li

E::=#
t:
Y-:--i=3-*=q

I.

*
lJ: i-

r r lt,b fi;[.i- ;'

* - F- -

- r :*

tii=r r r "n*r y;,,t$!

't m"{'

*''t

ii

rl

r* "qr:.
;

fiq.

j4

f.

"t"

6
r

': t.L

j:.i:::::,':::::::'':.::a_.::

:i :i- ir Jrso er$, [\].rrj :rq, 1925 (fol0/f,hc1o Zirof,!

ir :r: c . Il ai I f!j Ce rtral N osoita , l! a r,:f!, I 9ll (fo: .l
'. | )3.Li arq Bo,Th."G'e:rtHa o+tlrePe.pe,
:.1!,r01. il./cpkeSciaalslr I 4. X;cf..t [i fq ef/afd Sr r]

rir r!ytfrr, Beij rr.tifot (arj'Ll,,,frfa5 ! |. !a::i r!, 19bl ifoic/ltiroic ilcpl(,"
pq1,F.a!traft H: fl.te, 8," llri!,1982 (iolo/phot.
S.lrnafita I 5. I :11r.
iloDi.:i.haaf:talt6.1ht,J;;1LL
!',./c!'.r'rRa'!relS:.to'r,Bellf.l,
l.l96
I loir,/Fhoto \'1/oD(1.
S. ra.rrsta l

ln
b .l,aB,l"ooL1dr
0.,,,',"',";:f:'*";ll:1.*l,iill,"',ir*
6-r'." 8'ra po -r.

"

do us),o u ."po .

e pts/..ee ,d 'rdM..ta .o eI

vz

t)..,4

i b

t
p
t

p00JuassE l nP put 'l

d
{>

I
: ::,t
,i
Yr,
,:;:iiil;*,r

'{r f,
,G
I

.- 9F

'-.4

.=-<=F:.:::..=:,
:: :

J!|

J od r nl l al l

Il
J ) .e l 5r

o or d,P. J,du l uo r i
P.

1.

Id.r tpe Ji n l \e q

5 .e. r'

, eo. .l d o rP6

Ij N VA ,d do

r .E ,"

e ^ ap Ji P l ,i

ls

!! t

l>':+
l=

\-\t

-\

po0r uassP l AP pul 'i

H::i r:=i-i ..; i.:=i=:

t:::- :::

i :::

i :i i.:

