 2, or suitable mechanical device. (4) British Standard test sieves of the following sizes: 425 yim, 2mm, $ mm, 20 mm, 37.5 mm, (5) a thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 45 °Cto 50 Cand of 305 °Cto 110°C. © Sample dividers eg, ofthe multiple slot type (siffle box) similar to those showa in Fit. 3. 150 mm + poe r re | ae Wood hendie d [an] Rubber “This design hos been found satisfactory, but alternative deslzns may be employed provided thatthe essenal requirements are faliled. (Essential dimension is indicated by an asterisk) Fig, 2. Rubber pestleBS 1377 : 1975 Tests not covered in this table are those in which undisturbed samples are used or where tests are made on the soil in situ. (3) If the moisture content of the natural soil, as received, is required, representative samples of the following ‘minimum masses shall be obtained by riffling or quastering. Test (A) Test 1(B) Test 1(C) For fine-grained soils 30g 308 30g For medium-grained soils. 300g 300g 300g For coarse-grained soils 3ke aks =~ Where samples are being taken for moisture content determination the use of shallow trays for storing or carrying should be avoided as these expose the samples unnecessarily to evaporation or rainfall. Such samples should be kept covered, if not sealed, except when material is actually being extracted. (6) If the California Bearing Ratio is to be determined (see Test 16) the appropriate quantity of material shall bbe removed from the main sample and sealed in a container so as to prevent loss of moisture until such time as the tests are carried out, () The soil sample (or the remainder if procedures (3) or (4) are carried out) shall be brought to a state in which it may be crumbled, if necessary by drying it in air or in the oven. This shall be done at a temperature not exceeding 50 °C. Oven drying at 105 °C to 110 °C may be employed, provided this does not affect the results of the tests to be carried out subsequently (ee Note 3) 1.54 Preparation for classification and chemical tests (Tests to 11) 1.5.4.1 ‘The aggregations of particles in the sample obtained in 1.5.3(5) shall be broken down in such a way as to avoid crushing the individual particles. Care shall be taken that no particles are crushed in this operation but that all aggregations of particles are broken down so that if the sample was sieved on a 2 mim BS test sieve only individual particles would be retained. 1.5.4.2 The sample obtained in 1.5.4.1 shall be mixed thoroughly and then subdivided either by quartering, by riffing, or by otler suitable means until representative subsamples of the minimum masses given, after suitable further preparation where necessary, are obtained for the appropriate tests. (A) Tests 1/4), 1{B) and IC). (Determinations of the moisture content of the prepared samples). Test (A) Test 1(B)— Test 1(0) For fine-grained soils 308 308. 30g For medium-grained soils 3008 300g 300 For coarse-grained soils 3ke kg ~ (2) Tests 2(A), 2(B], 2(C), 3, 4 and 5, (Determination of liquid tomit, plastic limit, plasticity index and linear shrinkage), Sufficient of the material obtained in 1.5.4.1 shall be taken so that when sieved through # 425 pm BS test sieve the following quantities of material passing the test sieve are obtained (see Note 4). Test 2A) 200 g ‘Test 2(B) 200 g ‘Tost (0) 50g Test 3 208 Test 4 No additional sample required ‘Test 5 1508 Care shall be taken that no particles are crushed but that all aggregations of particles are broken down so that only individual particles are left on the sieve (see Notes 5 and 6). The proportion of material passing the 425 yum BS test sieve shall be recorded (see Note 7). (3) Test 6(A}. (Determination of specific gravity). A 200 g sample in the case of fine-grained soils and 400 g in the case of medium: or coarse-grained soils prepared as in 1.5.4.1 shall be taken, and stones larger than 37.5 mm diameter shall be broken down below this size. The sample shall be oven dried at 105 °C to 110°C (see Note 8). (4) Test 6(B} (Determination of specific gravity), A 50 g sample shall be taken from the material prepared as in 1.5.4.1 and, if necessary, ground to pass a 2 mm BS test sieve. A representative 5 g to 10 g subsample shall, bbe obtained and oven dried at 105 °C to 110 °C (see Note 8). (3) Tests 7/4) and 7/B}. (Determination of particle size distribution), Sufficient material prepared asin 1.5.4.1 shall be taken and oven dried at 105 °C to 110 °C to give the minimum mass in accordance with the following table "WBS 1377: 1975 1.53 General preparation of sample (see Note 1). The general method for the preparation ofa sample is as follows: (1) An assessiment should be made of whether the sol is to be classified as a fine-grained, medium-grained or coarse-grained soil (see 1.4). In many cases this will be known or self-evident but, in doubtful eases ox where confirmation is requized, a portion of the sample should be sieved through the appropriate sieve or sieves, generally using the procedure given under Test 7(A) or 7(B). The size of sample used for ths shall be in accordance with the following table, “Maximum sizeof material present Minimum mass of sample in substantal proportion to bo taken for soving (more than 10%) mum kg > 20 15 < 20 but > 2 2 <2 on @) The total mass of sample required depends on the soil group and the tests to be carried out but, to ensure a representative sample, the total mass should not, in general, be less than the following minimum masses: fine-grained soils 500 83 medium-grained soils 5 kg; coarse-grained soils 30 kg ‘The actual mass of sample required can be assessed by multiplying the mass given in the table below (Which includes some ellowance for drying, wastage and rejection of stones where required) by the maximum number of tests envisaged. Where the total mass of sample so calculated is oss than the minimum mass given above for the appropriate soil group then that minimum mass shal be taken. ‘Type of test Soil our Fino Medium | Coarse stined rained ‘rained Moisture content Test 1(A) 508 3508, kg Moisture content ‘Test 1(B) 50g 3508 ake, Moisture content Test (0) 508 3506. - Liguidlirait Test 2(A) 500g kg. kg Liquid limit Test 2(B) 500 ike 2ke Liquid limit Test (0) 150. 2508 500g Pstic limit Test 3 508 100. 200g Linear shrinkage Test 5 500g 800. 15 ke Specific gravity Test 6(A) 3008 6008 600g Specific gravity Test 6(B) 100g 100 g 1008 Particle size distribution Test 7(A) 150g 25kg | Tks Particle size distribution Test 7(B) 150g 25kg | 17ks Particle size distribution Test 7(C) 100g 100.8 100 Particle size distribution Test 7(D) 2508 250.8 2508 Organic matter content Test 8 1505 600g 35 ke Sulphate content ‘Test 9 1503 00g 35ke Sulphate content Test 10 1508. 08 3.5 ke. pH value Test 11(A) 1508 0g 35ks pH value Test 11(B) 150g 6008 35 kg Compaction test Test 12 ks) — | (10ke) | (10 Ke) 25 kg 25 kg 25 kg Compaction test™ Test 13 (oke) | GOK) | (10 Ke) 25 kg 25 kg 25 kg Compaction test* Test 14 Goke) | Gok) — | SOE) 80 ke, 80 ke 80 kg California Bearing Ratio Test 16 ke kg 12g The masses given in brackets apply only when the soll fs not susceptible to crushing during compaction (ste Note 2). 10BS 1377 : 1975 o [NOTE 1. The procedure for sampling isnot described in this standard, Reference should be made to CP 2001 for details of the method. NOTE 2, The sol should be considered susceptible to cruthing during compaction ifthe sample contains granclar material of & softnature, og sft limestone, sindstone, ete, Which is reduced in size by he action ofthe rammer or vibrating hammer. NOTE 3. Ai dying bas been specified in the preparation of soil araples for testing Since with some soils irreversible changes take place in the soil when it feaven deied at 108.°C to 110°C. With many soils, howeye, this effect fof nealigible practical significance, Do not oven dty samples to be used for plasticity ox pH tests at above $0 °C. Organic soils and certain topical solls are even affected by sir drying and should be used in ther natural state In the United Kingdom simples may be air dred by leaving thera spread out on trays inthe Isboratory with free access to tic for three or four days. Some ats and clays without large partite sizes may be used in thee natural state for cettan tests Instead of being ae dried NOTE 4, When testing samplos of maura sll, If na stones are present inthe oll andit practically al pases the 425 jm BS test sieve, itis often consenient to cay out plasticity tests on saraples without previously preparing them as dessibed in 1.5.4.2(2). ‘When sols are tested in the natural condition the results wil usually differ from those obtained with as dried samples Stet in the test ecrd thatthe foi inthe natural condition was used NOTE 5. Care should be taken to seo that test sieves are not overloaded (ste Appendix A). [NOTE 6, With granular soils it it necessary to vet save thvough the 425 jm BS test sieve fo obtain the fration required, When this is caried out collect the material ané water passing the test seve and allow to stand, When the water has become substantially clear decant stand air dry the remaining sample a5 in 1-5.3(5)- NOTE 7, It should be remembered that the recorded proportion passing the 425 pm 8S test sieve, willbe only approximate asthe determination ie made with als dred sol NOTE 8, Oven diving ofthe sll has besa spectied for convenience, If there is amy reason to belleve that his will change the specific gravity du to loss of water of hydration the soil should be tested in ts natural condition and the mass of soil wed determined by oven deying atthe end of the test. NOTE 9. If the testi $ be made on mples containing larger particles than 20 mo the faction retained on the 20 mm BS test sieve should be removed. I this does not execed 25 % of the whole Its unnecessary to make any correction. I the percentage fetainod on the 20 mm BS text leveisgrestr than this, it should be replaced with a similar fraction of 20 nm to $ mum matedal Irom the main sample 2. Soil classification tests 2.1 Test 1. Determination of the moisture content 2.1.1 Test (A). Standard method (oven drying method) 2.A.LLI General This method covers the determination of the moisture content of sol asa percentage ofits dry 2.1.1.2 Apparatus, A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105°C to 110°C (Gee Note 1) is required, together with the following For fine-grained soils (1) A glass weighing bottle fitted with 2 ground glass stopper or cap, ora suitable airtight non-corrodible metal container (a convenient size is 5O rm diameter and 25 min high). Q) Abelance readable and accurate to 0.01 g. (3) A desiccator (a convenient size is 200 mm to 250 mm diameter) containing anhydrous silica gel (see Note 2). For mediur-grained soils (1) An airtight non-corzodible container of about 500 g capacity. {Q) A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 g G) A scoop (a convenient size is one about 200 mm long and 100 mm wide). For coarsegrained soils (1) An airtight non-corrodible container of about 3 kg capacity. (2) Abbalance readable and accurate to Ig (3) A scoop (# convenient size is one about 200 mm long and 100 mm wide). 2.1.1.3 Procedure. The procedures for the various soils are as follows. (0) For fine-grained soits 2. The weighing bottle or container shal! be cleaned, dried, and weighed to the nearest 0.01 g (mm). A sample of at least 30 g of soil shall be crumbled and placed loosely in the container or the weighing bottle, and the lid or stopper shall be replaced, The container or bottle and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.01 g (mp), ». The lid or stopper shall then be removed, and the container or bottle with its id and contents shall be placed in the oven and dried at 105 °C to 110 °C (see Note 3). The period required for drying will vary ‘with the type af soil and the size of sample. The sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings of the cooled sample (se ¢. and a.) at intervals of 4 h, d® not exceed 0.1 % of the original mass of the sample (ee Note 4), The lid or stopper shall not be replaced while the sample isin the 13BS 1377: 1975 Maximum sizeof materia present | Minimum mass of ple in substantia proportion fo be taken for sieving nore than 109) men kg 63 50 50 35 375 15 28 5 20 2 14 1 10 05 63 02 Passing 2 mm, 600 pm, 300 pm | 0.1 or 63 pm Ce (6) Tests 71C) and 7(D} (Determination of particle size distribution). (Applicable only to ils with more than 10 % passing the 63 pm BS test sieve, The following quantities of material prepared asin 1.5.4.1 ace required: Test (0) 08 Test 1D) 2008 (a) Tests 8, 9, 10, 1A} and 11(B), (Determination of organte content, sulphate content and pH! value). ‘The preparation ofthe samples for thse tests ace finy involved and are given therfore, under the respective test procedures. The following quantities of material prepared asin 1.6.4.1 are required foreach test for fine-grained soils 300 8; for medium-grained soils 500.8% for coarse-grained soils 3kg 1.5.5 Preparation for compaction tests and strength tests (Tests 12 to 21). The methods of preparation of samples for appropriate tests ate as follows. (1) Tests 12 and 13 (Compaction tests using @rarimer). A portion of the material, prepared asin 1.8.3(5) and Javge enough to provide about 6 kg of material passing a 20 mm BS test sieve (For soils not susceptible to rushing during compaction}, or about 15 kg of material passing a 20 mm BS test sleve (for sols susceptible to rushing during compaction), shall be taken (Gee Note 2). This portion shall be sieved on 220 mm BS test sieve land the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample has been recorded. "Agaregations of particles shall be broken down so that, if the sample was sieved on a S mim BS test sieve, only individual particles would be retained. (0) Test 14 (Compaction test using a vibrating hammer). & postion of the material, prepared as in 1.6.15) and large enough to provide ebout 30 kg of material passing a 37.5 mm BS test sieve (for soils not susceptible to crashing dusing compaction), of about 50 kg of material passing a 37.5 rm BS test sleve (for soils susceptible to crushing dusing compaction), shall be taken (see Note 2). This portion shall be sieved on a 37.5 mm BS test sieve and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample has been recorded “Asgrogations of particle shall be broken down so that, ifthe sample was sieved on a $ mm BS test sieve, only individual particles would be retained. (3) Tests 15(A), 15{B), 15(C), 15(D}, 15(E) and 151) (Dry density determinations). These ate ste tests for which no sample prepatation is required. (@) Test 16 (Determination of the California Bearing Ratio). & portion ofthe material obtained es specified in 1.3(4) and large enough to provide about 6 kg of material passing 2 20 mm BS tet sieve for each test, ‘tual! be taken, This portion shal be rubbed through a 20 mm BS test sieve and the coarse fraction rejected after its proportion of the total sample has been noted (see Note 9). (5) Test 17. (Determination of onedimensional consolidation), Tet 20 (Determination ofthe unconfined compressive sirength using portable apparatus) and Test 21 (Determination of the compressive strength etc) ‘Thee tsis ae cattied out on undisturbed samples of sol. The preparation of these samples is given under the relevant test procedures. (6) Test 18, (Shear strength determination by field vane} and Test 19 (Determination of the penewation Vestsvance using the split barrel sampler) These are ste tests for which no sample preparation is required. 12especies BS 1377 : 1975 ‘The method shall not be used if tis suspected that the soll contains a large proportion of gypsum, calcareous matter or orgenic matter, 2.1.2.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required, For fine-grained soils (1) A suitable astight, non-corrodible metal container, approximately SO mm in diameter and 25 mm deep. Q)A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 g @) Asand bath approximately 200 mm diameter and containing clean send to a depth of at feast 25 mim. larger bath may be used to heat several samples at once, (@) Equipment for heating the sand bath, eg a bottled gas or paraffin pressure stove. (S)A palette knife (@ convenient size is one having a blade 100 mm long and 20 mm wi For mediumgrained sotls (1) A balance readable and accurate to 0.5 g. (2) A heat-esistant tray about 200 mm square and about $0 mm deep, (3) A sand bath containing clean sand to a depth of at east 25 mm and large enough to take the tray. A larger bath may be used to heat several samples at once. (4) Equipment for heating the sand bath, e.g. a botiled gas or paraffin pressure stove. (5) A palette knife (a convenient size is one having a blade 100 mm long and 20 mm wide), (©) A scoop (# convenient size is one about 200 mm long and 100 mia wide). For coarse-grained soils (1) A balance readable and accurate to | g (2) Aheat-resistant tray about 250 mm square and SO mm to 70 mm deep. (3) A sand bath, containing sand to a depth of at least 25 mm and large enough to take the tray. (4) Equipment for heating the sand bath, e.g a botiled gas or paraffin pressure stove. (5) A palette knife (a convenient size is one having a blade 200 mm long and 30 mm wide). (6) A scoop (a conveniont size is one about 200 mm long and 100 mm wide). 2.1.2.3 Procedure, The procedures for the various soils are es follows. For finegrained soils (1) The container shall be cleaned, dried and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g (on) (ee Note 1). A sample of at least 30 g of soil shall be crumbled and placed loosely in the container, and the lid shall be replaced. The container and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g (iy) (2) After the id has been removed, the container and contents shall be placed on the sand bath, which shall be heated by means of the stove, care being taken not to get the sand bath too hot (see Note 2). During heating, the sample shall be disturbed frequently and thoroughly with the palette knife to assist the evapora tion of moisture. (3) When the container and contents have been heated for a period sufficient to dry out the sample (usually Th is sufficient, see Note 3), they shall be removed from the sand bath, the lid replaced and the whole allowed to cool. (@) The container and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g (m3). For medium: and coarse-grained soils (1) The tray shall be cleaned, dried and weighed to the nearest 0.5 g (m,). A sample, of atleast 300 g for smedium-grained, and 2 kg for coarse-grained soils, shall be crumbled and spread out evenly in the tray. The tray and contents shall be weighed to the nearest 0.5 g (m) for mediusn-grained soils, and to the nearest 5 g (m) for coarse-grained soils. (2) The tray shall be placed on the sand bath which shall be heated by means of the stove, care being taken not to get the sand bath too hot (see Note 2). During heating the sample shall be disturbed frequently and thoroughly with the palette knife to assist the evaporation of moisture. (3) When the tray has been heated for a period sufficient to dry out the sample (usually 1 his sufficient, see Note 3) it shall be removed from the sand bath and allowed to cool. (4) Immediately the tray is cool enough to handle, the tray and contents shali be weighed to the nearest 0.5 g for medium-grained soils, and to the nearest 5g for coarse-grained scils (3) 15BS 1377 : 1975 «¢ After drying, the container or bottle and contents shall be removed from the oven and the whole placed inthe desiceator to cool (se Note 5) 14. The lid shall be replaced and the container or bottle and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.01 g (73). (2) For medium grained soils it The container shall be cleaned, dried and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g (my). A sample of a least 200 g of « tshall be crumbled and placed loosely in the container, and the lid shall be replaced. The contalner and ‘contents shall then be weighed tothe nearest 0.1 g (m2). >, The lid shall then be removed and the container and contents shall be placed in the oven and dried at 105 °C to 110°C (eee Note 3). The period requized for drying wil vary withthe typeof soll and the size of sample. The sample shall be deemed to ba dry when the differences in successive weighings of the cooled Semnple (08 and .) at intervals of 4h do not exceed about 0.1 % of the orginal mass ofthe stl (see Note 4). The lid shall not be replaced while the sample is in the oven, ‘After drying, the lid shall be replaced and the whole allowed to cool 4. The container and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g (1t3) @) Forfooarse grained soils ‘i The container shall be cleaned, dried, and weighed to the nearest 1 g(m,). A sample of at least 3 kgof ‘oil shall be crumbled and placed loosely in the container and the lid replaced. The container and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 1 g (1m). >, The ld shall be removed and the container and contents shall be placed in the oven and dsfed at 105 °C to 110 °C (Gee Note 3). The period requized for drying wil vary with the type of sol ané the sie of the Semple. The stmple shal be deemed tobe dry when the differences in successive weighings ofthe cooled ample (se. and dat intervals of 4 h do not exceed about 0.1 % of the original mass of the sol (see Note 4). The lid shall not be replaced while the sample i in the oven. ¢ Aftor drying, the Id shall be replaced and the whole allowed to coo! 4d The container and contents shall then be weighed to the nearest 1 g (3), 2.1.4.4 Calculations, The moisture content of the soil, w, shall be calculated, as a percentage of the dry soil mass, from the equation: mg — Mh w= 72 x 100% ms ™ where ‘my is the mass of container (g); ‘my is the mass of container and wet soil (8); ‘mg is tho mass of container and dry soll (f). ALLS Reporting of results, The moisture content of the soll) for values up to 10 Se shall be reported to two Sipificant figures. For moisture contents above 10 % the result shall be reported to the nearest whole number (Gee Note 3). The method used to obtain the results shall be stated. ‘Notes on Test 1(A) NOTE 1, A microwave oven may be employed provided preliminary tests chow thatthe sil doesnot exceed a teraperatts of NOTE Motors all the water is dzien off Ite rleroware oven i used metal containers ae not suitable and the soll should be ised in las slice or polytetraflvoroethylene (PTEE) evaporating dishes, died re bycferable tute selbindicatingslica gl asthe desiccant, Calekum ehlorige should not be used sis known that Ihany clays when oven dey are capable of absorbing water from it ray cS containgkypaure Certain sos contain gyosur which on heating loses its water of erptallzation, The moist aoe eeie ical by thi iethod wil be affected by approximately 0.2 for each 1 % of evpsum. Tits suspected that sore ehrezon in the sol he tnolsturecomtant simples shouldbe died at not more chan 60 °C and possibly fora longer ByPevie the standard conditions ae not ned, state in the test record the drying conditions used ae re topline time of soil Teh to 24 hisusualy a sufficient length of time for drying most soll, but certain sol types and eee ocan, wet samples wil require longer, The drVing time will alo depend on the amount of material in the ven, large oF v6 lige OF the contaers fit well and it unlkely that the samples are to be let for a considerable dime before eng splsned ne be ples in te desert cock it ‘las weighing botes with ground glass stoppers have Deon ust 2.1.2 Test 1(B) Subsidiary method (sand bath method) 21.2.4 General. This method covers the determination of the moisture content of a sol av « percentage offs diy mass, Its intended as a rapid alternative to Test 1(A), but is less accurate and is more suitable asa sit fst ‘300 Form A, Appendix B. 4BS 1377 : 1975 2.1.3.4 Calculations®, The moisture content ofthe sol, w, shall be calculated as «percentage ofthe dry sol ‘ass, from the equation: w == x 100% im =m, where ‘the mass of dish (g); ‘my i the mass of dish and wet soi (); rn is the mass of dish and dry sol (2). 