,
In China lijkt het bou- i-j:-::.,:rr
.. In China constructron
l:.,:j-rri:::..i:;::::;':::..
ni{ril tuii,r,nit
onopgemerkt plaats te vinden. Hoewel appears to take place almost imperceptibly.
Despite
rbru,raiirgn-ekkende cijfers getuigen van een onge- mind-boggling statistics attesting
to an unparalleled
sieren maar weinig construction outplrt, relatir.ely few cranes adorn the
'u'r'tuinerde bou$'productie,
[minqqftranende skylines van Beijing, Shanghai, skylines of Beijing, Shanghai,Guangzhou,
Shenzhen
ffirsmrafosrr. Shenzhen en andere miljoenensteand other megacities. The speed u,ith nfiich a tower
4m De :snelheid waarmee een toren uit het niets can appear out
of noq,here causesmany inhabitants
mr'*ursrlhiintdoet menig bewoner oprecht twijfelen to doubt the evidence of their o\\'n eyes.Colourfui
rurum
"r.at hij ziet. Kleurige billboards schermen billboards neatly screenbuilding sitesfrom view and
umflupurten neties af en geven gebouwen pas prijs only reveal the builclings alter they
have reached a
uttlls
rc een onontkoombare hoogte bereikt heb- certain height. In short, in no other country
do new
hrcm'triortom' in geen enkel land verrijzen nieuwe buildings and districts springJup s'ith
such frightenen stadsdelen met zo'n onheilspellende ing speed and apparent ease.Construction
lflE{finli{rren
and town
*r[i.h'eid en schijnbaar gemak. De architectoni- planning have reallv taken off in
the last ten years.
*uhr en stedenbouwkundige ontwikkelingen
zijn One of the main drir.ing forces bel.rinclthis boom is
lr ,r-frelopen tien jaar in een stroomversnelling the realization of the nes'Chinese
clream:a successful
gyclranht-Een van de belangrijkste oorzaken hier- life with an apartment ancla car in a rnodern
metropr';lrmir* de r-errvezenlijking van de nieuwe Chinese olis. The cities are
being rigorouslr- aclaptedto this
iidnmnm:een succesvol leven met eigen apparte- all-powerf-ul vision of the lirture..\
highly cleveloped
r*!trrt en auto in een moderne metropool. De ste- inf'rastructure, upmarket shopping centres,
fbrests of
lnm rrorden rigoureus aan dit allesoverheersende towers and higlr-tech architectureare
the would-be
mmhomstbeeld aangepast. Een hoogontwikkelde guarantors of the nes'lifbst-r.le.
-\ society so intent
llndrastructuur' luxe winkelcentra, reeksen woon- on pursuing a nes lision of the firtpre
has little interrlir'rrenien hightech architectuur moeten voor de est in the present. After all,
the present is complex,
ormewq-e
levensstijl garant staan. Een maatschappij chaotic and confusing, n'hereasthe future
is clear,
oijflemet een dergelijke intensiteit en overtuiging
comprehensible and unproblematic. Small wonder
eru nieu$ toekomstbeeld nastreeft, heeft maar then that in sketchingits r-ision
of the {uture, the
r'einiE oog voor het heden. Het heden is immers Chinesegovernment should
proceedon the basisof
tmimrpler'chaotisch en verwarrend, de toekomst tabula rasa.In one fbil slvoop
the troublesomepresent
&&^r.rregenhelder, begrijpelijk en probleemloos. is erased.
D'e Cbinese overheid neemt bij het schetsen van
Western interest in China is as great as ever
'o'rt toekomstbeeld dan ook een tabula rasa-situ- and as yet dominated by fhscination with the speed,
lrrrc als uitgangspunt. Het is d6 manier om schoon modernity and gigantic scale of
development. Impres*ufuip te maken'
sive, barely verifiable statistics convince Western
De aandacht vanuit het Westen voor China is architectsthat they shouid be part
of this scene,but
oruterminderd groot en wordt vooralsnog beheerst say nothing about the current
architectural climate

aJP,r\EAlrnb aJu slJalrqcJBaqJ_.Ja,l\tsuB

..rnn11nr
a^rlra.]Je
ap ua Suraaluarues
]soru
unq
unq
ue-r
atq:rzdo
rql ssossodsde.,rr1u
1ou .(eursu8rsep palf,aiasaql lBql ua1 praq4[r1apJoo.\\]upJa,luaa ualJatrqJJE
JpraJr
Sursrrdrns.(1p.req
sr ]r sacuulsrrrnJJrJ
lualnqln] esaql -calasaF ap uaralsaol ua8urlalrlr_truo a8rprnq ap
ua,tr1; u5rsap aqlJo 1'tudlur8alur ue sr ,ssaco;d uorl do uap.roo,uluu
unq uI .ualJalrqJJ" aspuelualrnq
-pzruuqrn paluapecardun uefo paeds eq] o] sE
Ile^{ Jo alarcJauruoc u?e JaAo lsn.rraq llp uarBI ue uauoJr
su .{lurulracun srq} ol SurlJEeU .sn{} arou8r
louuec ar.lJsruolcalrqcJu ueA UaJaaJJlaq ur praassaratu.raS
slJalrqJrE ap.re5-1ue,te
aql ualo pue d1uru1;acun laru uftz oz :.sa8erurJo .d1rc,uaa ue-r
puzrsge 11fr1a1
1ea"r33oaluls B ul sr dupol ,,(larcosasauiqJ ,uraas -{nJpeu ua,rnoqa8 apualle,ldouo
rlEB,\taru uarueu
.{eu a.rn1n3aql3o a8uurraql snorrol8 rela.{\oll
Jeeur '{arro}a.r aJ?.{lz uaa
Jo ualsaJluEru uaa8 az
'luetuuorrluo ]lrnq eq] pue dlarcos rraqJ .alnllnJ
uarlrn.rqa8 JooAJorH .ualoalrqJJp daor8 azap uur
rraql srl R sr,rdlrlrqrsuodsaJ.JoasuasE
Iaa.]slJalrqrr ]uolul laq ua lqcur{ ap }Ilnqcs ua8urryadaq a1a.r
palJales aq] 'sluatudolo,\apJueJJnoo1 asuodsareraql ap uul uo8rnquro
Jelluarc ua garlrsod taq uI
uI slf,alrlJJJuu8raro3Jo IerJroruuoc o1 .(1a1eraqr1ap
'llals erssnrslp ral p uarl[rlafiar
ft
elrnb srql Sur,tua1,suocr
Furlua.rc
ur
arp
ua rlfrlrlurd.rnnlcalrqcru a8rprnq ap ur ua8ua.rq
1e.rn1ca1rque
pelsaralur lou aJB.{aq1 .s8urppnq alrsnrlqoun ual.ro al
lqr"Jl ]IalIIB^\{ .raaruualca[o.rd apraasrluaraF
qlr.,nr,se8uurr3od1rc,e ruo{ sa^lasluaql Fur3uu}srp
sJ"eqJs uaa laru ,ap.re8_1uu,reaprueeua8oz
Iulue"
.{q 1nq 'ruolaqr sno;apuod ro solsa}rueruJosuealu ap
apuaroqaq 'ualcelrqcre uerllrlcE u3,\ arlJalrs
lo]
dq 1og lelunorue .{aq} suorle}rurr1,{ueru aql qlr.{\ uaa aoq ua33a1
al loolq ]rlcurl Furylalsuoolual aO
dla,rrlearcpue dla,ulrsod IEap o] ,(1r1rqe
rraql ur ar1 'uarualqo.rd apuraoua8ua,loq .roo,l ua8urssoldo
aqr s
slcalrqcrEJodnor8 srql;o slualel puu sqlBua.rlsaql
-IlEruFeJd ua aqosrlrJ{ Je"u
uaa ur uap
}qco}{aoz
Tequnu ur IIEursa;u slcalord pazrlEerJraq] ellqA\
-pnu qcrz ualJalrqrru
aseurq3
aFuoIapraalualelaF
'uorssnJsrpJo
lJatqnseql lr a{Bur ol aurrl aiuEsaq} lB dao,r8 aurapl uaa lpur,taq.sI
l{radaq al}cnpordrnnt
puu arrlcerd IErnlJoln{f,JEJuaJJnJolur .(1r1unbraluarF
-JOlrrJcJs oruroua ap ur
unq I3n\aoH
Iaapuuu
lcalur o1 3ur1durallu aru ,apre8-1uu^EpallEc_osaq]