2.1.3.5 Reporting of results. The moisture content of the soil The method used to obtain the results shall be stated 1, shall be reported to the nearest whole number. 2.2 Test 2. Determination of the liquid limit 2.241 Test 2(A). Preferred method using the cone penetrometer (see Note 1) 2.2.1.1 General, This method covers the determination of the liquid limit ofthe ai dried soil. The method may also be used on a sample of soil in its natural stte (see Note 2) 2.2.1.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. (A) A flat glass plate (@ convenient size is one 10 mm thick and 500 mm square) (2) Two palette knives (a convenient size is one having a blade 200 rm long and 30 mm wide). (3) A penetrometer as used in bituminous material testing complying with the requirements of BS 4691, and generally as illustrated in Fig. 4 (4) A cone of stainless steel or duralumin approximately 35 mm long, with @ smooth, polished surface and an angle of 30 1°. To ensure thet the point remains sufficiently sharp for the purposes of the test, the cone should be replaced if after continued use the point can no longer be felt when brushed lightly with the tip of the finger when the tip ofthe cone is pushed through a hole 1.5 mra in diatneter, bored through a metal plate 1.75 £0.1 mm thick. The cone is fitted to the penetrometer in the manner shown in Fig. 4 in place of the needle or cone usually used with the apparatus. The mass of the cone together with its siding shaft is 80.00 £0.05 5. (5) A metal cup approximately $5 mm in diameter and 40 mm deep with the rim parallel to the flat base. (©) An evaporating dish (a convenient size is one about 150 mm diameter), or a damp cloth, (7) Apparatus for moisture content determination as described in Test 1(A). (8) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, or a beaker, containing distilled water. (9) Anon-corrodible airtight container, (10) A metal straightedge. 2.2.1.3 Procedure, The procedute i as follows. (1) A sample weighing at least 200 g shall be taken from the material passing the 425 ym BS test sieve, which, has been obtained in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of distusbed soil samples for testing (Gee 1.5 and Note 2). The proportion of material passing the 425 jim BS test sieve shall be recorded. The sample shall be placed on the fat glass and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the palette knives until the mass becomes a thick homogeneous paste. This paste shall then be allowed to stand in the airtight container for about 24 h to allow the water to permeate throughout the soil mass (see Note 3). (@) The sample shall then be removed from the container and remixed for a least 10 min (Gee Note 4). 1 necessary further water shall be added so that the frst cone penetration reading is approximately 15 mm. (G) The comixed soil shall be pushed into the cup with a palette knife, taking care not to trap ait. The excess soil shall be struck off with the bevelled edge of the straight edge, to give @ smooth surface, The cone shall be Towered so that it just touches the surface of the soil (see Fig. 7). When the cone is in the correct position, a slight movement of the cup will ust mark the surface of the soll and the reading of the dil gauge shall be noted to the nearest 0.1 mm. The cone shall then be released for a period of S +1 s. Ifthe apparatus is not fitted with an automatic elease and locking device care shall be taken not to jerk the apparatus during these ‘operations. After the cone has been locked in position the dil gauge shall be lowered to the new position of ‘the cone shaft and the ceading noted to the nearest 0.1 mm. The difference between the readings at the beginning and end of the test shall be recorded as the cone penetration. (4) The cone shall be lifted out and cleaned carefully. A little more wet sol shall be added to the cup and the Process repeated. If the difference between the first and second penetration readings is [ess than 0.5 mm the average of the two penetrations shall be recorded. Ifthe second penetration is more than 0.5 mm and less than "See Foun A, appendix B 7BS 1377 : 1975 2.1.24 Calewations*, The moisture content ofthe soil, , shell be calculated, a a percentage ofthe dry soit mass, from the equation: w= ™m="3 x 100% ms = where ‘my is the mass of container (or tray) (8), ‘my is the mass of container (or tray) and wet soll (8); ‘mg is the mass of container (or tray) and dry sol (8). 21.28 Reporting of results The moisture content ofthe Soll, shall be reported to the nearest whole number ‘The method used to obtain the results shall be stated. Notes on Test 1(B) NOTE 1. 1% convenient when many container are in use to ring them 2 standard mass, ©. 30.0 by the adition oF Solder to the inside ofthe i olde fo te eo anaatng. A convenient method of detecting overbeatng of the sols bythe eof eral plese of wee paper mixed with te sol. Oveeating i indicat the paper tums brow. Hae rare ed ig Tre dying pelod wil Yay with the typeof tl, the size of simple and field condition 09 M's sore ie cha tng nbe: of nostiredotemiaatins are to be mate with one sol, several meneerents S08 Saget Chel of dving to Gotermne ve minimum peiodrequied to effect adeguat ying, The mat Sal rade using dif ere theadona! ls of mas when its heated fora frther period of 15 min doos not exceed 0-1 or He cSeuined sols 05 for medlunegrained sols and g for coars-grained sols. 2.1.3 Test 1(C). Subsidiary method (alcoho! method) 3113.1 Genera. This method covers the determination of the moisture content of a sol ab percentage of its diy nase, Its intended asa rapid alternative to Test 1(A) but is less accurate and is more suitable as a ste test. Because ofthe large quantity of methylated sprit required and the consequent risk of fire this method is not cavieod for use with coarse-grained soils. The method shall not be used if the sol contains large proportion of clay, gypsum, calcareous matter or organic matter. 2.1.3.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. (1) An evaporating dish, preferably sca (s convenient size is one about 100.mm diamter for ne-gained soils, and about 150 mm diameter for medium-greined soils) {2) A paletekaife (convenient siz i one having blade 100 tra long and 20 men wide). {G) A length of about 200 mm to 250 mm of rod, about 3 mim diameter (see Note). NOTE. Apne of metal od as been found to be the ost uf ean of sin asthe eat generated wl soften alee rule blade and crack 2 gas 0d (4) A balance readable and accurate to 0.1 g for fine-grained soils, and 0.5 g for mediumegraiaed sols, (5) Methylated spirit. 21.33 Procedure. The procedure is s follows. {dy The evaportig dish shall be clesned, dried! and weighed to the nearest 0.1 g fr fine-grained sos, and 0.5 g for medium-grained soils (7). {@) A sample of sol about 30 g for fae grained soils, and 300 g for mediumarsined sll, shal be plod easeponting dish, andthe evaporating dish and its contents weighed tothe nearest 0.1 g or 0.5 g respectively (rm). (GzA quantiy of methylated spc, sbout 30 ml for fine-grained sols, and 300 ml for medium-grained sols Qh poured over the sol so that it is well covered. The methylated sprit shall be worked well nto the seit with the palette knife and any large lumps of soil broken up. {2) The evaporating dish shall be placed on a surface unlikely to be affected by heat and the methylated spirit ignited. (5) The sol shall bested constantly with the pise of rod, care being taken tose thst none ofthe sot is lost i) The dish of sol shal be allowed to coo after the methylated sprit tas burnt away completely, and when o sough tobe handled the dish and contents shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 gfor fine-grained, and 0.5 8 For medium-gained soils (m3). See Form A, Appendix B. 16BS 1377 :1975 with the percentage moisture contents as abscissae and the cone penetrations as ordinates, both on linear scales. ‘The best straight line fitting the plotted points shall be drawn through them. 2.2.1.5 Reporting of results, The moisture content corresponding to a cone penetration of 20 mm shall be taken as the liquid limit of the soil and shall be expressed to the nearest whole number. The method of obtaining the liquid limit shall be stated, ie. using the cone penetrometer. The percentage of material passing the 425 jim BS test sieve shall be noted. The history of the sample shall also be noted, ie, natural state, air dried, or unknown. Notes on Test 2(A) NOTE 1. The method using the penetrometer x prfered to that employing the Cssprandeappsratu see Test 2(8)), a6 te testis both easier to carey out and is capable of giving move repraductble results. The cone penetzometer apparatus i easier to maintain in corest adjustment and the test procedure iiss dependent on the judgment of the operator. The results obtained ‘wth the cone penetrometer may eifer very sllhtly from those with the Casagrande apparatus, but in most cass these differences vl got be significant and wil be less hen the normal variations kely to be obtained using the Cesagronde appactus. NOTE 2. The test of samples of natural sou. When realy al he sl is tikely to pas the 425 ym BS tet sow it often convenient to remove the few couse particles present by hand during mixing, and ten test the sample without previously Diepating ita deertbed in 1,5. When sll are tested in the natural condition te results will usualy differ from those obtained ‘wth ai dried samples. Oganie wis and certain topical ols shouldbe tested in Uteir natural condition, State on the test report {hat the sol in the netaal condition was used NOTE 3. A curing period of 24h f recommended for most sols but for sols of low lay content it may not be nevessary to cure for this length of time and he test can be made immediately after mixing NOTE 4, Certain soils may require as much as 40-min of continuous mixing immediately befor testing to obtain reliable results, NOTE 5. Th tet should always proceed from the drier tothe wetter condition of the sil Each time the soli removed from the cup for the addition of water, the cap and the cone should be eleaned thoroughly and dried 2.2.2 Test 2(B). Method using the Casagrande apparatus (see Note 1) 2.2.2.1 General. This method covers the determination of the liquld limit of the aie dri also be used on a sample of soil in its natural state (See Note 2). 2.2.22 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required. (U) A flat glass plate (a convenient size is one 10 mmm thick and S00 mm square. (2) Two palette knives (a convenient size is one having a blade 200 mm tong and 30 mm wide). (3) A mechanical device complying with the essential details illustrated in Fig. 5 (see Note 3) (4) A grooving tool and gauge complying with the essentiat details illustrated in Fig 6. (5) An evaporating dish (a convenient size is one about 150 min diameter), of a damp cloth (6) Apparatus for moisture content determination as described in Test 1(A). (7) Awash bottle, preferably made of plastics, or a beaker, containing distilled water. (8) A noncorrodible airtight container large enough to take about 200 g to 250 g of wet sol, 2.2.2.3 Adjustment of apparatus. The liquid limit device shall be inspected to determine that the device is clean, dry and in good working order so that the cup falls freely and does not have too much side play at its hinge. The ‘gr 0oving tool shall also be inspected to determine that it is clean, dry and that the critical dimensions are as shown. in Fig. 6 (See Note 4). The height to which the cup ofthe liquid limit device is lifted shall be adjusted so that when the cup is raised to its maximum height the 10 mm gauge will just pass between it and the base. 2.2.2.4 Procedure. The procedure is as follows. (1) A sample weighing at least 200 g shall be taken from the material passing the 425 jm BS test sieve, which has been obtained in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of disturbed soit samples for testing (Gee 1.5). The proportion of material passing the 425 um BS test siove shall be recorded. This sample shall be placed on the flat glass plate and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the palette knives until the mass ‘becomes a thick homogeneous paste. This paste shall then be allowed to stand inthe airtight container for about 24 h to allow the water to permeate throughout the soil mass (see Note 5). (2) The sample shall then be removed from the container and remixed for at least 10 min (see Note 6) ‘A portion of the remixed soil shall be placed in the cup (the cup resting on the base) levelled off parallel to the base, and divided by drawing the grooving tool along the diameter through the centre of the hinge, at the same time holding it normal to the surface of the cup with the charofered edge facing inthe ditection of. movement (see Note 7). By turing the crank at the rate of two revolutions per second, the cup shall be lifted and dropped until the two parts ofthe soil come into contact at the bottom of the groove along a distance of 13 mm (See Note 8). This length shalt be measured with the end of the grooving tool or a ruler. The number ‘of blows at which this occurs shall be recorded. (3) A litte extra of the soil mixture shall be added to the cup and mixed with the soil in the cup, (4) Operations (2) and (3) shall be repeated until two consecutive runs give the same number of blows for closure (see Notes 9 and 10). 1d soil. The method may 19i BS 1377 : 1975 be carried out. Ifthe overall range is then not more than 1 mim a 1m the area penetrated by the cone end the moisture .ge of the three penetrations shal be recorded. If the -d from the cup, remixed and the test repeated until | mm different from the first a third test shall moisture content sample (about 10 g) shall be taken fro! content determined as described in Test 1(A). The avera ‘overall range is more than 1 mm the soil shell be remove consistent results are obtained. {6) The operation described in 2.2.1.3(3) and 2.21.3(4) shall be sepeated at east four times using fhe 8 Semple to which further increments of distilled water have been added. The amount of water add shall be sre go that a range of peneteation values of approximately 15 mm to 25 mms covered (see Note 5) 2.2.1.4 Caleulations*. The relationship between the moisture content and the cone penetrtion shal be plotted Fig, 4, Cone penetrometer used for the determination of the liquid limit of soils ‘See Form 8, Appendix B. 18BS 1377 : 1975 inspected to determine thatthe critical dimensions are as shown in Pig. 6 (See Note 2) ‘The height to which the cup ofthe liquid limit device is lifted shall be adjusted so that when the cup is raised to its maximum height the 10 mm gauge will ust pass botween it and the base 2.2.3.4 Procedure. The procedure is s follows. (1) A'sample which has been obtained in accordance with the proceduee for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (see 1.5), weighing a least 50 g, shall be taken from the material passing the 425 ym BS test sieve (see Notes 3 and 4). The proportion passing the 425 ym BS test siave shall be recorded. This sample shall be placed on the fat glass plate and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the palette knives until the mass becomes @ thick homogencous paste at a moisture content as near as possible to that corresponding to the 25 blows value (see Notes 5 and 6). This may be checked with the liquid imit machine until experience with the sotls under test renders this step unnecessary. The mixing shall be carried out for atleast 10 min (2) The sample shall then be placed in the airtight container and stored for atleast 24 h at normal room temperature (see Nate 7). G) Immediately before testing the soll shall be removed from the airtight container and remixed for at least T min, (@) A portion of the soil-water mixture shall be placed in the cup (the cup resting on the base) levelled off parallel to the base, and divided by drawing the grooving tool along the diameter through the centre of the hinge, at the same time holding it normal to the surface of the cup with the chamfered edgo facing in the direction of movement (see Note 8). By turning the crank at the rate of two revolutions per second, the cup shall be lifted and dropped until the two parts ofthe soil come into contact at the bottom of the groove along 4 distance of 13 mm (cee Notes 9 and 10). This length shall be measured with the ené of the grooving tool or a ruler. The number of blows at which this occuss shall be cecorded. The number shall be between 15 and 35 blows. (9) Atte extra of the soil mixture shall be added to the cup and mixed withthe so in the cup. (©) Operations (4) and (5) shall be repeated until rwo consecutive runs give the same number of blows for closure (see Note 11). (7) The soil shall then be removed from the cup, placed in a suitable container and the moisture content determined asin Test 1(A). 22.3.8 Caleulations. The liquid limit shall be calculated by multiplying the moisture content obtained by the factor corresponding to the number of blows obtained in the test. The factors are given in the following table. Nomberof [Factor | Namberof | Factor] Namberof ] Factor | Numberof | Factor blows blows blows blows 15 ovs Jat 0.98 26 100 431 1.02 16 096 = |22 0.99 2 101 32 1.02 7 096 123 | 0.99 28 1.01 33 1.02 18 097 |24 099 29 101 34 1.03 19 097 | 25 1.00 30 1.02 35 1.03 20 [0.98 2.2.3.6 Reporting of results. The liquid limit calculated as above shall be expressed to the nearest whole number. The percentage of material passing the 425 pm BS test sieve shall be noted. The history of the sample shall also be noted, i. natural state, ar ried or unknown. The method used to ‘obtain the result shall also be stated, ie. one point method using the Casagrande apparatus. Notes on Test 2(C) NOTE 1. The one poi! method using the Casagrande apparatus has the advantage of speed but the cesuls are likely to be less reliblo than those obisined using the procedure given in Tests 2(A) or 2(B). Tue method is therefore sultable where speed of testis important and possibly less accurate result is acceptable, NOTE 2. Wear on grooving ool. Withdcaw the grooving tool from wse when the tip has worn toa width of 3 mm and reshape to {he proper dimension, 2 mn. may be ound useful hav a Standard check gnu ofthe cotectdmesion asst whch the NOTE 3. tf ics suspected thatthe liquid limit is ubove about 120 % the procedure given in Tests 2(A) and 2(B) shouldbe eared (ut using «200 g sample. NOTE 4, Wen nealy all the sol is likely to pass the 425 pm BS test sieve itis often convenient to remove the few cours particles ‘resent during mixing and thea to test the sample without previously preparing it as described in 1-5. When sols ae tested in the Aetural condition the eesults will usually differ from those gbtzined math air dred samples. Organic soils and cetain tropical sols Should be tested in ther natural condition, State on the test cecord that sol in the natural condition was used 21BS 1377 : 1975 {5) A quantity of sot (sbout 10g) from the portions ofthe sample that have just flowed together shall be removed with a spatula and placed in a suitable container, and the moisture content determined by Test 1(A). {6) Operations (2) to (5) shall be carried out atleast four times using the same sample to which further increments of distilled water have been added. The moisture contents chosen or the amount of water added Shull be such that wien the moisture contents are plotted they are evenly distributed over a range between 50 sand 10 blows. The test shall always proceed from the drier to the wetter condition of the soil. Each time the oll is removed from the cup for the addition of more water the cup and the grooving tool shall be washed and dried (i) Ir at any time during the above procedure the soil has to be let fora while on the glass plate it shal be ‘covered with the evaporating dish or damp cloth to prevent it drying out. 2.2.2.5 Catculations*, The relationship between the moisture content and the corresponding number of blows Shall be plotted on a semilogarithmic chart, with the percentage moisture contents as ordinates on the Linear tcale and the number of blows as abscissae on the logarithmic scale. The best straight line fitting the plotted points shall be drawn through them. 2.2.2.6 Reportig of results, The moisture content corresponding co the intersection ofthe flow curve with the 25 blows abecisca shall be taken as the liquid limit (LL) of the soil and shell be expressed to the nearest whole ‘umber. The method of obtaining the liquid limit shal be stated, 1. using the Casagrande apparatus. “The percentage of material passing the 425 pm BS tet sieve shall be noted. The history ofthe sample shal ako be noted, ie. natural state, ar dried or unknown, Notes on Test 2(B) NOTE 1, The method using the Casagrande apparatus has been the accepted procedure for determining the liquid limit byt NOBienee has sown tat ts diffu to mantis the apparatus in accordance withthe standard and ths results we slices Sa rs getment ofthe operator, For these reasons the method using the cone penetromete oe prefered, but provided to te jogo to ensue thatthe Casagrande apparatus is corsctly maintained and the test procedure strictly adheved to that ete teeta: can be obtained. The results obtuted using the Casagrande apparais may differ sghly from those ong teary trometer method but in most cies these differences will nt be significant and wil be Tess than the normal ‘aritions likely to be obtained using Une Casagrande appara Heer eee ng of temples of nateral sol When nealy all the sil Likely to pass zhe 425 jm BS test sieve is often aoe emo ie fur course particles preseat by hand during mixing and thea test the scp without previously Sennen oe eretbed in 1. Wher sols ae teste i the natucl condition te res wil ually dies from Mose obtanee Proper scepter, Organic soils and certain tropical sols should be tested in sheir natural condition, State on the test reord thatthe soil in the natural condition was used. Pee eaion of te base. Make te tae of te liquid limit pparatu of four equal vulaaizedrubbes laminations hs ae eee ed ain The hardness of cath rubber laminstion messures on th ful thickness, but other wise a in BS 903: eo esta be 84 [RED to 94 RMD at 20 + 2°C and the resilience measured with a Lupke pendulum es in BS 903 rae a des) shall be 20% to 35 Seat 20:2 2°C. The laminations shall be adequately Bonded together and shall be made Fae 2th ne 1154, compound number 216, wath te necesary variations to give the required physical characterises & aaa a af mabber faring hese dineasios ay be used proving the specified hardness ant rsilenee of the rubber unifocm throughout the block. dan acr eovoaton the rcuving fool Withdraw the grooving to! from use when the tp has worn tog width of 3 mm and reshare aoe emer imersion,2 mi Tt may be found waful fo havea standard check gaue of the coreect dimension against whieh the fool ean be checked. To eae ceried of 24h is recommended for most sis, but fo sts of low cay content it muy not be necessary fo cure for this length of time and the test can be made immediately after mixing ao ere sas ay requce as much as 40 min of continuous mixing immediately before testing, to obtsin reliable esas, aoe ete sols having low plasticity Indices ti sometimes diffteult to cut a smooth groove in the soil with the grooving tot No thed, Hitherto tn altcnativ loa! he AT-M. te tool) has been recommended for we wth sh sols but tis consist Fee aria cating tie yroove i fot correct The usual action of the tool i that of the insertion of a wedge into he pat of racer ine tus haves ofthe pa to sce atte cup face, Dring the test the tendency is then fo th soil to slide Back {ain on this same face instead of Howing 2st should do. Tae sa nee allow tht besause a smooth groove cannot be obtained, the soli nor plate andi shouldbe resorted thatthe liquid limit could not be obtained, pase Rometimcs the oll ows so as to leave a gap between two areas of contact, The test should continue until there is @ Tength of continuous coatact for 13 mm. der cone sais tend fo aide onthe surface of the cup insted of the sol owing If this occurs the result should be discard aoe oso sed unt flowing does occur M, after additonal increments of War sing still occurs, the fests not applicable ghd s note should be sade that te liquid lire could not be obtained. aaa aoa ial be taken tose that the sample €oes not dry oat between repeat tests asthe number of blows for close fl inerease gradually af the samples dries out. 2.2.3 Test 2(C). One p 22.3.1 General, This method covers the determination of the liquid limit of the soil. The advantage of the sethod is speed, since it involves taking one measurement of the moisture content only. 2.2.3.2 Apparatus. The apparatus required for this testis the same as that for Test 2(B). 3233 Adjustment of apparatus. The liquid limit device shall be Inspected to determine that itis in good working Sader, thatthe cup fll feely and that it does not have too much side play at its Hinge. The grooving toot shall be See Form C, Appendix B. method using the Casagrande apparatus (see Note 1) 20BS 1377 : 1975 Dimensions Tener a 2 € D z E mm 2 iT 40 8 50 15 Foas £025 05 2025 ros rou Z m7 ® ‘so 10 20 #0as va (Secree Pe perce eee re ‘This design has boon found satisfactory, but altacnatve designs may be employed provided that the essential requirements are fall. (Essential dimensions aze indicated by an asterisk) Fig. 6. Grooving tool and height gauge (brass or stainless ste!) 2.3 Test 3. Determination of the plastic limit 23.1 General. This method covers the determination of the lowest moisture content at which the soil i plstic. The method may also be used on a sample of sol in its natural state (see Note 1). 2.32 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. (1) A flat glass plate (2 convenient size is one 10 mm thick and $00 mm square). (2) Two palette knives (a convenient size is one having a blade 200 mm fong and 30 mm wide). (G) Apparatus for the moisture content determination of fine-grained soils as described in 2.1.1.2. (@) A lengtin of metal rod 3 mm in diameter and about 100 mm tong (optional). 2.3.3 Procedure. The procedure i a follows. (1) A sample weighing about 20 g shall be taken from the material passing the 425 pm BS test sieve, which has been obtained in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of disturbed soil samples for testing (see 1.8). The proportion of material passing the 425 pm BS test sieve shall be recorded. The air dried sol shall be mixed thoroughly with distilled water on the glass plate until it becomes homogencous and plastic enough to be shaped into a ball (See Note 2). @) The ball of soi shall be moulded between the fingers and rolled between the palms of the hands until the heat of the hands has dried the soil sufficiently for slight cracks to appear on its surface, From this sample, toro subsamples of about 10 g each shall be weighed and a separate determination carried out on each. Each subsample shall be divided into four approximately equal parts and each part treated as specified in (3) 3) The soit shall be formed into a thread, about 6 mm in diameter, between the frst finger and thumb of each hhand, The thread shal be rolled between the tips ofthe fingers of one hand and the surface of the glass plate (Gee Fig, 7). The pressure shall be sufficient to reduce the diameter of the thread to about 3 mm in five to ten complete (forward and back) movements ofthe hand, (Some heavy clays will require 10 to 15 movernents when ‘the soi is near the plastic limit, asthe soil hardens at this stage.) Lt is important to maintain uniform rolling pressure throughout the test; it is not correct to reduce the pressure as the thread diameter approaches 3 mm. ‘The sol shall be picked up and moulded between the fingers to dry the sol further. The soil shall be formed into a thread and rolled out again. This procedure shall be repeated until the thread shears both longitudinally 23BS 1377 : 1975 NOTE 5, ascan be seen from the table ofcomsoton factors, the neater he mosstare content i fo that at 25 blows. she ss NOTE Ae ae oe clon of the alape oF the flow line from the slope of the calculated line which s obtained from the equation: c= wo i Dimensions Letter a ie € D E FE @ iam 34 2 7 iB, 56 % 10 205 205 20s 208 05 £08 £05 Letter a |y kK (2 |w [wr @ |r s T iam ea 0 aie sos [0s =05 I Capoete cup mechan Ly Seine tet | Fuster hese contorming to ' ol Speemcetcn (res 2B) note) : “tis design has boon found satstactoy, but alternative designs may be employed provided that the eset requversents ae fulftled. (Essential dimoasions are indicated by an asterisk.) Fig, 5. Casagrande liquid limit apparatus 22Sa re BS 1377 : 1975 2.4 Test 4, Determination of the plasticity index : 24,1 General, This method covers the determination of the plasticity index of a sol. 2.42 Procedure. The liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) shall be determined by the procedures given in 2.2 and 2.3 respectively, 24,3 Calculations. The plasticity index (PI) shall be calculated from the equation: PI=LL~PL 2.4.4 Reporting of results, The numerical difference calculated shall be reported as the plasticity index (PI) except ‘hat when the plastic limit cannot be determined or when the plastic limit is equal to or greater than the liquéd limit, the material shall be reported as non-plastic (NP). 2.5 Test 5, Determination of the linear shrinkage 2.8.1 General. This method covers the determination of the linear shrinkage of soils. 2.5.2 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required. (2) Two palette knives (a convenient size is ono having a blade about 100 mim tong and 20 mm wide). 2) A flat glass plate (g convenient size is one 10 mm thick and S00 mm square) or an evaporating dish approximately 150 mm diameter. G) A mould made of brass, or other suitable material of the type illustrated in Fig. 8 (see Note 1). (4) Silicone grease (5) An oven capable of maintsining temperatures of 60 °C to 65 °C and 105 °C to 110°C. (6) A micans of measuring a length of up to 150 mm to withia 0.5 mm. 2.83 Procedure. The procedue is as follows, (1) The mould shall be cleaned thoroughly and a thin film of silicone grease shall then be applied to its inner walls in order to prevent the soil from adhering to the mould. (2) A soil sample weighing about 150 g shall be taken from the material passing the 425 pm BS test sieves ‘which has been obtained in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of disturbed soil samples for testing (see 1.5). The proportion of material passing the 425 pm BS test sieve, expressed asa percentage of the total mass of dry soil, shall be recorded. The sample shall be placed on the fat glass plate and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the palette knives until the mass becomes a smooth homogeneous paste, with a moisture content approximating to the liquid limit of the sol (ee Note 2). (G) Soil-water mixture shall be placed in the mould such that it is slightly proud of the sides of the mould. The mould shall then be gently jarzed to remove any air pockets in the mixture. The soil shall then be levelled off along the top of the mould with the palette knife. All soil adhering to the rim of the mould shall be removed by wiping with 2 damp cloth, (4) The mould shall be placed so that the soil-water mixture can sit dry slowly in a position free from draughts until the soil has shrunk away fcom the walls of the movld, drying can then be completed first at a temperature of 60°C to 65 °C until shrinkage has langely ceased, and then at 105 °C to 110 °C to complete the drying. (5) The mould and soil shall then be cooled and the mean length of the soil bar measured. If the specimen has becomie curved during drying it shall be removed carefully from the mould and the lengths of the top and bottom surfaces measured, The mean of these two lengths shall be taken as the length of the oven dry specimen Gee Note 3), Ri2 Sm | ~ RST b= 140 mm Material: nom ferrous ‘This design hasbeen found satisfactory, but alternative designs may be employed provided thatthe essen eqalrements are ffl (eee Note 1). - eee i Fig. 8. Mould for linear shrinkage test 25te BS 1377 : 1975 and transversely when it has been rolled £0 about 3 mm in diameter. The metal rod may be vsed to gauge this ‘Tneier (leis sometimes posible to gather the pieces of soll together after they have crumbled, and to reform i hecad and continue coling under slight pressure. This shall not be done. The first erumbling point isthe plastic limit.) Fig. 7. Determination of the plastic timit (4) The portions of the rumbled sol thead shal be gathered together and transferred immediately > the oo ines The other three pieves of sol shall be treated similarly and placed in the seme container. The container shell only remain open while the erumbled soil is being placed in it. The moisture content of the soil shall be determined as in Test 1(A* (6) The other duplicate sample shall be treated similarly, so that two completely separate determinations are made, 2.3.4 Reporting of results. The average ofthe moisture contents determined in 2.3.8 shall be taken as the plastic: fintt (PL) ofthe soil and shall be expressed tothe nearest whole number. Ifthe two results differ by more than 0.5 So moisture content, the test shall be repeated. The percentage of material passing the 425 jm BS test sieve ‘hall be noted, The history of the sample shal also be noted, ie, natural state, sir dried or unknown. Notes on Test 3 NOTE 1. When nest al he sods ikaly to pas the 425 ym BS test seve i is often convenient fo remove the Tow cenns BAiSSS NOTE Na Gusta funy and then co tt the sample without previously prepaing Sas desroed in Wiss hs fs Fee rane al condition the rsults wll wsaaly ifs from those obtained with air died samples Organic sols and coruain {eed a ahould be fested in thee natural condition. State on the est xeord the olin the nature condition as Ose Feri ee nau lt testis cseied out oma soll im the natural state itis convenont fo put aide ate of he dseagry NOTE 2. When a etormination ofthe plastic it Ths soi shall be used asin 2.33 excopt that in cases where it intily saree it shail be allowed to dey in ac until the requzed consistency is obtained ‘Form B ot C, Appendix B 24BS 1377 : 1975 Fig, 9, Gas jar with glass plate and rubber stopper for the determination of the specific gravity of soil particles 27EE BS 1377 : 1975 a 2.5.4 Calculations, ‘The tinea shrinkage ofthe soil shall be calculated as a peroentage ofthe orginal Length of the specimen from the equation. ke Init of oven dey specimen Tength of specimen tine 2.5 Reporting of results. The linear shrinkage of the sol shall be reported to the nearest whole number together ait the proportion of soll that passes the 425 jm BS test sieve, The history ofthe sample shall also be noted, Ls natural state alr died or unknown \ Notes on Test $ [NOTE 1, The moull may conveniently be made from 3 mim thick brass tbe of 25 mum intemal ameter, cut nal to form 8 NOTeotindeel ough he ends of 6 mm fat bras are brazed o. NOTE 2 Tis mostve content fot critica o whi a few per NOTE 2 This molstse one bay ox beak, such thet measurement is diet, the tet shoulé be repeated at alow eying rate percentage ear svat =(1 i 2.6 Test 6, Determination of the specific gravity of soil particles 32.6.1 Test 6(A). Method for fine-, medium: and coarse-grained soils 2.6.1.1 General This method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil particles. It is not suitable | for sails containing more than 10 % of stones retained on 2 37.5 mum BS test sieve and uch stones shoold be broken down to less than this size. 2.6.1.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. (1) A gas jar, | litre in capacity, fitted with a rubber bung (eee Fis. 9). (2) A ground glass plate for closing the gas jar (see Fig. 9) (3) A sechanieal shaking opperatoscapeble of rotating the gas ga, end over end, at about 50 rev/min. (ce Note 2). (4) A balance readable and accurate to 0.2 g " (S) A thermometer to cover the temperature range 0°C to $0 °C, readable ang accurate 101 "C. 2.6.1.3 Procedure. The procedure is as follows. {1) A sample weighing 200 gin the ease of fine grained sil and 400 gn the case of medium and oars-raed (OVA pall be obtained in accordance with the procedure for the preparation of disturbed coil samples for testing (Gee 1.5). Ths sample shal have been oven dried (see Note 3) and then stored fn an airtight container unt required. {G) The gas jar and ground glass plat shal be dried and weighed to the nearest 0.28 (m1) (5) Approximately 200 gof fine-grained soll or 400 g of medium. or caste gained sol shall be ntrodueed nto the gisjar directly from the container in which i¢ has been cooled. The gas jar, ground glass pate and contents shall be weighed to the nearest 0.2 g (m2) {@) Approximately 500 ml of water at a temperature within #2 °C of the average room temperature dung he text (Gee Note 4) shall be added tothe sol. The rubber stopper shall then be inserted into the gas jar and in He aa er medium, and coarse-grained cols the gi jar and contents shall be set aside for atleast 4h. At the ond Gt ihis period, ot immediately after the addition of water in the ease of fine-grained sols, the gas jar shall be Shaken by han until the particles are in suspension and then placed inthe shaking apparatus and staken for 8 period of 20 min to 30 min “The stopper shal then be removed carefully and any soil adhering to the stopper or the top of the gas jar shall bo wached carefully into the jar; ay froth that has formed shal be dispecsed with a fine spray of water. ‘Vater shall then be added to the gas jar to within 2.mm of the top, The soil shall be allowed to settle fo a few utes and the gas jar then filed to the brim with more water. The ground glas plate shall then be placed on the top ofthe jr taking care not to trap any aie under the plate. The gus jar and pate shall then be carefull dried on the outside and the whole weighed to the nearest 0.2 g (ms). (5) The gas jar shall be emptied, washed out thoroughly, and filled completely to the brim with water, The as fate sal be paced in position taking care not to trap aay air under dhe plat. The gas jar and plate shall den be dried carefully on the outside and the witole weighed to the nearest 0.2 g (ms) (6) The procedure outlined in (1) to (4 shall be repeated on a second sample ofthe same soi so that two values for specific gravity ate obtained. ‘see Forim D, Appendix B 28BS 1377 ; 1975 allowed to remein inthe desiccator for at least 1 h until no further loss of ais apparent. (4) The vacuum shall be released and the lid of the desiccator removed. The soil in the bottle shall be stirted carefully with the Chattaway spatula, or the bottle vibrated. Before removing the spatule from the bottle the particles of soil adhering to the blade shall be washed off with a few drops of alr-ftee liquid. The li of the esiceator shall then be replaced and the desiccator evacuated again. (5) The procedure outlined in (3) and (4) shal be repeated until no more air is evolved from the soil (se2 Note 5). (6) The bottle and contents shall then be removed from the desiccator and further air-free liquid added until the bottle is full. The stopper shall then be inserted. The stoppered bottle shall be immersed up to the neck in the constant-temperatute bath for approximately 1h, or until it has attained the constant teenperature of the bath (see Note 6) If there is an apparent decreas in volume of the liquid the stopper shall be removed and further liquid auided to fil the bottle and the stopper replaced, The bottle shall then be returned to the bath and sufficient time shall be allowed to elapse after this operation to ensure that the bottle and its contents again attain the constant temperature ofthe bath. If the bottle i still not completely full this process shall be repeated, (7) The stoppered bottle shall then be taken out of the bath, wiped dry and the whole weighed to the rearest 0.001 g (3) (8) The bottle shall then be cleaned out and filed completely with airftee liquid, the stopper inserted and then the whole immersed in the constant temperature bath for 1 hor until thas attained the eoastant temperature of the bath. If there is an apparent decrease inthe volume ofthe liquid, the stopper shall be removed and further liquid added to fill the bottle and the stopper replaced. The stoppered bottle shall then be returned to the bath and sufficient time shall be allowed to elapse after thls operation to ensure that the bottle and its contents again attain the constant temperature. If the bottle is still not completely full this process shall be repeated. The bottle shall then be taken out ofthe bath, wiped dry and the whole weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (mg) (see Note 7). (9) Two determinations of the specific gravity of the same soil sample shall be made {see Notes 8 and 9). 2.6.24 Caleulations*. The specific gravity of the soil particles, G,, shall be calculated, If water has been used as the aie-free liquid, then the following equation shall be used my my Om — Tey) where ‘my is the mass of density bottle (g); ‘mq, is the mass of bottle and dry soil (g); 73 _ is the mass of bottle, soil and water (g); ‘mg is the mass of bottle when full of water only (g) lf some other air-fiee liquid has been used reference should be made to Note 4, 2.6.2.8 Reporting of results, The average of the values obtained shall be taken as the specific gravity of the soil particles and shall be reported to the nearest 0.01. If the two results differ by more than 0.08 the tests shall be repeated. ‘Notes on Test 6(B) NOTE 1. Obtain the atfiee dstited water by bolling a quantity of distilled water for atleast 30 min in s continer that can be Sealed from the atmosphere during cogling. Take caro to see that the container i strong enough to resist the reduction in poessure inside it duting cooling NOTE 2. Standard density bottles 1a density bottle conforming to BS 733 is used thea inorder to avaid dtortion it should tot te dred by pacing tin an oven, It my Be dred! by rinsing with acetone ora alcohatether mist an then Blowing warm air through i, NOTE 3. Oven dryingof the sil has been specifiad For convenience. If there i any reason to helleve that this will change the Specific gravity due to loss af water of hydration the sll should be driad at not more than 80 °C. This fact should be reported, NOTE 4. Alternative liquids for specific gravity determination. With certain sols e. those containing soluble salts, Kerosene (Garaftin olf or white sprit may be preferred. If one of these is used, record the Tact and carry outa separate experiment to termine the specific gravity of the liquid atthe temperature of the tsi. The equation for the spect gravity ofthe so ertsies, G, given in 2.6.24 then becomes Gyms =m) GH = Oe a= Gis te apecine gravity of iL poe gravity of the guid used, a the constant temperture; mt isthe mass of Gensty bottle ie cai ‘mais te mas of bot and dy sl mms ithe mass of bot stan lina: tm isthe mas of bole whe ful of guid only (2 *Sce Form F, Appendix B. 29ee ——eeeEeEeEeEYEE— BS 1377: 1975 2.6.1.4 Calculations*, The specific gravity, Gy, of the soil particles shall be calculated from the quation: Gig my = Gs = m2) where 7m, is the mass of gas jar and ground glass plate (g); ' 2) isthe mas of gu jae, plate and soil (2) } ‘mig the mass of go jar, plate, soil and water (8): ‘a ig the mass of gas jar, plate and water (8). 26:18 Reporting of results. The specific gravity ofthe soil particles shall be reported to the nearest 0.01. If the two results differ by more than 0.03 the tests shall be repeated. Notes on Test 6(A) NOTE 1. Auaas hs been found to make avery effective pyenometer bat ny container of ina caput can be wed provid aoe eee easing apps and proved that the mouth san besa in uch away that i olune i iSconstant : Ss sonatnt gvevand shaker hat been specified bu shaking machines giving wating motion woud kobe sultable. The ' NOTE af aking machine depends onthe (pe of pyerometes wed i chee of Shaking mach rT hcen eee for convenience: tf thei is any season olive that this wil change che NOTE 3. Oven de os frter of Hjaton, the sl sould bed at not mote than 80°C. This at shouldbe reported ae a ee eeepc ie serpent and water temperate ficient water shou be daw for Soe ae lowed to standin tv toom in whieh tho fest ave Dag done unt the temperate within i ihe gion ee. ! 2.6.2 Test 6(B). Method for fine-grained soils 2.62.1 General Ths method covers the determination ofthe specifi gravity of aol particles of fine-greined sal : see hod may also be used for medium. and coarse-grained soils ifthe coarse particles ae ground to pass, say a l ‘2mm BS test sieve before using. 4 4 2.6.2.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. fr | (1) Two density bottles (pycnometers) of approximately 50 ml capacity with stoppers aw (2) A water bath maintained at @ constant temperature to within + 0.2°C. (If standard den i this constant temperature is 20 °C). i {G) A vacuuro desiccator (@ convenient sie is one about 200 mam to 250 mm in diamete). | {2) A desicetor (a convenient siz i one about 200 mum to 250 mm in diameter) containing anhy zous slic gl Cto 110°C. ty bottles are use ‘ (JA thermostatically controled drying oven, capable of malataining« temperature of 105 (6) Abalance readable and accurate 10 0.001 g (1) Asource of vacuum, eg. a good filter pump or vacuum pump. (8) A Chattaway spatula (a convenient sie is one having a blade 150 mm long and 3 mm wide; the blade has to be small enough to go through the neck ofthe density bottle), or a piece of glass rod about 150 rm long and 3 mm diameter (9) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastic, containing air-ree distilled water (see Note 1). (10) A sample divider of the multiple lot type Giffle box) with 7 mm width of opening, (11) Allength of rubber tubing to fit the vacuum pump and the desiccator. 2.6.2.3 Procedure. The provediite is as follows (1) The complete density botele with stopper, shall be dried at 105 °C to 110 °C, cooled in the desceator and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (m,) (see Note 2). (0) The 50 gesample obtained as desribed in the procedure forthe preparation of disturbed samples for testing (oe 1.5) shall if necessary be ground to pass a 2 mm BS tet sieve. A 5g to 10 gsubsample shall be Ghtained by affling, and oven dried at 105 °C to 110°C (see Note 3). This sample shall be transferred to the emsity bottle dtect from the desiccator in which it has been cooled. The bottle and contents together with the stopper shall be weighed to the nearest 0.001 g (mt). {G) Suificient air free distilled water (see Note 4) shall be added so thatthe sol inthe bottle is just covered ‘The bottle containing the soil end liquid, but without the stopper, shall be placed in the vacuum desiccator, “which shall then be evacuated gradually. The pressure shall be reduced to about 20 mm of mercury. When Ging a water pump, because of variation in mains pressure, cae shall be taken to ensuee thatthe required vacuum is maintained. Care shall be teken during this operation to see that the zi trapped in the soil does not bubble too violently, so an to prevent small drops of the suspension being lost through the mouth ofthe bottle. The bottle shall be see Ferm E, Appendix B 28BS 1377 : 1975 (8) When dry, the fractions shall be dry sieved through the appropriate sieves down to the 6.3 mm BS test sieve and the amount retained on each sieve weighed and recorded. (9) Ifthe fraction passing the 6.3 mm BS test sieve is small, ie. not more than 150 g, the sample can be sieved ‘on the appropriate sieves down to and including the 63 jm BS test sieve. The ammouts retained on each sieve shall be weighed and the masses recorded. If a mechanical shaker is avilable these steps can be performe: cone operation provided the test sieves are all of the same diameter. Care shall be taken to ensure that sieving is complete. The minimum period of shaking shall be 10 min. (10) I€ the fraction passing the 6.3 mm BS test sieve is large, ie. substantially greater than 150 g, the fraction Shall frst be weighed and the mass recorded (mg). It shall then be riffled so that a fraction between 100 & to 150 gis obtained. Ths fraction shall be weighed and the mass recorded (rm), and then sieved on the appropriate sieves down to and including the 63 pm BS test sieve. The amounts retained on each sieve shall be weighed and the masses recorded. (11) The fraction passing the 63 jm BS test sieve shall be obtained by difference, ie. by adding the masses of ‘material retained on each of the sieves used, and having made due allownace for any subdivision of the sample, subtracting the total from the original mass (m, ). 2.7.1.4 Galeulations®. Th (1) For samples containing particles larger than 20 mm in size the mass of material retained on each of the coarse series of sieves shall be calculated as a percentage of my, For example: talculations are as follows. m(37.5 m0) 199 my Percentage retained on 37.5 mm sieve (2) The mass of material retained on the range of sieves between 20 mm and 6.3 mm shall be calculated as a fraction of mig and then as a percentage of my . For exemple: Percentage retained on 10 mm sieve = 10mm) % m2 x 199 my X my {G) The mass of material retained on each of the sieves finer than the 6.3 mm BS test sieve shall be ealculated a8 fraction of mg and then asa percentage of my. For example: 1m(300 pm) X my X mg m(300 ym) X m2 X me oy im, X my X ms fe (4) The cumulative percentages by mass ofthe sample passing each of the sieves shall be calculated. 27.1.5 Reporting of results. The results obtained shall be reported on a semilogarithmic chart ofthe type shown in Fig. 10 ‘Alternatively, the results shall be reported in the form ofa table showing to the nearest | %, the percentage by mass passing each of the sieves used Notes on Test 7(A) NOTE 1, Wer sieving ofboth coarse and fine materi. A procedute that allows the process of washing the sample eee of stand clay an! the process of sieving the coarser fractions to be combined ina single wet sieving opection i desecibed by West and Damblstont. Reduction ofthe sarape mass by sifling at intermediate stages in the proces, to avoid sieve ovesloading, i not possible in such a wet method, The method is tecefore only suitable for sols containing tue gravel sized materia (say less than 10 % etained on te 10 mm sieve). NOTE 2 Goiv of ster of tet sever The sizes of the test scves used for the test should corer adequately the range forthe puticular soil used, but it wil not generally be necessary to use every sie for evry tet. NOTE 3. Whete large numbers of tests ate to be carried out it may be advantageous to have two sets of sieves, one forthe wot ving and one forthe dry sieving processes. NOTE 4: separation of thesilt and cy ft farted out asin Test 1) or 1D). NOTE 5, Certain sols eg laterite, have lage amounts of the clay fraction i the interstices of the larger particles. Treat these fois asdesribed inthis method tu then wash the large particles rolained on the 20 min BS test sive in sodium hexametaphosphate Selution; estimate the amount of cay removed and allow for iin the final calculations. NOTE 6.Do not dey the tained material onthe sive ast ix dtsimental to sieves to heat them 2.7.2 Test 7(B). Subsidiary method by dry sieving 27.2.1 General, This method covers the quantitative determination ofthe particle size distribution ina soil down to the fine sand size, This method shall not be used unless it has been shown that for the type of material under teat it gives the same results asthe method of analysis by wet sieving. In cases of doubt the method shall not be sed Percentage retained on 300 jm sieve tions s required then a second vffed sample shall be retained anda fine analysis *Sce For G, appendix B ‘West, G. and Dumbleton, MI. Wet sieving fe : and Dumbleton, MF. Wet siving for the particle size distsbution of sos, Department of the Envizonment, TRRL Repott LR 437. Crowthome: 1972 (Transport and Road Research Laboratory.) 31—SSS EE — BS 1377 : 1975 ty NOTE 5, Exprisncehas show thatthe large soure of eor in the tet irdeto the felt n ensuring the complete removal Aare rar rese To obtain rable reslts Ie sl shoold be left under vacuum for several hours, preferably ovesright of ae feom the sal erate room or cubits availble then ths procedure need not be carid out ine watt Det NOTE 6-16 cont raved to ind the olume ofthe density botl then the teat may be cried out at any temperature provi itis constant throughout the tes Fe are ae coll havea aubstintia proportion of heavier or ighter particles, Such slts wil give erratic valuss forthe specific sore ecth ih te greatest care infesting and a numberof repeat teats may be needed to obtain good ever wal Fai ae set and dat sands generally have a specific prvity close to 2.65; ow values would sugeest the presence of organs mater. 2.7 Test 7. Determination of the particle size distribution 2.7.1 Test 7(A). Standard method by wet sieving F714 General This method covers the quantitative determination ofthe particle size distribution in a sol goin to the fine sand size, The combined clay and silt fraction can be obtained with this method by difference: “The procedure given involves preparation of the sample by wet sleving to remove silt and clay sized particles, followed by dty sieving ofthe remaining coarser material. Other procedures using wet sieving of the coarse etal may be used provided that no material other than the silt and clay fraction is fort i washing (See Note ¥). 27.1.2 Apparatus, The following epparatus is required. (1) British Standard test sieves as follows: 75 mm, 63 mm, 50 rm, 37.5 mm, 28 mm, 20 mm, 14 mm, 10 mma, 6.3 mmm, 3mm, 3.35 mm, 2mm, 1-18 mm, 600 pm, 425 ym, 300 ym, 212 pm, 150 pm, 63 ym and approprite receivers (see Notes 2 and 3). (2) A balance readable and accurate t0 0.5 g. {G) A balance readable and accurate to 0.01 8 i (4) Sample dividers eg, the multiple slot type (iffle boxes) similar to these shown in Fig. 3 q (2 tenmowsticly conolled erying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 “C x0 110°C: i (6) At least six evaporating dishes (a convenient size is about 150 mam diameter). | (G7) At least six metal trays (a convenient size is about 300 mm diameter and 40 mm deep). t (6) Two oF mote Sarge metal or plastics watertight trays, or 2 bucket of about 12 litres capacity (Convenient | Sizes forthe trays ate inthe range 50D mam fo 1000 ram square and 80 mm to 150 mm de. | {@) A scoop (a coavenient size is one about 200 ma Tong and 100 mm wide) of « beaker (about 500 el). i (10) Sieve brushes, and a wice brush or similar stiff brush. ' (11) Sodium hiexamotaphosphate (commercial grade is suitable) (42) A quantity of rubber tubing about 6 mm bore. (13) A mechanical sieve shaker (optional). 2.7.13 Procedure. The procedure is as follows. (1) The oven died subsample obtsined as deserved in the procedure for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (sce 1.5) shall be weighed to 0.1 % of its total mass (mm) (see Note 4). (0) The subsample shall then be placed on the 20 mn BS test sieve (see Appendix A) and any particles (Oo oar to pas thcabgh the test sieve shall be brushed with a wire broshorsriar stiff brush until the individval particles ae clean of any finer material, Cae shall be taken when deaing with sft material to ensure that the brushing is not removing parts ofthe lage particles (cee Note 5). The fraction retained on the 20 mim BS text aie ll then be sieved on the appropriate lager sieves and the amount retained on each sieve weighed and recorded. {G) The fraction of the ovendry matetial passing the 20 mim BS test sieve shall be weighed to 01 % of is (tal aed the pass recorded (i). It shall then be rifled so that a fraction of convenient mass (about 2 ke) is Sbtained. The fraction shall be weighed to 0.1 %of its total mass and the mass recorded (7s). {G) The rifled fraction shall then be spread out in the large tray or placed in the bucket and covered with water, ()Sodlum hexametaphosphate shall then be added at the rate of 2 lite of water and the whole shall be stirred orto wet the soil The soil shall then be allowed to stand for at lest 1h in this solution and shall be stirred frequently. {G6 The rsterial shall then be washed, a ite at atime, through a 2 mum BS test sive nested ina 69 ym BS est Seve ‘The material passing the 63 jim sieve containing the silt and clay being allowed to run to waste, The sreching shall be continued until the water passing the 63 yn BS test sive is virtually clea. II the materia, vetained on the sieves shall then be tipped into separate trays or evaporating dishes. Care shal be taken to ste ‘hat neither test sieve is overloaded ia the process either with material or with water (see Appendix A). The fraximem amount of materiel initially on the 63 pm BS test sieve shell not exceed 150 g, {2 When the bole of the sample has been washed all the retained meterat shall then be dried in an oven st 105 “Co 110°C. 30BS 1377 : 1975 2.7.2.4 Calculations The percentage by mass of material retained on each test sieve shall be calculated. The percentage passing the 63 pm BS test sieve shall be obtained by difference, and checked by weighing the amount in the receiver. The cumulative percentages (by mass ofthe total sample) passing each ofthe sieves shall be calculated, 2.1.2.8 Reporting of results. The esults obtained shall be coported on a semilogarithmic chart ofthe type shown in Fig. 10, Altematively, the results shall be reported as table showing to the nearest 1 % the percentage by mass passing each of the sieves used. It shall be reported that dry sieving only was used. Notes on Test 7(B) NOTE 1.Gioice of tes seve size. The sass of test ever ued forthe tet should cover adoquately the range fr the particular Soil used, but it wl ot generally be necesary to wis every sie for every tes. NOTE 2.1f te assembly snot too heary to handle, several sees (in dr Of sae) may’ be ted together and used atthe sae NOTE 3.12 mass of te sale ping the 2 mm 3S et sees substnly reater han 2k the sme shoo eed io obtain a serale of about? ¥y and eae taken fo make due allowance inthe clelaton forthe subvsin ofthe orainal sample 2.7.3 Test 7(C). Standard method for fine-grained soils (pipette method) 2.73.1 General. This method covers the quantitative determination of the partile size dsteibution ina soil from the coarse sand size down (see Note 1). The test as described is not applicable if less than 10 % of the material passes the 63 ym BS test sieve as measured in Test 7(A). 2.7.3.2 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required, (2) A sampling pipette of the type illustrated in Fig. 11, fitted with a pressure and suction inlet, and having a capacity of approximately 10 ml. The pipette shall be so arranged that it can be inserted to a fixed depth into sedimentation tube, see (2), when the latter i immersed in a constant temperature bath (see Fig. 12). (2) Two gas sedimentation tubes, 5O mm diameter and approximately 350 mim long graduated at SOO rl volume with rubber bungs to fit. @) Nine glass weighing bottles, approximately 25 mma in diameter and 50 mm bigh fitted with ground glass stoppers, The masses of the bottles shall be known to the nearest 0.001 g. (@) A constant temperature bath capable of being maintained at 25 °C, to an accuracy of £ 0.1 °C into which the sedimentation tube can be immersed up to the S00 ml mark. The bath shall not vibrate the sample. (5) A mechanical sheker capable of keeping 20 g of soil and 150 ml of water in continuous suspension, (The {ype of shaker should be one that gives a gentle mixing action, eg. an end-over-end shaker or a vibratory shaker.) (6) British Standard sieves as follows: 2 mm, 600 pm, 212 ym, 63 pm and appropriate receives. (7) A sample divider of the roultiple slot type (riffle box) similar to the 7 mm wide slot type shown in Fig. 3. (8) A balance readable and accurate to 0.001 g. (9) A thermostatically controlled drying ovea, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 °C 10 110°C. (10) A stop clock or stop watch (11) A desiccator (a convenient size is one 200 mm to 250 mm in diameter) containing enhyérous silica gel. (12) A 650 mi or 1 litre conical beaker and 2 cover glass to fit, and a smaller beaker. (13) A centrifuge capable of holding 250 me capacity bottles. (See Note 2) (14) 250 ml capacity polypropylene centrifuge bottles. (15) A 100 ral measuring cylinder. (16) A 25 ml pipette. (17) A glass filter funnel about 100 mm in diameter. (28) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water. (19) A length of glass cod about 150 mam to 200 mm long and 4 mm to 5 rm in diameter fitted at one end with a rubber policeman. 2.7.3.3 Reagents. The following reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality (1) Hydrogen peroxide. A 20 volume solution, (2) Soatium hexametaphosphate solution. Dissolve 33 g of sodium hexametaphosphate and 7 g of sodium carbonate in distilled water to make 1 litte of solution, This solution is unstable and shall be freshly prepared approximately once & month. ‘The date of preparation shall be recorded on the bottle (see Note 3). *Sce Form G. Appendix 8. 33BS 1377 : 1975 iti Standard test sven a com Ss g 88889 = 2 8 98 ox S85 age 70) 20 0 2 2 0800" 005" on or ve 6 cr Parca sine (om) ine [webu | contael Fine [wemnddeoanse | Fine [webiom [COREE] SL? SAND GRAVEL scones} cuay Fig. 10. Particle size distribution chart 2.7.2.2 Apparatus, The following spparatus is required. (1) British Standard test sieves 2s follows: 75 mm, 63 mm $0 mm, 37.S mm, 28 mm, 20 mm, 14 mm, 10 mm, 6.3 mm, 5 mm, 3.35 mm, 2 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 pin, 425 pm, 300 pm, 212 ym, 150 pr, 63 pm and appropriate receivers (see Note 1). (2) A balance readable and accurate to 0.5 g (3) A balance readable and accurate to 0.01 g. 1 (4) Sample dividers, eg. the maltiple slot type (riffle boxes), similar to those shown in Fig. 3 i (5) A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 °C to 110°C. (6) Sieve brushes. (7) Atleast six metal trays (a convenient size is about 300 mm diameter and 40 mm deep). (8) At least six evaporating dishes (e convenient size is about 150 mm in diameter). (9) light hammer and/or a mortar and & rubber pestle (see Fig 2). (40) A scoop (a convenient size is one about 200 mm long and 100 min wide). (11) A mechanical sieve shaker (optional). : 2.7.2.3 Procedure, The procedure is es follows (1) The oven dried subsample obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (see 1.8) shall be weighed to 0.1 ‘ofits total mass, (2) The largest size test siove appropriate to the maximum size of material present shall be fitted with the receiver and the subsample placed on the sieve (see Note 2 and BS 1796), G) The test sieve shall be agitated so that the sample rolls in iregular motion over the test sieve. Any particles ray be hand placed to see if they will fall through but they shall not be pusted through. The material from the test sieve shall be rubbed with the rubber peste in the mortar and resieved to make sure that only individual particles are retained. The amount retained on the test sieve shell be weighed. (4) The material retained in the receiver shall be transferced to a steol tray and the receiver fitted to the next largest sized test sieve. The contants ofthe steel tray shall then be placed on the sieve and operation (3) repeated (eg Note3).1 (5) Operations (3) and (4) shall be repeated through all the test sieve sizes used, Note that Ifa mechanical shaker : is avallable these steps can be performed in one operation provided the test sieves are al ofthe same diameter Care shall be taken to ensure that sieving is complete. A minimum of 10 min shaking shall be used. (© Ifany test sieve becomes overloaded the material on the test sieve shall be sieved in part, the parts not to | exceed the masses given in Appendix A. | 32{ Bulb capacity i Sm approx $00 mm [Roprox | Pipette and change over cock capacity Omi approx Bore of tube to be 4 min where possible 3 fk ‘This design has been found satisfactory, but alternative designs may be employed provided thatthe esental requirements are fulfilled, Fig. 11. Sampling jette for sedimentation apparatus 34BS 1377 : 1975 Scale gracvatee [sliding pane! Constant temperature bath ‘AsndB. 125 mi bulb funnel with stopeoc, ©. — Safety bulb suction inet tube. D. Safety bub. F.