.ua{eoz ua}aoIu
uapals ep ur Iraq unq
,slcalrqcre uaalq8ra3o
uorlcelas E ,\\oll arp ualuu.r5rur uauao[1ur ue selg .8urln,rra_r1qrn1
.JosJaqrrreu
ol sJnolpapua uorlrqrqxa aqJ .suralqoJdpauorl
'ua8urpnoq.re,r arlfrladduqcslEuru apraorFaF;aaq:rs
^\oqs
-uaLUaro.JE
ar{l dl suorlnlos rrleur8u;d puu
IEJrliJr roJ ra,ro sraglrc apue.rauodrur ra,loua8al uzuls ,uurq3
qf,reasB ur pa8u8ua al? s]oalrqcJEaseurq3 Funo,{ ur pels apua.ralcadsaJJlazqcrz
eJapuu arapar Foz
peluelplJo dnor8 11uursu ,pelirurl sr 1ndlno
-Iar{ unq ur ua (oroa odxg pFoyy1)req8ueqS .(SOOa
Iernlral
-rrlorp snouroue s.uurqCur lred rraql q8noQllV
ualadg aqcsrdurdl6) 8urlrag u?A ar]EruroJSuEJ] ep
.sarlrf,aq] ur
uorl {oo J"eru ,0606 uI sJouolaur uaolynu uag
]aul uap
-eAIEs)iaasol paJro.]sluur8ru
luuJalurJo suorllrm pue -als o.4[naruoot sluoz s erutuer8o.rd^\noq apuaJau
sruufcg.1er1,uor1n11od
rrE,suorluler
parrecirur-odru1'uarnlrnJls aFrpunrl,r,r,noquapolsoprootsJa_\
lercos
Surpre8ar srrlsrJElsSur.rrdsur-a,,ne
dllenba _{q1as1;.;o
I"ulol ua ualcaford.4anoq uEA Furrao.rlrn a8rteu
aru - uun{J ur .(1rcSurlcadsar-.}lasraq1o.{ra,raar1e,r,ruoo,tla8ualrnq
uaa .lqcarsJnalne uu.r ue{aJqtuo
rraqt ur pue (odxg plro A oro6) ruq8uuqg,(saueg crcl
laq'JnnlcalrrlcJu asJalsa.a ap ue,r Furuueruo alelol
-ur,,(1gsooz) 8urftag3o uorJeurroJsuer]aqt sE
sp uaa'{IIq alarJJaruruocJaaz uao }atu sJzEIa{\r_r\tuo
IIa.{\
'0606 f,qsluelrqequr uorllrur B qlr.r\ sarlrc
oo,t _ -1ca[o.rd apualedaqsallu .Furuuuldu[rurratarrorl
^..,
saurururSordSulpllnq Furrrdsur-a,,ny.saJnlJnrls arueJlxa uaa :ualordsaquo
ualJrguoJ ua ua8urr
pur?uorlncaxaJo prupuBls -auualaq elaluaru"punJ
lerluds paldnrsrp,(11e1o1
Iuluue uaa 1[rlaureu ruel
arcorparu,{lpaprcap
u ,slq8rr u8rsapgoetuasqBuE uairdnoqasaurqC
laq ra,{.oerroJne aq .uapaql[r1aB
'a.rnlcalrqcre uralsaA\Jo acueldaccupauuaqeloq.\\ E
-oruuo ua uapaqrl[r1a8our a1a-rufrz laur lBErurI{Jnnl
'Ioollno IErJraururoJ.,{laurarlxauE q}r.tl sradole,rap
-calrqcJ? a8rprnq laq Je-\o slaru ua88az rueur .u[rz
lnyra,uod-i1e,Furuueldrule]-lror{s aruer}xa :sllrUuoJ a] ua.ror1
az }Bp uB_\Jaua}Ja}rrIJJE asralse_\\
ftqra
pup salJulsqo IulueurEpunJ.Ioroqrunu u sdalsaprsuorl ua8rn1.ra,,to
ua{a-r}sI}e}s ueraloJtuor a} s{[lla,t\
-onJJsuocasaurqJ Surpunouns euoqdna eql leql sr
-neu 'apua41a.!\{nJpul .IEE{{JsaruJoua ap ua }tal
lreJ aqJ 'sarlrlrqrssodurpue sarlrlrqrssod,{uuur
s1rpue -ruJaporu ap .praqlaus ap Joo-\ arl?urcsJ uea toop
FooraassslAEpul-l

0mgering.
ofthis. Nonetheless,behind the roughnessoftheir
Wtru glmrieus het beeld r-an de toekomst ook concepts
and designs are ref'reshing solutions which,
fllfrrurnde huidige Chinese maatschappij ver_ with a little more
time for research and reflectiorr, are
lunq:rs[e onzekerheid, ook de avant_garde_
capableoffurther refinement. In that sense,the
hieh
L,,r.urich hier onmogelijk aan onttrekken. point
ofChinese architectureis still to come.
nmry.g,crem
op deze onzekerheid, maar ook op
The exhibition and this essayconsequently rep_
ran een ongekend urbanisatieproces
resent no more than a snapshot.The essayattempts
nuiltrir,*ieh onderdeel uit van het ontwerp. first
ofall to describe the current Chinese architec_
Gril#'rf,ntmde turbulente omstandigheden dan
tural sceneand to place the selectedarchitects
within
nm . Ierronderlijk
dat de geselecteerde ont_ it. To what extent do they
differ from the mainstream,
m,i:nschienniet altijd het meest adequate
what are their specificqualities andjust how criti_
in zich hebben. De architect en zijn zich cal are
they? Do they fulfil a pioneering role or is
fcrdege bervust. Desalniettemin liggen this a
purely Western notion based on the attention
u'u,nfueidr an hun concepten en ontwerpen their
work has receivedin books and magazines?
oplossingen besloten die met iets More so than
the mainstream,the selectedarchitects
ro,or onderzoek en reflectie kunnen door_
appearto take reality as their starting point, but
how
llet hoogtepunt van de Chinese architec_ decisive
are current circumstances ior a new architec_
i-ndie zin nog komen.
ture? In other words, do they perceivethe chaos,
the
IDr ruuroonstelling en dit artikel getuigen dan uncertarnty
and the speedas fruitfut conditions and
tdtth'tl r'an een momentopname. Het essay
do such practical obstaclesactually result in a
new
in eerste instantie het huidige Chinese idiomP
A major concern in the \\-est is how Chinese
limaat te karakteriseren en de gese_ identity
will fare in the face of all these developments.
errhitecten hierbinnen te positioneren. And,
finally, can we learn somerhing from this desrgn
onderscheiden ze zich van de hoofd- approach
P
rat zijn hun specifieke kwaliteiten en hoe
rijn ze daadwerkelijk? Vervullen ze een
hersrol ofis dit een positie die louter in
Wu:*ren leeft.door alle aandacht voor het werk
'*lrr architecten in boeken en tijdschriften?
'{rn de hoofdstroom lijken de geselecteerde
tnunrtende realiteit als uitgangspunt te nemen,
ftrnebepalend zijn de huidige omstandighe_
nuilDreen nieuwe architectuur? Met
andere
er\-aren zij de chaos, de onzekerheid en
*{heid
als vruchtbare omstandigheden en
juist deze praktische belemmeringen
tot
mrcuw idioom? In het Westen heerst vooral de
hoe de Chinese identiteit zich in al deze ont_
staande houdt. En ten slotte. kunnen
r-an deze ontwerphouding leren?
,::.:=::-:.::
: t-::.i
i:::a.j
i: L * China is het land i$r:-:::-r:f
,i iiui:i .':i.:i=iJ:::iii*:-iir-j:
:iii j::i-i.:5i
I .-_China rs
,dtlgrote stappen voorwaarts en in
zijn archi_ the land ofgreat leaps forward and architecture
is
is er evenmin sprake van een geleidelijke no
exception: there is no question ofa gradual evolu_
heling. In de twintigste eeuw is meerdere tton.
In the course ofthe twentieth century, there
naar een moderne, eigentijdse Chinese
were several attempts to arrive at a modern, contem_
tuur gezocht.' Niet verwonderlijk viel dit porary
Chinese architecture.' Unsurprisingly, these