- Outlet tube G. Surmpling pipette. HL Sedimentation tube. ,F and Gare joined to three-way stopcock E. ‘This design has been found satisfactory but alternative designs may be employed provided the esential requirements are fulfied. Fig. 12. An arrangement for lowering the sampling pipette into the soil suspension 35BS 1377 : 1975 21.3.4 Procedure 2.7.3.4.1 Calibration of sampling pipette. The procedure for calibration of the sampling pipette is as follows, (2) The sampling pipette shall be cleaned thoroughly and dried and the nozzle shall be immersed in distilled ‘water. The tap B shall be closed and the tap E opened (see Fig. 12), (2) By means of a rubber tube attached to C, water shall bo sucked up into the pipette until it rses above E. ‘The tap E shall be closed, and the pipette removed from the water. Surplus water dravin up into the cavity above E shal be poured off through F into the small beaker. G) The water contained in the pipette and tap E shall be discharged into a glass weighing bottle of known sass, and the mass determined. From this mass the internal volume (Vm) of the pipette and the tap shall be calculated to the nearest 0.05 ml. Three determinations of the volume shall be made and the average value teken 2.7.3.4.2 Pretreatment of soil. The procedure for pretreatment of the soil is as follows. (1) The sample of air dried soil obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (see 1.5 and Notes 4 and 5) shall be subdivided by riffing until a subsample weighing 12 g to 30 gis obtained. The actual mass of soil will vary according to the type of soil, a mass of approximately 30 g being ‘sppropriate for a sandy soil and 12 g for a clayey soil. The mass of soll need not be known at this stage. After rifling, the sample of air dried soil shall be placed in the 650 ml conical beaker, 50 mi of distilled water shall then be added and the soil suspension shall be gently boiled until the volume is reduced to about 40 ml After cooling, 75 ml of hydrogen peroxide shall be added and the mixture allowed to stand overnight covered with the cover glass. The suspension shall then be heated gently. Care shall be taken to avoid frothing over ard the contents of the beaker shall be agitated frequently either by stzrig or by shaking the beaker by hand with 2 rotery motion. As soon as vigorous frothing has subsided the volume shall be zeduced to about $0 mal by boiling (2) The centrifuge borile with its stopper shall be weighed accurately to the nearest 0.001 g and the contents of the beaker shall then be transferred to the centrifuge bottle taking care not to lose any soil in the transfer (Gee Note 2). The volume of water in the bottle shall be adjusted to about 200 ml and the bottle stoppered and centrifuged for 15 min at sbout 2000 rev/min. The clear supernatant liquid shall be decanted and the bottle and its contents placed in the oven and allowed to dry overnight. The bottle shall be restoppered and allowed to cool in a desiccator. When coo] the bottle shall be reweighed and the mass of oven dry pretreated soil (m) calculated (see Note 6). 2.7.3.4.3 Dispersion of soil. The procedure for dispersion of the soil is es follows. (2) 100 mal of water shall bs added to the sol in the centrifuge bottle and the bottle shaken vigorously until all {the soit has been brought into suspension. 25 ml of the sodium hexametaphosphate solution shall be added from the pipette and the centrifuge bottle shall then be shaken on the mechanical shaking device for at least 4b (when convenient the soil could be left shaking overnight, see Note 7) @) The suspension shall then be transferred to the 63 pm BS test sieve placed on the receiver, and the soil shall bbe washed on the sieve using a jet of distilled water from a wash bottle. The amount of distilled water used during this operation shall not exceed 150 mal. The suspension that has passed through the sieve shall be transferred to the graduated sedimentation tube using the glass funnel, and the volume of liquid made up to 500 ml with distilled water. (3) The material retained on the 63 jim BS test sieve shall be transferred to an evaporating dish and dried in the oven at a temperature of 105°C to 110°C. After drying, this material shall be resieved on the 2 mm, 600 ym, 212 ym and 63 pm BS test sieves (see Note 8). The material retained on the 2 mri, 600 pm, 212 jim and 68 pm [BS text sieves after the second sieving shall be transferred to glass weighing bottles of known mass and weighed. ‘The mass of dry material retained on these sieves shall be recorded as the mass of gravel, coarse, medium and fine sand in the sample (ry. yy ig Fespectively). The material passing the 63 pm sieve shall be added to the suspension A Sedimentation. The procedute for sedimentation is as follows. (1) 25 ml of the sodium hexametaphosphate solution shall be added from a pipette to a graduated $00 mi sedimentation tube and diluted with distilled water to exactly 500 ml. This sedimentation tube together with the sedimentation tube containing the soil suspension shall be transferred to the constant temperature bath ‘The rubber bungs shall be inserted and the tubes shall be allowed to stand immersed in water up to the S00 ml graduation mark for at least 1 h, or until they have reached the temperature of the bath. When they have ‘attained this temperature the tubes and contents shall be taken out and shall then be shaken thoroughly by inverting several times and shall then be replaced in the bath, 27. 36BS 1377 : 1975 . (2) At the same instant as the tube containing the soll suspension is replaced in the bath the stop watch or clock shall be started, The rubber bungs shall then be removed carefully and latd lightly on the top of each tube. (3) The pipette with the tap E closed shall be lowered vertically into the soil suspension until the end is 100 + 1 mm below the surface of the solution. It shall be lowered some 15 s before the sample is due to be taken. Great care should be taken to avoid causing any turbulence in the suspension. Approximately 10s shall be taken to complete this operation. ‘The tap E shall be opened and a sample (Vp ml) drawn up into the pipette. The pipette and bore in the tap E shall be filled with the solution and tap E then closed. This sampling operation shall take 10 s to complete. This procedure shall be carried out at the three sampling times shown in the table below corresponding to the appropriate relative density of the silt and clay particles. The sampling operation shall begin at the times shown from the time the suspension was shaken up (see Notes 9 and 10). ‘Tines after shaking of stating sampling operation Ttsample 2nd sample 3rd sample mins | mins ho omin 280 4 30 | 5030 7 35 2.55 4 20 49. 0 7 21 2.60 4 10 4730 7 7 2.65 4 5 46 0 6 54 2.70 4 0 4430 6 #2 2.15 3 50 4330 6 30 2.80 3 40 4 ° 6 20 285 3 35 4a 0 é 10 290 3 30 40 0 6 0 2.95 3 25 39 0 5 50 3.00 3 20 38 0 5s 4 3.05 3 15 37 0 5 3 3.10 3 10 36 0 5 25 3 $ (35 0 5 18 3 o | 3430 5 10 ‘The pipette shall then be withdrawn from the suspension (taking approximately 10 s to complete the operation. During the sampling a small amount of the suspension may have been drawn up into the bulb D above the bore of the tap E. This surplus shall be washed away into the beaker down the outlet tube F by opening the tap E in such a way as to connect D and F, Dialed water shall then be allowed to run from the bulb funnel A into D and out through F until no solution remains in the system, (@) A weighing bottle of known mass shall be placed under the end of the pipette and the tap E opened so that the contents of the pipette ate delivered into the bottle. Any suspension left on the inner walls ofthe pipette shall be washed into the weighing bottle by allowing distilled water from the bulb A ¢o run through B, Dend E into the pipette. The weighing bottle and contents shell be placed in the oven maintained at a temperature of 105 °C to 110°C and the sample evaporated to dryness. After cooling in a desiccator the ‘weighing bottle and contents shal be weighed to the nearest 0.001 gand the mass of solid material i the sample determined (mj, mg, and ms, for each respective stmpling time). (5) Between any of the times in which the above sampling is taking place a sample (Vy ml) shall be taken from the sedimentation tube containing the sodium hexarmetaphosphate solution. This sample of the solution shall be taken as in 2.7.3.43 and 2.7.3.4.4 except that there is no need to time the operation of taking the solution. ‘The depth of sampling is also unimportant. “The mass of solid material in the sample shall be determined (7m). 2.7.3.5 Calculations®, The mass of pretreated soil (mi) shall be used to calculate the percentages below. 2.7.3.8.1 Fine sieving (see Note 11). The calculations areas follows (1) The percentage of gravel in the original sample shall be calculated from the following equation: Percentage sravel (over 2.0 mm) = 122% *See Form H, Appendix B. 37BS 1377 : 1975 (2) The percentage of coarse sand in the original sample shall be calculated from the following equation: Percentage coarse sand (2.0 mm to 0.6 mm) = 100 tes (@) The percentage of medium sand in the original sample shall be calculated ftom the following equation: Percentage medium san (0.6 mm t0 022mm) = 102m in the original sample shall be calculated fiom the following equation 09 mi, (4) The percentage of fine san Percentage fine sand (0.2 mm to 0.06 mm) = 2.1.3.5.2 Sedimentation, Th calculations areas follows. (1) The mass of solid materit in $00 ml of suspension for each respective sempling time shall be calculated from the equation: (OF mg OF Ms OF mig 1, 08 yor Wy ory = 1 x 5008 % where W, is the mass of material in 500 ml from the first sampling (g); ' W, is the mass of material in $00 ml from the second sampling (); Ws isthe mass of material in 500 ml from the third sampling (a); Wa, is the mass of sodium hexametaphosphate in 500 ml (3); Vy is the calibrated volume of the pipotte (il). a (2) The percentage of medium silt in the original sample shall be calevlated from the following equation: Percentage medium silt (0.02 mm to 0,006 mm) = Mi = Mey 99 (3) The percentage of fin sit in te original sample shall be calculated from the fllowing equation: Percentage fine silt (0.006 ram to 0.002 mm) = H2.- M3 y oy im (@) The percentage of clay inthe orignal sample shall be calulated from the following equation: Percentage clay (less than 0.002 mm) = "3 — ¥ x 100 (5) The percentage of coats silt in the original sarnpl shall be calculated from the following equation: Percentage coarse silt (0.06 mm to 0.02 mm) = my Mg + Png ry + = M4) X 100 2.73.6 Reporting of resits. The results ofthe fine analysis shall be reported on a sem-logaithmie chart of the type shown in Fig. 10 (see Note 12). jutematively, the results in terms ofthe various size fractions shall be reported inthe form ofa table showing to the nearest I % the percentage of each ofthe fractions defined in the glossary, Mt shall be reported that the pipette method was used. 38BS 1377 : 1975 Notes on Test 7(C) [NOTE 1. If the sample has been wet sieved down to the 63 pm BS sive then only the material passing the 63 yin BS test seve feeds to Be used to cary out ths fest, thus eliminating the nocesity of repeating the determinations of the same fretioms NOTE 2, Centifugig las been specified as the means of recovering the sol after pretreatment as this s the most repid and Convenient method. However, ia centrifuge is aot avaliable, after protreatment with hyrogen peroxide the soll may be tered through a Whatman No. 30 filter paper on 8 Buchaer or Misch funael and after washing thoroughly with water the sll can be tuansfered to 2 velghed Doroslicate glass evaporting dish and dried in an oven, Afier cooling, the mas of sll can be ascestained by ceweighing and the soll transferred to a botle for dispersion as described in 2.7.3, NOTE 3. Digersng agent, Sodium hexametaphosphate has been specified as the dispersing agent in view ofthe succes with which #2 has been employed inthe analyses of a large numberof sols. Howaver, it has been found to be ineffective when dealing with certain highly aggregated sos. In such cases the incomplete dispersion obtained isindieated by the formation of relatively tarze Grubs of lose of soll which fall rapidly tarough the water leaving a sharply defined, cleat layer above the suspension. When this ‘Scouts alow the sll (a settle tothe bottom ofthe tube and decant as much ofthe supernatant liquid as possible, Add anodher 35 mi of dispersing agent, sake well and make up to 500 a. If flocculation still occurs some other method of dispersion should be tied. NOTE‘ Difficulty may be expasiensed with certain tropical sols in removing all the finer fractions from the material retained tn the 2 mm BS test sove Tn such ease fe may be necesary to use 2 dspersing agent as in Test 7(A) and to wet sove the material ‘Saison the 2 mam BS tot sove. Te should be dey sieved a fr as posible Fs, to reduce the amount of suspension to be Fondled asit wil have tobe filtered, yushed, died, and addee tothe rest of the material befove the pretcatment process. NOTE 5, Size of sedimencation sample. Stokes Law f decived for a single sphere falling in a lzge body of liquid. It fs not toplicabi to highly concentrated suspension, when the paticles ae close enough to influence etch other thas been established that if the moss of solid matter in the suspension [snot too large, the deviation from Stokes’ Law i negli, NOTE 6 Extrere eae is needed with the procedure from this point on, 25 any loss of material is recorded inthe coarse st fraction since this is obtained by difference. NOTE 7, When dealina with soils which may be broken down by the shaking technique, eg. some shales) a reduced period of shaking should be adopted, i. less than 4 NOTE’S, Wet afeing of sand Ta the wet sieving operction forthe sepaation of sand particles, grains with élameters just slightly teal than te apart of he 63 pm BS et ve nd fo be ned do he fs elon of he water ald etree the sieve meshes The absence of each particles from the suspension should be of no consequence to the sedimentation analysis, since by definition, thoy will fall int the grade of coarse sl, which isthe fraction determined by difference. However, a5 2 Drecdudon the material passing the 63 ym seve should be adcod to the suspension. In order thatthe various percentages ofthe Rind fractions can be aceuatzly determined, is necessary to dry the materil retained on the 63 ym BS txt seve, and resieve jt. The particle telained on the sieve afer this second operation ar subsequently clasiied as coarse, medium and fine sand, ‘Ting eifet of sustuce tens can be lssened by placing the sieve ina tray of water so thatthe wite mesh and the soil particles sarc immersed completely. NOTED. Sedlmentetin time and sampling depth tn opdet to define the shepe ofthe cumulative curve atleast three saraples ‘Should be taken at appropriate sedimentation times, The times quoted in 2.7-3.8.43) correspond to equivalent particle diassters $10.02 mm, 0,006 mm and 0.002 mm. Ie is not necessary to measure the relative density of every sample used for fine analysis fan average valve for sernples from te sae area or soll (ype in an area may be used without loss of accuracy. It i essential that the relative density used i that ofthe alt and clay eaction and not that ofthe whole sample of sol NOTE ‘10. Ir itis more convenient the sarap tube can be saken Up agtin after each sample is taken provided thatthe stop clock ip ostarted atthe natant the fabo is ceplacedin the bath. The time af taking the next sumnple i then reckoned From this instant NOTE Li The sloves uned do not telate exactly to the sizes of the sand fractions but the dlfTerences are negligible forall practical purposss. OTE {2.1 coarse analysis has been cazzied out on the sample the complete analyss should be shown on the chart. In the ido of the petcoatage allowance should be made for material greater than the 2 mm BS tes seve size 7.4 Test 1(D), Subsidiary method for fine grained soils (hydrometer method) 2.7.4.1 General. This method covers the quantitative determination of the particle size distribution in a soil from the coarse sand size down (see Note 1). The test as described is not applicable if less than 10 % of the materi passes the 63 jum BS test sieve as measured in Test 7(A), ee 2.7.4.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required. (1) A hydrometer of the type illustrated in Fig. 13 end otherwise fulfilling the following requirements of BS 718. "The bulb and stem shall be made of glass as free as possible from visible defects, The glass shall be resistant to ‘chemicals and shall be well annealed. Where a solid loading material is used it shall be fixed in the bottom past of the hydrometer by means of a cementing material which does not soften if heated to 80 °C. Where mercury isthe loading meterial it shall be confined in the bottom part of the hydrometer. ‘The scale and inscriptions shall be marked clearly in permanent black ink on high quality paper having 2 smooth surface, It fs recommended that the paper be an esparto paper (65 % to 75 % esparto) and that the strips be cut with their length in the machine direction of the paper. ‘The stem and bulb shall be ciceular in cross section and shal be symmetrical about the main exis. There shall be a0 abrupt changes in cross section such as will hinder cleaning or drying or permit air bubbles to be ‘rapped. The hydrometer shall always float, at all points within its range with the stem within 1%° of the vertical See Wintesmeyes, A.M. and Kinter, E,Dy ‘Dispetsing agents for patil size analysis of sols’ Highway Research Bosrd Bulletin 95, National Research Courill, Division of Engineering and ladustriah Research, Washington, D.C., 1955, 1-14 39BS 1377 : 1975 ‘The graduation lines shall be fine, dstinet and of uniform thickness, and shall show no evident icregulaities in spacing. The scale shall be straight and without twist, with the graduation lines at right angles to the axis of the hydrometar ‘The graduation lines shall be at intervals of 0.0005, every alternate line shall extend beyond the shortest lines, every tenth graduation shall exceed that of all the interveniag lines and shall be numbered in full. A recommendsé scale is shown in Fig. 13, ‘The basis of the scale shall be density (g/t) and shall be calibrated to read 1.000 at 20 °C, ‘The adjustment of the hydrometer shall be related to a liquid having a surface tension of $5 mN/m. ‘The maximum permissible scale error on the hydrometer is plus or minus one scale division, ‘The following inscriptions shall be marked legibly within the stem or bulb of each hydrometer and shall not ‘encroach on the scale or the figuring, 4, The basis of scale, ie. glml at 20°C. '. The maker's or vendor's name or mark, ¢ An identification number. 4. The number of this British Standard, ie. BS 1377 @) Two 1000 mi graduated glass messuring cylinders with parallel sides or two parallel sided lasso ‘ith ground glass stoppers about 70 mm diameter and 330 mm high marked at 1000 ml volume. (3) A thermometer to cover the temperature range 0°C to 50°C, readable and accurate to.0.5 °C. (@) A mechanical shaker capable of keeping 75 g of soil end 150 mi water in continuous suspension. (5) British Standard test sieves 2 mm, 600 pm, 212 yn, 63 jim and a receiver (©) A balance readable and accurate to 0.01 g. QA thermostatically controlled drying oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 °C to 110°C. (8) A stop clock or stop watch, (9) A desiccator (a convenient size is one 200 mm to 250 mm in diameter) contsiniog anhydeous silica gel (10) A moillimetce sole (11) Four porcelain evaporating dishes. (A convenient size is about 150 mm in diameter.) (12) A wide mouthed conical flask or conical beaker of 1000 mi capacity. (13) A centrifuge capable of holding 250 mt capacity bottles (see Note 2). (14) 250 ml capacity polypropylene centrifuge bottles. (15) A 100 ml measuring cylinder. (16) A wash bottle preferably plastics, containing distilled water (17) A length of glass rod about 150 mm to 200 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. (18) A constant temperature bath or cabinet large enough to take the apparatus used in this test, The bath shall not vibrate the sample, 2.7.4.3 Reagents. The following reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality. (Q) Hydrogen peroxide, A 20 volume solution ) Sodium hexametaphosphate solution, Dissolve 33 g of sodium Hexametaphosphate and 7 g of sodium carbonate in distilled water to make 1 litre of solution. This solution is unstable and shall be freshly prepated approximately once a month. The date of preparation shall be recorded on the bottle. 2.7.44 Calibration of hydrometer 2.7-4.4.1 Volume, The volume of the hydrometer bulb, Fy, shell be determined in one ofthe following ways. (1) From the volume of water displaced, Approximately 800 ml of water shall be poured into the 1000 mi ‘measuring cylinder. The reading of the water level shall be observed and recorded. ‘The hydrometer shall be immersed inthe water and the level shall again be observed and recorded. ‘The difference between the two readings shall be recorded as the volume of the hy:drometer bulb in zallites plus the volume of that part of the stem that is submerged. For practical purposes the error due to the inclusion of this stem volume may be neglectod. (2) From the mass of the hydrometer. The hydrometer shall be weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. ‘The mass in grammes shall be recorded as the volume of the hydrometer in millilitres. This includes the volume of the bulb plus the volume of the stem below the 1.000 graduation mark. For practical purposes the error due to the inclusion ofthis stem volume may be neglected.BS 1377 : 1975 27.442 Calibration. The procedure for calibration is as Follows. (1) The sectional area of s 1000 ml measuring cylinder in which the hydrometer is to be used shall be determined by measuring the distance between two graduations (eg. 100 to 900). The sectional area, A, is equal to the volume included between the two graduations divided by the measured distance in millimetres between them. ‘The sectionsl area shall be constant throughout the length of the eylinder. (2) Tho distances from the lowest calibration mark on the stem of the hydrometer to each of the other major calibration marks, R,,shall be measured and recorded. ) The distance from the neck of the bulb to the nearest calibration mark shall be measured and recorded. (4) The distance, H, corresponding toa reading, R,, i equal to the sum of the distances measured in 2) and (3). (5) The distance, h, from the neck to the bottom of the bulb shall be measured and recorded as the height of the bulb (see Note 3). (©) The effective depth, Hp, corresponding to each of the major calibration marks, Ry, shall be calculated from the formula Hy = th +u(n-Z). where Hy _ is the length from neck of bulb to graduation Ry, (rom); ‘his twice the length from neck of bulb to its centre of volume (mam); Vy is the volume of hydrometer bulb (ml); A’ i the area of measuring cylinder (ram?). (7) The relationship between Hy and R,, shall be plotted as a smooth curve; using the smooth curve so obtained, a scale of Ry, values shall be constructed to the right of the H scale on the nomographic chart for the application of Stokes’ Law in Fig. 14 (see Note 4). 