0g

repnH olzsu-Jpue (916r_9lsr) la8alqrog l"rn3 -JalrqJrE essurrIJ alsuorlrperl ap

JE?u WozJapuo
' (t sa t-r r s r ) dqdrntr4,{ruag alri stratrqup u8ralcy q rs rr o l s r q J n n l r e l r q J r E
r 1[ r l addeqr s ur l as uar p
Jo Bun{J ur acuaserdaql ur osle 1nq,s1re1rqcre.lo
uapJaarlrur ua uaurJr{Jsp[rt1e r uap:aaruel
-ueloq
uorleraua8]srg aqlJo Sururrrl aql ur a
z ' do u u r q 3 u " ^ l r a l I n J E J J nnl J al r qJ J E al s r J r ap
luaserd
-ruIlro oJaA\sa]uenlJurIBJnlsalrqJJBUJJ]SaA\
666r al arluraua8 azap allr1Jrr arSraua a1lrlarrnd
z.alqrrnrr ururu sJrsu (Furireg -llnuo .ruuqulrqcs uaa
'(sse
]atrAtr
uaqzonC
r-roer)
JuaJxaurepac B ol puu noqz5ueng ,reqFuuqga1r1 n r a u a ( a r c v t o c t )
Suaqcrg
Fuer
l , ( oaor _i 6s r , )
serlrc aprs8uolu)Suriuup
uaq] aq] qlr^\ ,ru.roJ
.ua]]rEls nearnq
n.I
uaru,,ra
ua.rn8glalnals
lelrdec
Irlzuz,1
]lrnq olur palPIsupJl st?.{\alplllric IuJnlJalrqJJB.{\au -ualcatrrqcr" ua8ra uaa lca.rrp
ua ueprrerl
1a-s[rr,r
aql eJnlcalrqcJEesaurqJ IEuorlrpull olur qslEasar -3nra1 3g1u1ar1uaruI ul8aq ua]e]S
ap8ruara-1 ap
Jrtueperepalprlrur oslE pue saurze8euraJnlf,alrqf,ru
edorng 'uude1 ur Surpraldo unr{ Eu arp (Furyas
;o
paqf,unel '866r w d11nce1
ern]ralrr{rrE }srg s.eurqJ -sr.,rA.,lr,nao
ep puor ua.roqa8) ualcalrqrre a8uof rrn
paqsrlqelseuorlureuaF ssalerrl dlSururaassrql_ puolsaq allu.raua8 elsraa azaq1 .apprordsuoorual
(ssar-resi) uaqzonC nrl pue (arct-toar) Suaqcrg ua{rauua{ aqcsruo}Ja}rqcJe
osaurqJ ua asJa}sa-l\
3uur1 '(oaet-tr6si) rqzuel n-Jara.r\sarn8g.{a1aq1 uul arleurqtuoJ uaa suaouala
arp ge ua-tnoqa8
'secrlce.rd
IErnlJelrqJJu ul\o Jraql dn 1asdlelurpaururr s{aar uae Sglrap ua.rufap ul lo} apre^al ua uaroq
lsourlp pup auroqpaurnlar .soa6I .{lrur aql ur srlels qcrz uul g66r eu sed ua8alua.reup
]all ualralrqJJE
pellun aq] ro adorng ,uede1ur Surure;1 ral.+u.oq,\\ aseurqC alluJaua8 olsJaa eq .uapJaourqruoJ
uats
(.(rnluar aql.Io urnl eql punore uroq) sloalrqc.re -unrlrunrpod asaurqC alauorlrpzJ]
]aru srulspoo-\r
3uno.{3o palsrsuoJ uorlurauaF
srqJ_.sJrlsrra}cu
lsJg
uel
ualuaruale
-f,IIoH
arp sra{uruuryg arluraua8 ap
-rEqc IurnlselrqJrP asaurqJ puE ulelse/!\.]o uorlEu -aaal uaa u"A srulg
latu lundal8ooqgarleaJJ
-\\naru
-rquor u pa.,(eldsrpasr.\\e{rl sOE6I eqt olur u5rsap o1 uaa 8r1rap ua.ref ap ur apJaalaq plara.4ir.urlrJ
ae
papaacorddaql s8urplnq aql,g66r ra].]p sa^lasulaql 'aIlucUrsselr e.ruq8uuF uao
sruaparqcsa8rnnlcal
JoJaiupu u aluru ol pauuls dluo slcelrqr.rp asJurriJJo
ap
ur
-rrJcJu
JaAo
Jarlspno uu.\ rJrJ
'sarle.raua8
{oo
uorluraua8 lsrg eql q8nor{ltV .s1reFururroSradasau -olsrq ua{ards sruaparqcsa8rulg
asaurr{J ap uI
-rq3 Ipuortrpurl rllr,,rtsrulg poo.'lr.,(11oH
JrssEIJruor3
i ePJPP\\
sluauralapaurquro'rqcrq.,lrsJaIEur-urluJo uorlurauaS a{arsurr}ur ap do 81ure,ra.a} ua plaeq
1aq do 1aa,r
puoras e,(q surlg qlr.{\ ,so96I aq1 ur rlued a,rrlearc a] ]aru
{nrp"u ap frqreep 1311 ;11tr1aproo.,rA.}u3ra,\
,,ntaup paurellp plro^\ urlg ErlJ .,{"rolsrq
IprnlJrlrqclu rooArarq ualcalrr.lrrp asaulq3 rsgn[go aspuulua]rnq
ur pasnoslu sr luql uorlef,srsslJ
u ,.suor1uraua8,3o
ufiT
a11e1sa8uep azap
aoq rueru
;ua8[rrr1
]aou
sLuro]ur 11e1Surlzru-urlg asaurqCJosuerrolsrl{
'ra1a q 1aa..r.
laru 8ur1assr,lrr.lrna8rp.rez,ra.rl
[r1a8 ua a
ienlel Jrsurrlur uo JIllrI oo] pue a8ururuo sI
a^&naru
uaa
uee
frq
dllallluapr
1[r1ar1.ra.u.peep
srseqdruar{cnruooJ aJe!} }.u;^lis}calnlJre aseurqJ Jo Jnnlcalrr.JJJu asJalsala ap UE .ueurauJa.\o
soolyerl
uFraro3'1rrog alqrsuodsaraq plnor{s or{A\
ur ]aq ua .Sururruuro alplol uea
ipa^arqre -rrr1 ua11u,ta8
IeaA
aq trl siql sr,{\oq }nq .rallaq rp,}aq plno,\\ a8ueqcxa 18uu.rp:lua{ ua{{n}s8eu.r,r opJlazep
spea}s erssnr
.,{e,n-o'n]e ,{1arnq
.\\eu E oJ pual ,{11uararnl
ap
;d1iluapr
uallals
al
-slp
puareurrssJ
]Ep
]s?A
sr
rE"rrr
]aq
-JalrqcJp uralsa,1\.]oerueldarru leJrlrrf,un uauo 'uaur.ro,rs3ur{{nJp}rn ua8ra ufrz Joo-\Jarq
}ua{
puu Ielol P uEc :sanssraruESJIas
aql punorp paAIo^aJ apor.rad ar,alal jloeJedeg ua2a;s ua rnn)-r-a/+,.r-ru
aluqap aql ]Eqt alou o1 8ur1sa;a1ursr li lnq ,_{1luara33rp
asaurqC ap uul Surrasruraporu a8rlsuro{eo} ap
srql passa.rdxa
porrad qopg isarlrf,pup arnJJalrqrle ua8ururo.rls.rnnlcalrr{cJu
osJa}sa,$.uo}aour a}eur
s.EurqcJo uorluzrurapolu eql eurtuJalap spuoJl
a{Ie.^it ur :ruuqsfr.lrr.uuupululolrp epJlaz]aq spaals
]Jnl
-ralrqcrE uJalsar!\ plnoqs lualxa ]uq,\\ ol :rzrutuallp sr ualqJol{aoz
epraq u1 'ua.rassed an.\eJ ep 1.ro{
eruusor{} sr aJaq} seouBJsurq}oq uI .atari pa,\\er^er rorq uallnz
ua rlfllrlz.rd,rnnlralrqrru a8lprnq ap
,{gar"rqaq IIi,\\ puu auers
Iprnllalrr{f,re luarrnc eq} ol laru ualsruo{uaaJalo apuallu,rdo lrqruep uauo]Ja-\
serlr-rslrurrselqplJeurar s.{eldsrpso66I aql ur uorte 81r.rap
uo SrlurA\t uareIap ur ua8uryallr.r\]uo rq1
- ntr s aq J'( SOOZ- e: .o r , 9 9 6 r - 6 t 6 r , 6 { , 6r _6
r 6 r ) uu rq 3 '( 90 0A - 6 1 6 r '9 9 6 r - 6 1 6 r , 6 f 6 r - 616r )
uur r {J {ar }
EJo uorleruroJaql qlr.,{\paprruror
1err1r1od.,r\ou,
IIE -ryod.,rnaru, uaa u?-\ arlpa.rJ ap laur uerues spaals
pooruasselA
Eput-l