2.74.43 Meniscus correction. The procedure for meniscus correction is as follows. (1) The hydrometer shall be inserted in a 1000 mi measuring cylinder containing about 700 ral water. (2) By placing the eye slightly below the plane of the surface of the liquid and then saising it stowly until the surface seen as an ellipse becomes a straight line, the point where the plane intersects the hydrometer scale shall be determined (see Note 5). (3) By placing the eye slightly above the plane of the surface of the liquid, the point where the upper limit of the meniscus interseets the hydrometer scale shall be determined. (4) The difference between the two readings taken in (2) and (3) above shall be recorded as the meniscus correction, Cyq, (see Note 6). 2.7.45 Procedure 2.7ASA Pretreatment of soil. The procedure is as follows. .~ (1) A sample of air dried soil weighing approximately 75 g shall be obtained by riffing from the air dried bute sample obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (see 1.) ‘The sol, the mass of which need not be known accurately at this stage, shall be placed in the wide-mouthed conical flask. 150 ml of hydrogen peroxide shall then be added and the mixture stired gently with a lass rad for a few minutes, after which it shall be covered with a cover gass and left to stand overnight. The mixture in the conical flask shall be heated gently. Care shall be taken to avoid frothing over and the contents of the dish shall be stirced periodically. As soon as vigorous frothing has subsided the volume shall be reduced to about 50 mi by boiling, With very organic soils additional peroxide may be required to complete the oxidation. (2) The centrifuge bottle with its stopper shall be weighed accurately to the nearest 0.001 g and the contents ofthe beaker shall then be transferred to the centrifuge bottle taking care not to lose any soil in the transfer (see Notes 2 and 6). The volume of water in the bottle shal! be adjusted to about 200 mi, the bottle stoppered and centrifuged for 15 min at about 2000 rev/min. The clear supernatant liquid shall be decanted and the bottle and its contents placed in the oven and allowed to dry overnight. The bottle shall be restoppered and allowed to cool in a desiccator. When coo! the bottle shall be reweighed and the mass of oven dry pretreated soil calculated (mm).1975 BS 1377: _fi¥9uns3Su! YOR 40} pays9sul 29 07 voreuayte>S) 6urpeas sayaworpsy € xs SiooWo4pAy YUM esn 404 14e49 D]YesBOWLON “p} “Bla *aneKaU Ut om FuoRocE (TY “2, OC 18 NU Up aR SUOREIOEED “LON : {Ina jo aunjon EA f % !% hi i Wy Ly Duipeos Wy wid pew si Supeas sarawouphy vay su ie WWW S3HOLS 40 NOLLVoIedy 80d LYVHD SIHEYESOWON wu 0si-Oe1 wu $9 ‘wu ov +o2 [ fot 0'1 vafitil = ozo sto") 8 8 nape = ss60 42BS 1377: 1975 2.7.A.S.2 Dispersion of soil. (See Notes 7 and 8). The procedure is 2s follows. (J) 100 mi of the sodium hexametaphosphate solution shall be added from a pipette to the soll in the centrifuge bottle and the mixture shall then be shaken thoroughly until al the soil isin suspension. The centrifuge tube shall then be shaken in the mechanical shaking device for at least 4 h. When convenient the soil could be left shaking overnight (see Note 9). (2) The suspension shall be transferred from the centrifuge bottle to the 63 jim BS test sieve placed on the receiver, and the soil shall be washed in the sieve using a jet of distilled water from the wash bottle. The amount of water used during this operation shall not exceed $00 mil. The suspension that has passed through the sieve shall be transferred to the 1000 ml measuring eylinder and made up to exactly 1000 ml with distilled water. ‘This suspension shall then be used for the sedimentation analysis which is described in 2.7.4.5. {(@) The material reteined on the 63 pm BS test siove shall be transferred to an evaporating dish and dried in the oven maintaiied at 105 °C to 110°C. After drying, this material shall be resieved on the 2:mm, 600 pm. 212 pm and 63 pm BS test sieves (see Note 10). The material retained on these sieves after the second sieving, shall be weighed and the masses recorded as the mass of gravel, coarse, medium and fine sand respectively in the sample (ri, My Mg a4 Mi) 2.7.4.8.3 Sedimentation (se0 Note 8). The procedure is as follows. (1) A rubber bung shall be inserted in the mouth of the measuring cylinder. The measuring cylinder shall then be shaken vigorously until a uniform suspension is formed and finaly shall be inverted end-overend, Immediately the shaking has ceased, the measuring cylinder shall be aliowed to stand and the Stop watch started. The hydrometer shall be immersed to a depth slightly below its floating position and then allowed to float freely. Hydrometer readings shall bo taken aftor poriods of ¥ min, { min, 2 min and 4 min, The hydrometer shal then. bbe removed slowly, rinsed in distilled water and Kept in a cylinder of distilled water at the same temperature as the sol suspension. (2) The hydrometer shall be re-inserted in the suspension and readings taken after periods of 8 min, 15 min and 30 min, 1 h, 2h and 4h, after the sheking. The hydrometer shall be removed, rinsed and placed in the distilled water after each reading, After 4 h, sedimentation readings shall be taken once or twice daily, the exact period of sedimentation being noted. In taking all readings, insertion and withdrawal ofthe hydrometer before and after taking a reading must be done carefully to avoid disturbing the suspension unnecessarily. Ten seconds shall be allowed for each operation. Vibration of the sample shall be avoided. @) The temperature of the suspension shall be observed and recorded once during the first 15 min and then after every subsequent reading, The temperature shall be read with an accuracy of atleast £ 0.5 °C (see Note 11). (4) The corsection, x, to be applied for the dispersing agent shall be ascertained by placing exactly $0 mal of the dispersing agent solution in a weighed glass weighing bottle. After evaporating the water by dying at 105 °C to 110°Cin the oven, the mass of dispersing agent, rg, shall be calculated, ‘The dispersing agent correction, x, shall then be calculated from the equation: x= 2m ‘This correction is independent of the temperature and should be approximately 4 if the concentration of sodium hexametaphosphate is that recommended in 2.7.4.3). 2.7.46 Caleulations* 2.7.4.6.1 Fine sieving (see Note 12). The mass of pretreated soil, m, in grams, shall be used to calculate the percentages which follow. (A) The percentage of gravel in the original sample shall be calculated from the following equation: Percentage grevel (2.0mm) = Ex 100, (2) The percentage of coarse sand in the original sample shall be calculated from the Following equation: Poscentage couse tnd (20mm to 06 a) = 4 X 100 (@) The percentage of mem nd inthe ong! sme shall be clelted om the flowing equation Percentage medium sand (0.6 mm to 0.2. mm) = 78 x 100 (4) The percentage of fine sand in the original semple shall be calculated from the following equation: Percentage fae snd (0.2 mm 0.06 mn) = 7B X 100 sseeFomm Apps 8 43BS 1377 : 1975 2.7.46.2 Sedimentation, The calculations are as follows. (1) The observed date and the computed quantities shall be recorded in a table containing the following column: i 2p Ie 36 7 [8 9 Date] Time) Temperature | Elapsed time [2,* |X, =R,? + Gq [> [meme [ew where Ry! is the hy drometer reading at the upper rim of the meniscus. This sll be made by reading the decimals ‘only end placing «decimal point between the third and fourth decimal places. For example, the density 1.032 5 would read Ry! = 32.5. py Is the meniscus correction ‘mc _ 1s the temperature correction, given in Fig. 15, which shows the appropriate correction for hydrometess calibrated at 20°C, X is the dispersing agent correction, 32430 3 Feros 30. Temperature in °Cetcius pare Re 04 Fig. 15. Temperature correction chart for hydrometers calibrated in density at 20°C 44BS 1377: 1975 (©) The equivatent pats diameter, D, shal be determined by means of the nomographic chart fr the Sphietion of Stokes Law (ee Fig. 14). Too this aval ofthe constant B shal be obtined by placing arfraghtedg across the relative dansty,G,.and temperature, 7, scales atthe appropricte values. The value of Bso obtained shal be note. G) A value of welocity, shall be obtained by placing a straightedge acros the hydrometer reading, Ryv and time, sales atthe appropriste vas {@) A value for th equivalent particle diameter, D, shall be obtained by placings steaightedge across the Aelocty and B sale at point corresponding fo the values of» and B found in (2) and (3). The values of the equivalent particle diameter go obtained shal be entered in Column 7 of the table {G) Te temperature correction, My shall be obtained from the temperature correction chart Ge Fig. 15) Son shall be added to the quantity (Ry ~ x) nd rvorded in Colum 8 of the table. {& ‘he percentage by mass, of partes smaller than the corresponding equivalent particle diameters shall be ealeulated from the equation: 100 6, Ke nG@aD #9) whore mis the total dry mass of soil after pretreatment; Gy isthe relative density of soil particles (7) The values of K shall be calculated forall the values of D obtained and shall be expressed as percentages of particles finer than the corresponding values of D. These percentages shall then be expressed as cumulative percentages of the pretreated sample 2.7.4.7 Reporting of results. The results of the fi type shown in Fig. 10 (see Note 13). ‘Alternatively, the results in terms of various size fractions shall be reported in the form of a table showing to the nearest 1 % the percentage of each of the fractions defined in the glossary. It shall be reported that the hydrometer method was used. Notes on Test 7(D) NOTE 1, Hydrometer method of particle size analy si, The pipette method of particle size analysis is specified a a primary ‘Mandavd method for laboratory purposes, as it has boea widely used for a numberof years in many soll laboratories, and has ‘Eoound theoretical basis The apparatus required is, however, expensive and delicate and isnot convenient for running control fests during construction or for field work. Op the other hand, the hydzometer method has been show to give results which for ‘Etpuactial purposes are the sane when carefully cazsled out, andthe apparatus required is simpler and more convenient 10 Spun, itis thesefore specified as aneternative method. Ifthe saraple has been wot sieved down to the 63 pm BS sieve size {hon oniy he material pasing the 63 jm BS sieve teed be Used to carry out this tat, thus eliminating the necessity of repeating ‘the determinations of the same fractions. NOTE 2, Centifuging has been specified asthe means of recovering the sil after pretreatment as this the most rapid and Convenient method. However, ira centrifuge i not avalabe, after pretieatment with hydrogen peroxide the soil may be filtered {through « Whatman No. $0 fiter paper on & Buchner or flinch funnel and after washing thoroughly with water the soil can be unsienred fo'4 weighed boroslicate sass evaporating dish end dried fn an owen. After cooling the mass ofthe soi can be ascertainal by reweighing and the soll can then be tansfeced to bottle for dispersion as described in 2.7.4.8.2 NOTE 3. Location of the centre of volume of ¢ hydrometer. The distance h/2 inthe formula in 2.74.t.2(6) and shown in Fig. 14 Tocates the centre ofa volume of 2s) mmetrical bul, Iran asymmetrical bulb is used, the centre of volume can be termined with tuifcent accurtey by projecting the shape of the bulb on toa shest of paper and Locating the centre of gravity of the projected ares, NOTE 4: Location of he effective depth of hydrometer bulb. This clationship gives the effective depth of the suspension, the Tetative density of which given by the hydeometer reading It allows for th rise of the liquid in the graduated cylinder, NOTE 5. bfexiscus formation on the kydromieter ster in ogder to obtain an accurate reading on tke hydrometer sale, the renscus round the stom has to be fully developed; te stem has to be perfectly clean. NOTE 6 Meniscus conection. HyGrometers are calibrated to read correctly at the surface ofa liquid, Howeres, soll suspensions tre not teansparent enough to petit a reading to be taken atthe surface, and the reading (Ry) Ras to be made at she upper rim Of the meniscus. The meniscus correction (Chas which has to be added to Ry in order to Obtain Ry the tue reading, 18 @ Constant for exch hydrometer. NOTE. Diffcuttes with certain soils The expesimental dtals described here using sodium hexametaphosphate asthe dispersing gent have been found suitable fore very lage numbor of soils oceurring in Great Beitsin and abroad. (Cetatn veay strongly aggregated soils ray not be dsporsed completely by the technique described, and it may be found ecoseary toad addtional stunts ofthis ox other diporsing agents. In such eases the incomplete dispersion obisined is Indsouted by the formation of relatively loge crumbs ot ios" of soll which fall rapidly through the water leaving a shacply Uefined, clea layer above the suspension, When this occurs devant as much of the supernatent Fiquid as posible, add 100 ml of ‘Sispersog agent shake well and make up to 1 litre with water, If flocculation sill oars some other method of dispersion should te used (oe Note 3, Test 1). NOTE 8 Size of sedimentation sample. Stokes’ Law applies toa single sphere falling ina larg body of iquid. 1 [snot applicable {oa highiy concentrated suspension, when the partcies are close enough to influence each other, It has heen established that if the mass of solid matter in the suspension isnot {00 large, the deviation from Stokes’ Law is negligible NOTE 9, When dealing with soils which may be broken down by the shaking technique, eg, some shales reduced period of shaking should be adopted, ie. less than 4h NOTED. Wer seving of snd. In the wet scving operation forthe separation of sand particles, grains with diameters just slightly Smaller than the apertures ofthe 63 jm BS test sieve tend to be retained due to the surface tension of the water held Detweed she :nalysis shall be reported on a semilogarithmic chart of the 45BS 1377 : 1975 3.1.4.2 Preparation of sample for analysis. The bulk sample obtained as described in the procedure for the preparation of the disturbed samples for testing (see 1.5) shall be dried in the oven at 105 °C to 110°C, weighed to the neurest 0.1 sand the mass (7m,) recorded. It shall then be sieved on a 10 ram BS test sieve and all particles, other than stones, erushed to passthrough the sieve, The mass of material passing the test seve (ia) shall be recorded to the neazest 0.1 % ofits total mass. Through these and all subsequent operations care shal be taken to ‘ensure that there is no loss of fines. ‘The material passing the 10 mm BS test sieve shall be divided by successive riffing on the 15 mm divider to produce a sample weighing approximately 100 g (see Notes 2 and 3). This sample shall then be pulverized so thet it passes the 425 jm BS test sieve. The sample shall then be subdivided by riffling on the 7 mm divider until a sample weighing approximately 5 gis obtained. Throughout this and any subsequent operation the material available for any division shall be mixed thoroughly and precautions taken to avoid segregation during riffing ‘The sample shall be placed in the glass weighing bottle and dried at a temperature of 105 °C to 110 °C. The sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighings, carried out a intervals of 4h, do not exceed 0.1 %of the original mass of the sample. 3.1.4.3 Estimation of the organic matter. The weighing bottle containing the dried soil shall be removed from the oven, cooled in the desiccator and weighed to 0.001 g. A small quantity, say from 5.0 g to 0.2 g, depending on the organic content (82 Note 4), shell be transferred to a dry 500 ml conical flask, the weighing bottle reweighed and the mass of soil removed (mm) shall be calculated by difference. 10 ml of the N potassium dichromate solution shall be run into the conical flask from a burette, and 20 mi concentrated sulphuric acid shall be added very carefully from @ measuring cylinder, The mixture shall be swirled thoroughly for about 1 min, and then allowed to stand on ¢ heat insulating surface such as asbestos, or wood, for 30 min to allow oxidation of the organi matter to proceed. During this period the flask shall be protected from cold air and draughts. 200 mt of distilled water shall then be added to the mixture, followed by 10 ral of orthophosphoric acid and 1 ml of the indicator, and the mixture shall be shaken thoroughly. Ifthe indicator is absorbed by the soil a further 1 ml of the solution shall be added. Ferrous sulphate shall then be added from the second burette in 0.5 ml increments, the contents ofthe flask being swirled, until the colour of the solution changes from blue to green, A further 0.5 mi of potassium dichromate shall then be added, changing the colour back to blue. Ferrous sulphate shall then be added drop by drop with continued swirling until the colour of the sofution changes from blue to green after the addition of a single drop. The total volume of ferrous sulphate used, _y, shall be noted to the nearest 0.05 ml. 3.1.5 Calculations®, The calculations areas follows. (1) The total volume, Jin ml, of potassium dichromate used to oxidize the organic matter in the soil is given by: V = 105 x (Lyi) where {is the total volume of ferrous sulphate solution used inthis test (se 3.1.4.3)(ml); “xis the total volume of ferrous sulphate solution used in the standardization test (See 3.1.4.1}{ml), (2) The percentage of organic matter present in the oven dry sample shall be calculated from the equation: 67 my V Percentage organic matter content = ay My (see Note 5) where ‘mr is the mass of sample before sieving (@): ‘my is the mass of sample passing 10 mm BS test sieve (g); ‘my is the mass of soil used in the test (g). 3.1.6 Reporting of results. The organic matter content present shall be reported to the nearest 0.1. % of the original oven dry sol Notes on Test 8 NOTE 1, Method. A wide variety of both dry and wet combustion methods ae at present in use for the determination of the began walter content of soll This method, originally due to Walkley and Blackt and since revised by Walkley’, has been employed ‘widely and hasbeen found to give reproducible results, Although the accuracy isnot absolute the rests are sufficiently accurate Tor day to day engineering purposes. NOTE 2. Sols containing sulphides, Soils containing sulphides have been found to gve high retults by his method. The suphides can be destroyed at this stage by the addition of dilute sulphuric acid (2N). Asi shall be added unt no further evolution of hnydrogen sulphide occurs ‘See Form J, Appendix B. Walkley, A, and Black, LA. Sol Selence, 1934: 37, 28-29 falkley, AJ. Agri. Sek 1938: 25, $98-609. 47abu Fercenlages ofthe sand fractions can be determined accurately. ts necestoy eo eny toe Slated subscqusn ge BS soe, ana eset, The partes etsined onthe seve ales ie Reon ee assified subsequently as gravel, coars, medium and fine sare mec mpeg naton température The temperate ofthe suspension over he period ofthe test should not dies fom the fenotaly be flied ian ea 2 Ca order sotto cause a err in the pate of toe than he oie a Sito beet fhe maxima diferencia room tempaatte not preter than bout °C the ante ere ‘likely to be greater than this the constant ternperature bath siould be ose ad eefoe bean furmenlon cass convection currents which et the sadimenttion proce The suspension ould therefore be kept out of dcectsunight and amay from any lel soutce of heat Evaporion eeesb ie by Keeping 8 covei on the measuring eylinder between readings pusposeg, TAYE ed do not relate actly othe ues ofthe snd factions, but the ferences ar nepgie fr mont purposes, stowance hasbeen es fas een crriod ov on the sample, the complete analysis shoud be shown on ke chat, Due Stans pesca! ad? forthe Losin pretreatment and for mates peer un hed ae en ee ee ‘aleuation cof the percentages, 3. Soil chemical tests 3:1 Test 8. Determination of the organic matter content 2a Gos Nana ss method covers the determination ofthe percentage by mass of organic matter present in a soil (ee Note 1) 3.1.2 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required. (A ermostatcally contoted drying oven capable of maintaining ¢ temperature of 105°C to 110 *c (2) A balance readable and accurate to 0.001 (3) Two | lie volumetric asks (4) Two 25 ml burettes, graduated to 0.1 ml (5) A 10 mil pipette and a I ml pipette, each fitted with a rubber teat (6) Two conical Aasks of 500 mal capacity. (7) & 200 mal and » 20 ml graduated measuring cylinder, G) A deslecator (a convenient size is one about 200 mm to 250 mm in dameter) containing anhydrous silica ge (2A Bas weihing botle approsimtely 25 mn in diameter, 50 mim hish and hited with pros aitss stopper. (10 10 mm and 425 jm BS test sieves and receivers, (1) Sample dividers of the multiple slot type cfle boxes) with 7 min and 15 mm sate of ‘opening similar to those shown in Fig. 3. (12) A pestle and mortar ora suitable mechanical pulverizer. (13) A wash botte, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water. 31.3 Reagents, Th folowing reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality {2etassum dichromate w solution. Disscle 49.035 g of potasium dichromate in distiled water to ake 1 itre of solution Q) Ferrous sulphate, approximately 0.51 ‘viphuric acid to make 1 litre of solution, (Add 14 ml of concentrated sulphur 1 itte of ©.5N sulphuric acid solution ) {his solution is unstable in ir and should be kepe tightly stoppered. It sull be standardized against the dichromate solution at least once per week G) Sulphuric acid concentrated. This shall have a relative density of 1.84 (8) Orthophosphorie acid, 85% This shall havea relative density of 1.70 to 1.75 6) Indleator solution. Dissolve 0.25 gof sodium diphenylaninesulphonate ia 100 a of dsiled water 3.14 Procedure aire ilandardization of frrous sulphate. 10 rl of the W potassium dichromate solution shall be eua from a TREE int 4 00 rl conical sk, 20 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid shall then be added wey carefully and the mots ewired and allowed to cool for some mites, 200 ml of distilled water thll then be sated Co rixiue followed by 10 ml of phosphoric acid and 1 ml ofthe indeator, and the mixture shall be chet thoroughly, Ferrous culphate shall then be added from the second burette in 0.5 mi inetements, the content ef tt tan being ene cig ds colour ofthe station changes from blue to green. A further 0.5 ml of potato diehronate then be added, changing the colour back to blue, Ferrous sulphate shall then be ated op by drop with continued afiing nal the colour ofthe solution changes ftom blue to green after the eddition of a ings drop. The total volume of ferrous sulphate used, x, shall be noted to the nearest 0.08 tl Solution. Dissolve approximately 140 g of ferrous sulphate in 0.5N id to distilled water to make 46BS 1377 : 1975 produce a sample weighing approximately 100 g. This sample shall then be pulverized so that it passes the 425 wm BS fest sieve. The sample shall be subdivided by riflling through the 7 mm divider until «sample weighing approximately 10 g is obtained. Throughout this end any subsequent operation the material available for any division shall be mixed thoroughly and precautions shall be taken to avoid segregation during rffling. The sample shall be placed in the glass weighing bottle and dried ai a temperature not less than 7 °C and not more than 80 °C. The sample shall be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive welghings, carried out at intervals of 4h, do not exceed 0.1 % of the original mass of the sample, Drying overnight is usually sufficie 3.2.4.2 Preparation of the acid extract. The weighing bottle containing the dried soil shall be removed from the ‘oven, cooled in the desiccator and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g. A sample, about 2 g, (see Note 3) shall then be transferred to a 500 ml beaker, the weighing bottle reweighed and the mass of soil (rm) shall be calculated by difference. 200 ml of 10.% hydrochloric acid shall be added, care being taken if effer¥eicence occurs to ensure The beaker shall be covered with a clock glass and the contents boiled gently for 4 min to 5 min, The underside ofthe clock glass shall be rinsed back into the beaker and 3 ml of bromine water added “whilst the solution continues to boil. Ammonia solution shall be added slowly (preferably from a burette) with constant stirring to the boiling solution until the sesquioxides are precipitated and the liquid smells slightly of ammonia, The suspension shall be filtered through an 110 mm hardened filter paper (Whatman No. 541) into ar conical 500 ml beaker, When the original beaker has been drained and when filtration has stopped, the filter | paper and contents shall be removed carefully from the funnel and transferred back to the same beaker. 20 ml of 10 % hydrockoric acid shall be added to the beaker and the mixtuce stirred until all the sosquioxides have gone into solution (more acid may be required if an undue excess of ammonia was added or the sesquioxide content is high but the acid used should be kept to s minimum). The filter paper stall then be removed and washed with ‘water until all traces of yellow colouration have diseppeared, These washings shall be collected in the beaker and ‘when the washing is completed the filter paper shal be rejected and ghe contents of the beaker brought to the boil. Ammonia solution shall be added as before to reprecipitate the sesquioxides and the contents of the beaker filtered through a Whatman No. $4] filter paper into the conical beaker containing the washings from the first precipitation. 3.2.43 Analysis of the acid extract. The extract shall be tested with litmus and made slightly acid by the addition of hydrochloric acid. It shall chen be brought to boiling point and 25 ml of 5% barium chloride solution shall be added drop by drop with stirring of the solution. The covered solution shell be Kept hot but not boiling for at least 1h. il ‘The suspension shall be allowed to settle and a few drops of the bariur chloride solution shall be added to the supernatant liquid to ensure complete precipitation of the barium sulphate. If precipitation is incomplete more berium chloride solution shall be added until no further sulphate is precipitated. The solution shall again be kept hot but not boiling for about 1 h. The precipitate of barium sulphate shall be transferred with extreme care to a previously ignited and weighed porous porcelain filter and ignition crucible using suction. Altertively, the precipitate shall be transferred with extreme care to a suitable filter paper (Waatman No. 44 ot Barcham Green No. 800) ia the glass funnel and filtered1n either case the precipitate shall be washed several times with hot distilled water until the washings are free from chloride as indicated by an absence of turbidity when a drop is tested with the solution of silver nitrate. Ifa porous porcelain filter and ignition crucible is used it shall be removed from the filter ask and dried at 105 °C to 110°C for approximately 30 min and the temperature gradually raised to 800 °C either in an electric muffle furnace or by other suitable means until no further loss in mass occurs, 15 min at 800 °C should suffice (see Note 4). ‘The crucible shall be cooled in a desiccator and weighed to the nearest 0.001 g. The mass of the precipitate (m4) shall be calculated feom the increase in mass of the erucible. If the precipitate is filtered through a filter paper, the filter paper and precipitate shall be transferred to a previously ignited and weighed porcelain or silica crucible, dried slowly and ignited. If an electric muffle furnace is used, the crucible and contents shall be placed in it at room temperature andthe temperature shall be raised pradvally to red heat (800 °C). If a bunsen or other buiner is used, the filter paper and precipitate shall first be dried slowly over a small flame, care being taken to char the filter paper slowly rather than to allow it to inflame, ‘Otherwise some of the precipitate may be lost. Ignition for about 15 min at red head should be sufficient in all cases, The crucible and contents, when cool shall be moistened with a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid followed by a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, brought to constant mass by ignition for 15 min and then cooled in a desiceator for 30 min (see Note 5). The mass of the precipitate obtained (m,) is calculated from ‘the increase in mass (to the nearest 0.001 g) of the crucible. 49BS 1377 : 1975 NOTE 3. Sols containing chlorides. Soils containing chlorides have teen found to give high ceslts using this method. The chlorides Bay be somoved at this stage by washing the soil with disted water until no turbidity 8 obtained when a dcop ef wo wok ooo E fetes wih sve late solution, Altemasvely, th effet of chlorides on the determination canbe party skvinsed by woe sPagg Mend slpherlc ald i which sver sulphate has bccn disslved in plo of the concentaied sulphur aetd section 1.33), IF the ratio of carbon to chore does not exceed unity, 25 g of silver sulphate per litre of sulphuric aed wil be sutticnee ie precipitate the chloride NOTE 4. Semple size. The sae of sample for chemical analysis wil vary with dhe amount of organic matter present in the soll. As Fane otee Exmy be required for soil tow inorganic matter, and as lite as 0.2 g witha very peay sol. Aftera number of osteinations ‘ane beet made experince wil indicate the most suitable sizeof sample to be taken. Where this isnot sortie cugaenea that ea Pi samples of varying izes should be tested, The determination giving & total of 5rd to 8 ml af dkotommrte slot natn es De taken a the correct result, NOTE S. Gorrecron factors The method is bated on the determination ofthe omanic carbon content ofthe sil, and it asumnes Sat sol ganic matter contains an average of $8 of carbon by mass With the technique employed approninaieie 71 9 ore ‘carbon in the onganic material i oxiized, These factors are included in the equation alten 3 1g). 3.2 Test 9. Determination of the total sulphate content of soil 32.1 General This method describes a procedure forthe determination of the acid soluble sulphate content of ‘atural sol, which includes all naturally occurring sulphates apart from negligible rarities, The results obtained give the sulphate content at the time of sampling only, as the sulphate content is subject to seasonal fluctuations 3.22 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required, (D & thermostatically controlled érying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 75°C to 80°C. (The nortnal drying oven can usually be adjusted to cover this range as well as the range 105 °C to 110°C. (2) Abalance readable and accurate to 0.00! g, G6) A sass weighing bottle, approximately 25 mm in diameter, 5O mm high and fitted with « ground glass stopper. (3) Two conical beakers of 500 mi capacity, and cover glasses to fit, (5) A plass filter Funnel about 100 mmm diameter. (6) A porcelain or silica crucible 35 mm in diameter and 40 mam in height, or preferably, a porous porcelain or silica filter and ignition crucible, 35 mam in diameter and 40 mm in height, with a suitable Gooch funnel and rubber cone. (7 A suitable means of igniting the precipitate, preferably an electric muffle fumace, capable af reaching and ‘maintaining 800°C. (6) A desiccator (a convenient size is one 200 mm to 250 mm in diemeter) containing enby rou silica ge (©) Filter papers. Whatman No. 541, 110 mu diameter, and Whatmaa No. 44 or Barcham Green No. 800. (10) 2 mm and 425 pm BS test sieves with receivers C11 Sample dividers of the multipleslot type (cffle boxes) similar to those show in Fig. 3, having widths of ‘opening of 7 mm and 15 mr. (12) A pestle and mortar or a suitable mechanical pulverizer, (13) A source of vacuum, e.g. good filter pump. (24) Two glass rods about 150 mm to 200 mm long and 3 mm to S mm in diameter (15) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water, (16) A length of rubber tubing to fit vacuum pump and filter flask, 3.2.3 Reagents. The following reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality. (1) Barium chloride, 5 % solution Bissolve 50 g of barium chloride in| lite of distilled water, (2) Dilute hydrochtorieacid, Dilute 100 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid (relative denaity 1.18) to 1 litre with distilled water. (2) Dilute ammonia solution, Dilute 500 ml of ammonia (relative density 0.880) to I litre with distilled water. (4) Litmus paper (blue). (5) Silver nirate, 5% solution, Dissolve 0.5 g of silver nitrate in 10 mi of distilled water (6) Bromine water. Shake 6 ral of liquid bromine with 500 ml of distilled water, 3.24 Procedure 3.24.1 Preparation of soil sample for analysis, The bulk saraple obtained es described in the procedure for the Preperation oF disturbed samples for testing (ee 1.5) shall be dried inthe oven ata temperature not exceeding 80°C (see Note 1) and cooled. It shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 % ofits orignal mase and the mans Gm) recorded: It shall then be sieved on a 2 mam BS test sieve and all particles other than stones (see Note 2) Sra ed {2 Bas through the sieve. The stones may be rejected and the mass of material passing the test sieve (mp) Shall be recorded to the nearest 0.1 % ofits total mass. Through these and all subsequent operations care shall te taken to ensure that there is no loss of fines. ‘The material passing the 2 mm BS test sieve shall be divided by successive riffling through the 15 mm divider to 48,BS 1377 : 1975 4.3.3 Reagents. The following reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality. (1) A strongly acidic cationic exchange resin such as Zeo-Karb 225 or Amberlite 1R:120. (2) Hyérochiorie acta, approximately 4N. Dilute 360 ml of concentrated hydrochloric 1.18) to { litre with distilled water. {G) Sodium hydroxide solution, approximately 0.1N. Dissolve 2 g of sodium hydroxide in 500 ml of distilled water. The exact normality ofthis solution shall be determined by titration with standard acid, and the solution shall be kept in an airtight plastics container. (4) Indicator, An indicator solution, e.g. sereened methyl orange, which gives 2 distinct colour change in the range pH 4 to pH 5 (5) Silver nitrate solution. Dissolve 0.5 g of silver nitrate in 100 ml distilled water. The solution shall be stored in an amber coloured glass container. (©) Nitric acid, approximately N. Dilute 15 ml of concentrated niteic acid (relative density 1.42) ¢0 100 ml with distilled water. 33.4 Procedure ' : 3.3.4.1 Preparation of soll sample for analysis, The bulk sample obtained as described in the procedure for the preperation of disturbed sernples for testing (se 1.5) shall be dried in the oven at a temperature not exceeding 50°C (ee Note 4) and cooled. It shall then be weighed to the nearest 0.1 % ofits original mass end the mass recorded (2). It shall then be sieved on a 2 mm BS test sieve and all particles other than stones (see Note 5) brushed! to pase through the sieve, The stones may be rejected, The mass of material passing the test sieve (7p) shall be recorded to the nearest 0.1 9 of its total mass. Through these and all subsequent operations care shall be taken to ensure that there is no loss of fines. ‘The material passing the 2 mm BS test sieve shall then be divided by successive riffing through the 7 mam divider to produce a sample weighing approximately 60 g. This sample shall then be pulverized so that it passes the 425 pm BS test sieve. Throughout this and any subsequent operation, the material available for any division shall be mixed thoroughly and precautions shall be taken to avoid segregation during rifling. The sample shall be laced inthe plas weighing bottle and dried ata temperature not less than 75 °Cand not more than 80°C. The Sample shall be deemed to be dry when the difference in successive weighings, caried out at intervals of 4 h, does not exceed 0.1 % of the original mass of sample. Drying overnight is usually sufficient. 3.3.4.2 Preparation of the ion-exchange colurmn. A quantity of ion exchange resin sufficient to half fill the column shall be emptied into e beaker and stirred with water. The suspension of resin jn water shall then Beg“! ‘emptied into the column so that when the resin has settled there is approximately 20 mm depth of water above tho resin when the surplus water has drained away (See Fig. 16). “The ion-exchange resin shall be activated by leaching with 100 ml of the 4N hydrochloric acid followed by washing with distilled water If the constant head device (See Fig. 17) is available the acid shall be placed in the {evice, the stopper replaced and the apparatus left until the acid has passed through the column. The constant head device shall then be rinsed and filled with distilled water and the water left to percolate through until the liquid coming from the eclumn gives no turbidity when tested with about I ml of the silver nitrate sokutlon acidified with a few drops of nitric acid. If no constant head device is available the acid and. water shall be added to the column in increments taking care not to add further liquid until each increment has drained away, ‘The ion-exchange resin shall be regenerated in the manner described above after it has been used for four consecutive determinations. 3.3.43 Preparation of the water extract. The weighing bottle containing the dried soll shall be removed from the ‘oven, and cooled in the desiccator. A sample weighing 50.00 g shall be weighed onto a watch glass and then transferred to a clean and dry extraction bottle. Exactly SO mi of distilled water shall be edded to the extraction bottle which shall then be stoppered tightly, placed in the shaker and agitated for 30 min. The soil suspension shall then be filtered into a clean and dry flask through a suitable filter paper, eg. Whatman No. 50 or Barcham Green No. 975, or the Biichner funmel (see Note 3). Its essential that no additional water is added at any stage andit is not required that the soil remaining on the filter paper shell be washed. 3.3.44 Preparation of the ground water sample, At east 500 ml of ground water shall be collected (see Note 6) jn a clean bottle and filtered through a suitable filter paper, ¢.g. Whatman No. 44 or Barcham Green No. 800, 3.3.4.5 Determination of the sulphate content of the soil-water extract or the ground water by the ion-exchange srethod (see Note 7). Exactly 25 ml of the water extract or 100 mi of the ground water sample shall be transferred fo 4.250 ml beaker. The contents of the beaker shall then, if necessary, be diluted to 100 ml and then gently boiled for 5 min, taking care that no liquid is lost during this process, and left to cool. The solution shall then be passed through the ion-exchange column and the column rinsed with two 75 ml increments of distilled water, The fd (relative density 51 0r BS 1377 : 1975 22.5 Calculations®. The percentage of sulphate (as SO) present in the original sol! sample shall be calculated rom the equation: Percentage of SO; = where ‘mis the mass of sample before sieving (@) ‘my__ is the mass of sample passing a 2 mm BS test sieve (2); ‘mig is the mass of soll used (g) ‘mg is the mass of ignited precipitate (g 32.6 Reporting of results. The sulphate content ofthe sot shall be eported to the nearest 0.01 % (as $0) of the ‘original oven dry soil mass (See Note 6). Notes on Test 9 NOTE 1, Soils containing sulphates in the form of gypsum tose water of crystallization i heated above the specified temperature. NOTE 2. It i assumed that any meteral retained on the 2 mm BS test sieve will not contain sulphates, Tass peacrally ec bet ‘Certain soils may contain ups of gypsura larger chan 2 mim diameter and in such case the gypsum ahould be semoved Ly hand, ‘rushed to pass a 2mm BS test sieve and incorporated in the faction passing the sieve, NOTE 5, Mass of semple. The mass of sample to use depends on the amount of sulphate peesent. Ideally « mass of soll should be chosen that will produce « precipitate of barium sulphate weighing approximately 0,2 g NOTE 4 Ifa rapid estimation of sulphate is required and «furnace ie nat avallable, tae crucible may be dried in an oven at 105°C te 110 °C until no further loss in mass occurs (one hour is usually sufficient). The result inthis case vl ously te ess accurate than that obtained by ignition of the crucible, NOTE 5, Treatment with acids aftr ignition. Dutng the ignition some of the barium sulphate precipitate may be reduced to sulphide by the carbon of the filter paper. The addition of a few drops of hyrochlore acid converts any sulphide fo he chloride and farther treatment with alittle sulphuie acid repreciptates barium sulphate. Any excess acd ie dven off in sabsoquere Ignition. The effect may be ignored for most practical purposes. NOTE 6. tn cases whore the sulpnato content exceeds 0.5 it content should be determined by the method given in Test 10. ested that as an additional test the water soluble sulphate also Note 1 of Test 10.) 3.3 Test 10. Determination of the sulphate content of ground water and of aqueous soil extracts 3.3.1 General. This method describes the determination of the sulphate content of aI to 1 soil-water extract (see Note 1) and the sulphate content of ground water. The method cannot be used if the soll or the ground water contains chloride, nitrate or phosphate ions (see Note 2) 3.3.2 Apparatus, The following apparatus is required (2) A thermostatically controlled drying oven capable of maintaining a temperature of 25 °C to 80°C. (The normal drying oven can usually be adjusted to cover this range as well asthe range 105 °C to 110°C) (2) A balance readable and accurate to 0.001 g, G) A plass weighing bottle; approximately 35 mon in diameter, 70 mm high end fitted with a ground glass stopper. (@) A mechanical shaker or sticrer capable of keeping 50 g of soil in continuous suspension in $0 ml of water, (5) An extraction bottle of approximately 100 ml capacity (see Note 3) (6) A Biichner funnel about 100 mm diameter. (2) A filter flask of about 500 ml capacity to take the funnel (8) A glass tube about 400 mm long and 10 mm diameter fitted with a swan-aeck outlet as shown in Fig. 16, ©) A constant head device, as shown in Fig. 17 (optional). This may conveniently be made from a 500 ral round bottomed flask. (10) Two 500 ral conicat beakers and one 250 ml beaker. (11) A50 ml burete, (12) A desiccator (a convenient size is oat 200 mm to 250 mm in diameter containing anhydrous silce gel (13) Filter papers (Whatman Nos. 44 and 50 or Barcham Green Nos, 800 and 975 are suitable). (4) 2mm and 425 jam BS test sieves with receivers (15) Sample dividers of the multiple-slot type (riffle boxes) similar to those shown in Fig 3, having widths of ‘opening of 7 mm and 15 mtn, (16) A postle and mortar or a suitable mechanical pulverizer (17) A source of vacuum, e.g a good filter pump. (08) A 50 ml and a 25 ml pipette, (19) Two glass rods about 150 mm to 200 mm long and 3 mm to 5 mm in diameter. (20) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water. (21) A length of rubber tubing to fit the vacuum pump and the filter flask. (22) A75 mm diameter watch glass ‘See Form K, Appendix B. 50BS 1377 : 1975 3.3.5 Calculations®. The percentage of sulphate (as S03) present in the sotl-water extractor ground water shall be calculated ftom the equations: (1) Soilewater extract S03 = 16nV pllite or 160 n¥ parts per 100000 @) Ground water $03 = O4nY gllitre where ‘n= normality of sodium hydroxide solution; ¥ = volume of sodium hudroxide solution (mi). 3.3.6 Reporting of results The sulphate content of the soil-water extract and the ground water shall be reported to the nearest 0.01 git ‘The percentage of material removed from the sol sample shall also be reported. Notes on Test 10 NOTE 1. If the sulphate present inthe soll is predominantly the calcium salt the total sulphate content as determined by Test 9is Lika to give e misleading and pessimistic impresion of the danger to concrete or cement-tabilized material arising from the prewanse of sulphates. In cases where the total suiphate execeds(,S Sit is suggested that the water soluble sulphate content of To 1 soil water extract should be determined, if eleium sulphate i te only sulphate salt preset its Low solubility will ensaze thatthe sulphate content of the aqueous extract does not exceed 1.2 gitre (120 pars per 100 000), Sulphate contents in excess Of this puso in th sollwater extractor in the ground water as determine in thls test therefore indleate the presence of other Ad more heal glphate salts. For further information on this subject consult Building Research Station Digest 90 ‘Concrete in Sulphate-beazing eos and ground water", HMSO, London: 1968. NOTED, in Creat Brtsiatheee anions may occur to a depth of 1 m in cultivated sols but they are not likely to be found in other Soils. If thor reason to belive that thay are presenta textbook of qualitative analytical chemistry should te consulted for ‘esetiptions of simple chemical tess that are avalable for determining thelr presence If the presence of other anions preciudes the use of the Ion-exchange method the sulphate content of the sil water extract and ofthe ground water ean be determined arvimetrically as described in 3.2.4.3 of Test 9. NOTE 3 ifs centrifuge is available i wil probably prove Tore convenient {0 use a centrifuge tube forthe extraction, The suspension can then be centrifuged instead of ikered and 25 mi of the clear supernatant liquid used for analysis, NOTE 4. Soils containing sulphates inthe form of gypsum lose Water of crystallization if heated above the specified temperature. NOTE 5. is asumed that any materia retained on the 2 ram BS test sive will not contain sulphates. Ths is generally true but Certain soils may contain lumps of gypsum lager than 2 mm diameter and in such cases the gypsum should be removed by hand, rushed to pass a 2 ram BS tert sieve and Incorporated in the fraction pasing che 2 mm BS test soe. NOTE 6. Methods for obtaining samples of ground wter are given in the publication referred to in Note 1. NOTE 7, The iomexehange method is recommended ast i quicker and easier (0 casty out, However, the method given in 3.2.4.3 say also be sed. Ir the latter method is used care should e taken ¢o ensure thatthe water extract or ground water sample is ade acid to litre with hydrochlozie acid before proceeding. 3.4 Test 11. Determination of the pH value 3.4.1 Test 11(A), Standard method (clectrometric) 3.4.1. General, This method covers the electrometic determination of the pH value of «sol suspension (see Notes 1 and 2). 3.4.1.2 Apparatus, The following apparatus i required (1) A pH meter fitted with a glas electrode and a calomel reference electrode and covering the range pH 3.0 to pH 10.0. The scale shall be readable and accurate to 0.05 pH units. (2) A balance readable and accurate to 0.001 g. 3) Three 100 ml glass beakers with cover glasses and stirring rods. (8) Two $00 mi volumetric flasks (5) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water, (6) A.3.35 mm BS test sieve. (1) A pestle and mortar or suitable mechanical pulverizer. 34.1.3 Reagents, The following reagents are required. They shall be of recognized analytical reagent quality, (1) Buffer solution, pH 4.0, Dissolve 5.106 g of potassium hydrogen phthalst in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml with distilled water, Alternatively, a proprietary buffer solution of pH 4.0 may be used. (2) Buffer solution, pH 9.2. Dissolve 9.54 g of sodium tetraborate (borex) in distilled water and dilute to 500 ml. Alternatively, a propristary buffer solution of pH 9.2 may be used (3) Potassium chloride, Saturated solution (for maintenance of calomel electrode), ‘S00 Form L, Appendix B. 53BS 1377 : 1975 solution and washings shall be collected in a 500 ml conical beaker placed under the outlet of the exchange column. Indicator shall be added to the contents of the conical beaker to impart sufficient colour for the detection of the end-point, when the solution is titrated against the standardized sodium hydroxide solution. The volume of sodium hydroxide solution required to neutralize the test solution shall be noted to the nearest 0.05 mal (V9. 19/26 socket ———+| i (oot required it constant | head device is not used) | | = jap 400 1 (300 mm if constant head SOmM device is used) Cation exchange Glass woo! pad—~ Rubber bung —— bored to take glass tube Fig. 16. lon-exchange column for sulphate terminations 24/29 stopper rt ml 7 SN flask 500m capacity Glass tube fused to side of flask to provide stauility O3mm v4 -B5mm 19/26 cone Fig. 17. Constant head device for use with ion-exchange column 52BS 1377 : 1975 | Fig. 18. Apparatus for the rapid field method of determining the pH value of a soilBS 1377 : 1975 3.4.1.4 Procedure. The procedure is 2s follows. (2) The bulk sample obtained as described in the proceduse for the preparation of disturbed samples for testing (Gee 1.5) shal after sir drying be crushed to pass through 2 3.35 mm BS test sieve. The material passing the 3.35 mm BS test sieve shall then be divided by successive divisions to produce a sample weighing 30 g to 35 g (2) 30 g of soil obtained as described in (1) shall be weighed into e 100 mi beaker. 75 ml of distilled water shall be added to it, The suspension shall be stirred for a few minutes, the beaker then covered with a cover glass ‘and allowed to stand for several hours, preferably overnight. It shall be sticed again immediately before testing. (3) The pH meter shall be calibrated by means of the standard buffer solutions following the procedure recommended by the manulacturer (4) The electrode shatl be washed with distilled water and then immersed in the soil suspension. Two or three ‘eadings ofthe pHT of the soll suspension shall be made with brief stirrings in between each reading These readings should agree to within + 0.05 pH units (see Note 3). 7 (3) The electrodes shall be removed from the suspension and washed with distilled water. The calibration of ‘the pH meter shall then be checked against one of the standard buffer solutions, Ifthe instrument is aut of adjustment by more then 0.05 pfl units it shall be set to the correct adjustment and the procedure given in (4) shall be repeated until consistent readings are obtained. (6) When not in use, the electrodes shall be left standing in a beaker of distilled water. 3.4.1.5 Reporting of results. The pH value of the soil suspension shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 pH unit, It shall be reported that the electrometric method was used. Notes on Test 11(A) NOTE 1. The pH vale ofa soll suapension vases with the ratio of sol to water, an increas in diution causing an increase in pH Above aatio of sol to water of Ito 2, the effect isnot marked and The Soil Reaction Comomtte af the Intreationd Socey of Soil Science have recommended a sl o water tala of 110 2.8, NOTE 2, The pH value ofa sample of ground waicr can be measured in simile manner to that used for aso suspension. NOTE 3, The pH readings of the sol suspension should reach a constant value in about 1 min No readings should be ton unt ‘the pH meter has reached! equlibzium, 3.4.2 Test 11(B), Subsidiary method (colorimettic) 3.4.2.1 General This method covers the colorimetric determination of soil pH. It is intended priematily asa rapid Feld method. 3.4.2.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus is required, (1) A number of glass tubes approximately 200 mm long and 13 mm internal diameter with two graduations on the tube, one 115 mm from one end and the other 140 mm from the same end. The tubes shall be fitted with rubber bungs at each end (see Fig. 18). 2) A wooden rack to hold six or so of the glass tubes (3) A Chatiaway spatule with a blade of width slightly less than the internal diameter of the tubes (a convenient size is one having a blade 130 mm long and 10 mm wide) (8) A balance readable end accurate to 0.001 g, (Not required if proprietary soil indicators are to be used.) (5) A 1000 mil beaker. (6) A 500 ml measuring eylinder, (7) A wash bottle, preferably made of plastics, containing distilled water (8) A length of glass rod about 150 mm to 200 mm long and 5 mm in diameter. (9) A.3.35 mim BS test sieve. (10) A pestle and mortar or suitable mechanical pulverizer. 3.4.2.3 Reagents. The following reagents are required, (1) Indicator solution. 0.15 g bromothymol blue, 0.063 g methyl red and 0.013 g of thymol blue shall be weighed accurately and transferred to a 1000 ml beaker and 500 ml of distilled water added. The beaker shall be heated gently and its contents sticred with a glass rod until the indicators have dissolved. The colour of the ‘mixture of indicators in the beaker shall be adjusted by carefully adding drops of approximately 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution until the colour approximately matches the colour corresponding to pH'7.0 on the colour chart (see Fig. 19). (Approximately 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution contains 4 g of solid sodium hydroxide per litre of sotution.) The mixture shall be allowed to cool and diluted to 1 litre with distilled water. The indicator shell be stored in a stoppered bottle, Alternatively, a proprietary sol indicator solution may be used. (2) Barium sulphate. This shall be preferably of soil-testing grade, otherwise precipitated barium sulphate shall be used. 54BS 1377 : 1975 3.4.2.4 Procedure. The procedure is as follows. (1) The bulk sample obtsined as described inthe procedure forthe preparation of disturbed samples for testing (see 1.8) shall, after air drying, be crushed to pass through a 3.35 mm BS test sieve, The materia! passing the Sia5 mam BS tes seve shall then be divided by succesive divisions to produce a sample weighing 20 g to 25 s {G) The soll to be tested, obtained as described in 3.4,2.4(1) shall be placed in one of the glass cubes which shall be stoppered at the end furthest from the graduations. The depth of soil in the tube sll be 15 rom for clay soils, 25 mm for loamy soils and 40 mim for sandy soils. Barium sulphate shall then be added to the tube so that the comnbined depth of sol and barium sulphate in the tube is approximately 50 mm, {G) The tube shall be filed to the first graduation mark with distilled water and then up to the second eark with tie indicator. A robber bung shall be placed in the open end of the tube and the tube and contents shaken vigorously until all the soil and barium sulphate are in suspension. (4) The tubs shall be placed inthe rack to allow the solids to settle. The pH value of the sol shall be estimsted by comparing the colour of the clear supematant liquid inthe tube with the colour chart in Fig 19 (see Note). 3425 Reporting of results. The pH value of the sol shall be reported to the nearest 0.5 pH unit. It shall be reported that the colorimetric method was used. Note on Test 11(B) NOTE. Certain onganic sols may absorb the indicator so thatthe supernatant liquid willbe only faintly coloured, Un auch eases Oa pSlestor Steald be added to the suspension and the colour re-examined after reshaking the tube and allowing the contents tosercle, 4, Soil compaction tests 4.1 Test 12, Determination of the dry density/moisture content relationship (2.6 kg rammer method) ‘A.A General. This test covers the determination of the mass of dry soil per cubic metre when the soi s compacted fina specified manner overa range of moistuce contents, including that giving the maximum mass of dry soll per coubie metre. In this testa 2.5 kg rammer falling through a eight of 300 mm is sed. 4.1.2 Apparatus. The following apparatus i requited. (1) Acylindrical metal mould, having an internal diameter of 105 mm, an internal effective height of 115.5 mm fand.a volume of 1000 cm®. The mould shall be fitted with a detachable baseplate and a removable extension ; approximately 50 mi high. One suitable design of mould is shown in Fig. 20. {G) A metal rammer having a 50 mam diameter ciccular face, and weighing 2.5 kg. The rarmer shall be equipped with a suitable arrangement for controlling the height of drop to 300 mm. One suitable form of hand apparatus Js shown in Fig. 21. A mechanical form of the apparatus may be used provided the essential dimensions of the rammer and mould are adhered to, and provided that the raramer has a free vertical fall of the correct controlled height, It is also essential that the design of the machine is such that the mould rests on a heavy solid bese (3) A balance readable and accurate to! g (@) A palette knife (2 convenient size is one having a blade approximately 100 rami long and 20 mim wide) (5) A straightedge, e.g. « steel strip 300 mm long, 25 mm wide, and 3 mm thick, with one bevelled edge (6) A 20 mum BS test sieve and a receiver. (7) A large metal tray (@ convenient size is one about 600 mm x 500mm with sides 80 mm deep). (8) Apparatus for moisture content determination as desribed in Test 1(A), 1(B) or 1(C) {9) Apparatus for extracting specimens from the mould (optional). 4.1.3 Procedure 4.1.3.1 Soil not susceptible 10 crushing during compaction (gee Note 1). The procedure is as follows (1) A'S kgsample of air dred soil passing the 20 mm BS test sieve, obtained es described in 1.5, shall be taken {cee Note 2). The sample shall be mixed thoroughly witha suitable amount of water depending on the soil type (see Notes 3 and 4), (2) The mould, with baseplate attached, shall be weighed tothe neazest | (mm). Ths mould shall be placed on solid base, ea concrete floor or plinth, and the moist soil shall be compacted into the mould, with the extension attached, in three layers of approximately equa mass, exch layer being given 27 blows from the Taminer dropped from height of 300 mm above the soil. Te blows shall be distributed uniformly over the furtaoe of each layer, The operator shall ensue that the tube of the rammer is kept clear of sol so that the ramimer always falls feely 87RT EES BS 1377 : 1975 piso pHSS pHs.s PHO PETS pHS.0 PH 6S pH8O NOTE. This colour chat cortesponds closely with the BDH soll indicator colour chart prapared by the British Drug Houses Led., Poole, Dotet, England, Fig. 19. Colour chart for pH testBS 1377 : 1975 ‘The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fil the mould, leaving not more than about 6 mn to be struck off when the extension is emoved (see Note 5), The extension shall be removed and the compacted soil shall be levelled off carefully to the top of the mould by means of the straightedge. The mould and soil shall then be weighed to I g (729). (3) The compacted soil specimen shell be removed from the mould and placed on the large metal tray. A representative sample of the specimen shall be taken and its moisture content, w, shall be determined as in Tests 1(A), 1(B) or 1(C). (4) The remainder of the soil specimen shall be broken up, rubbed through the 20 mum BS test sieve, and then ‘mixed with the remainder of the original sample. Suitable increments of water (see Note 6) shall be added successively and mixed into the sample, and the above procedure from operations (2) to (4) shall be repeated for each increment of water added. The total number of determinations made shall be at least five, and the range of moisture contents should be such that the optimum moisture content, at which the maximum éry density occurs, is within that range, 41.3.2 Soil susceptible to crushing during compaction (see Note 1). The procedure is as follows. (1) Five or more 2.5 kg samples of air dried soil passing the 20 mm BS test sieve, obtained as described in 1.5 shall be taken (see Note 2). The samples shall each be mixed thoroughly with different amounts of water to give a suitable range of moisture contents (see Notes 3 and 4). The range of moisture contents should be such. that the optimum moisture content, at which the maximum dry density occurs, is within that range (see Note 6). (2) Each sample shall be treated as in 4.1.3.1(2) above. {G) Each compacted specimen shall be treated as in 4.1.3.1(3) above. (@) The remainder of each soil specimen shalt be discarded. 4.1.4 Caleulations®, The calculations are as follows. (1) The bulk density, p in Mgfim®, of each compacted specimen shall be calculated from the equation (see Note 7): oe 1000 where ‘my _ is the mass of mould and base (8); ‘my isthe mass of mould, base and soi () (2) The dry density, pg in Mg/m?, shall be calculated from the equation: _ 2000 ’a” G04 w where wis the moistuce content of soil (2) (3) The dry densities, 2g, obtained in a series of determinations shall be plotted against the corresponding Tnoisture contents, w. A smooth curve shall be drawn through the resulting points andl the position of the maxi num on this curve shall be determined, end the 2er0, 5 %and 10 % air voids lines plotted for comparison (see 1.2) Reporting of results. Te experimental points and the smooth curve drawn through them showing the relationship between moisture content and dry density shall be reported. ‘The dry density, in Mg/m’ , corresponding to the maximum point on the moisture content/dry density curve shall be reported asthe maximum dry density to the nearest 0.01 ‘The percentage moisture content corresponding to the maximum dry density on the moisture content/ary density cure shal be reported a the optimum moisture content ané quoted to the nearest 0.2 for values below 5%, tothe nearest 0.5 for vues from 5 %to 10%, and to the nearest whole number for value exceeding 10 % (G2e Note 8) “The amount of stone retained on the 20 mm BS test sieve shall be reported to the nearest I %. “The method of obtaining the result shall be stated, ie. BS2.5 kg rammer method. The procedure used shall also be stated, ie. single sample or separate samples. Notes on Test 12 [NOTE A. The sol shouldbe consiered susceptible to crushing ducing compaction the sale contains granular mater of 8 se ee geaoit limestone, sndstons ete, whlch reduced i sis bythe action ofthe 2.5 ky rammer. The procedure BYE 'L'5 for dois seseeputie fo crushing dung compaction canbe applied to all sos tis convenient todo 0. NOTE the somone of small amoums ot stone (opto 5) retained ona 20 aa BS test ive wl afoot de density obtainable Diy by amounts comparable with the experimental err involved in measuring the maximum dry density, Tae exclusion of § 1 By Moetion of tone coarser than 20"mm (uch a Is present for example in gravel of 75 mm maxtimum size) may W8¥e & ‘See Form M, Appendix B. 59BS 1377 : 1975 Raeseo om ye paptoad pas wu ey yoyseb sagan are uw seo ww oce. BOTS cor) “pe wus 62 HE wu sz AH bp wu 9 say 2 uw ooe souwes 30 jones) pnb Ea) e1p uu 9 S9]04 uw ose wie} 01 uondeduI09 404 PINOY “Oz ‘Bia re Sed) emt Ww pezeig, sory geval 58BS 1377 : 1975 27mm 20h holes ¢ 6 mm \ I Remmer | 510 nm Adjust to make Side | total mess 580 mm | Goat | 4.5 4g? 509° Ba 450 mn | fae | 2m rubber gasket | la holes 6 mm cat Tes at 250m j) fa am py Ra a as ovided that the essentlal requirements are Fig. 22. 4.5 kg rammer for the compaction test extension attached, In five layers of approximately equal mass, each layer being given 27 blows from the fammer dropped from @ helght of 450 mm above the soil. The blows shall be distributed uniformly over the surface of each layer. The operator shall ensure that the tube of the rammeris kept clea of soil so that the rammer always falls freely ‘The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fl the mould, leaving not more than about 6 mm to be struck off when the extension is temoved (see Note 5). The extension shall be removed and the compacted Soil shall be carfully levelled off to the top of the mould by means of the straightedge. The mould and soil shall then be weighed to the nearest 1g (7). {G) The compacted sol specimen shall be removed from the mould and placed on the large metel tray. A representative sample ofthe specimen shall be teken and its moisture content, w, shall be determined as in Test 1(A), 1) or 1(C). (4) The remainder ofthe sol spectmen shall be broken up, rubbed through the 20 mm BS test sieve, and then nixed with the remainder of the original sample. Suitable increments of water (see Note 6) shall be added successively and mixed into the sample, and the above procedure from operations (2) to (4) shall be repeated for each inerement of water added. The total number of determinations made shall be atleast five, and the range of moisture contents should be such that che optimum moisture content, at which the maximum dry density occurs, is within that range. 61BS 1377 : 1975 rajor effect on de density obtained compared with thet obtainable with the sol ata whole, and on the optimum motsture content. These is at present no generally accepted method of tart of ofealeulation for dealing with this difficulty in compating laboratory compaction test results with densities obtained in the fed. The following comments may be of assistance ta ‘roving a basis for action which wil avoid major erzors; they are noi considered comprehensive, nowarer, and are not 10 be read as part ofthe standard method of test. (The term gravel shouldbe teen to include rock fagrnents) (1) For soils containing up to about 20 % or 25 % of coarse gravel oF cobbles, a conrection may be calculated forthe maximum ‘ty density based on the displacement ofa proportion of sol of given density by stone of known specific gravity. check of the valgity of tis calevlation may be obtained by replacing th coarse gravel In the soll by an equal quantity of 20 ram to 10 mum gravel of similar characteristis and carrying out a compaction test on this materia. For slls ‘containing lite fine 0¢ medium gravel the propartion of coarse gravel permissible may be extended (0 40 % 01 30 (2) For soils containing larger proportions of coarse gravel, or cobbles, various methods have been advoceted, but i isnot

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