:
turmi Ffut rlieu$ e architectuurklimaat
kreeg over_
gestalte met de toenmalige hoofdstad
rtttllndlrpr.lijli,n
{ulrrrrilnq naasr sreden als Shanghai, Guangzhou en
nnl rry aeilere hoogte ook Beijing) als belangrijkste
:
fll||tildfr{5-irorrir.1"

(1899-195s),who not infrequently managedto secure

malor commissions; in Shanghai alone, orrerfifty
ibreign firms u'ere active in the early 193os.In this
period it is possible to identify four main architectural
approachesthat display many similarities with cur_

tLmu:l klimaat waren westerse architectuur_ rent architectural practice.

F irstly, an architecture
mmd[rr'&ler
alomtegenvloordig. In de opleiding van modelled entirely on Western
architecture, r,r,.hich
gelreratie architecten zelf,maat ook in according to many
liillllx,*
4fiffr,1iire
offered the best meansofexpress_
luqumnryeriEheid
t-an buitenlandse architecten ing typologies that were nerv
'itttru,*
to China, such as public
rillr{ft
m*?arrr}Iurph-v (t877-tgS4), Curt Rothkegel buildings and commercial
enterprises.A secondand
llrltr{iilrfi-i
s$s en Laszlo Hudec (rass_rs58), die niet very different approach
aimed to rnodernizetradr_
rrlr;#llliilufi
ueiamgrijke opdrachten in de wacht sleep_ tional architectureas
much as possiblefrom withrn
pmrrruirljreen
al r anuil Shanghai opereerden begin and to keep the introduction
ofoutside influences,
illmrulll
ouf;rig ruim vijftig buitenlandse bureaus. In such as new buiiding
technologies,to a minimum.
rilfr*pro'--r'r.de
z ij n,r-ier b elangrij ke architectu urop _ Under this approachthe spatial
composition,use of
rtttltfitlitlriluqrrn
aan te rvijzen die veel overeenkomsten colour and'proper' proportions
of traclitionalpalace
(ie h.uidige architectuurpraktijk
]ilrilrnil..i'
vertonen. architecture u,'ereresolutelt. irnitated; cun.ed roofs
rtttl1l]llhrl'{ller.i
r een a rc hitectuur geheel naar we sters were de rigueur. A lreer
reinterpretationresultedtn
ur*wr,rr**e,i,'idie volgens velen het beste uitdruk_ structures displaying a
more nuanceclcornbination
liilnirrlH
$qn!m
Eel'en aan voor china nieuwe typolo- of Western and traditional building sil,les
that did
l$rwdn rln'atrspublieke gebouwen en commerci.le
not imrnediatelystrike the lies.er as Chir.rese.
The
rnrrmdu:rnreun
in gen. D aartegenover stond de poging curved roofwas consciouslr.
abancloned,
but other tra_
lrnnrd* ::lditionele architectuur zo veel mogelijk ditional elements,
like the clecoratedbase,the portal
rfriu[hLm,ulrrnuitte moderniseren en invloeden van and
south-fhcingfacade,s'ere corlbined * ith more
tttttuurrmiemafbijr oorbeeld nieuwe bouwtechnolo_ modern building techniqr.res,
ntaterialsar.rdWestern_
ryundrne-treenbeperkt toe te laten. De ruimtelijke
inspired composition.A fourth irlportatrt rno\.ement
{mm{ur(t.bet kleurgebruik en de
\'\rasconcerned with the preser\ ation of tr.aditional
Juiste'proporties
qrumde :r'aditionele paleisarchitectuur
werden architecture lvhich it hoped to guarantee b_ypromot_
lllrlldr-lLnhelijknagevolgd; bovendien kregen de ing public knowledge
through rigor-ousstLrdyand
een gebogen dak aangemeten. Een vrij_ documentation.s
Silrillho*lnmem
ilrttililff,
hrrnf,rerpretatie leidde tot trouwwerken die
is1e1*r,genuanceerde
flnif{r
combinatie van de wester_
,m ::r,oCiirionelebouwstijl tentoonspreidden
wmr,
en
Milruunntronnr
op het eerste gezicht niet Chinees leken.
lffixr gororrgen dak kreeg bewust geen navolging,
nnrlrlurrun
rurrdrretraditionele elementen zoals de gede_
rLlrrmlr'nrf,loe
rokkel, het portaal en een op het zuiden
faqade u'erden gecombineerd met onder
rynr,r-uhre
mrniltcy
muralernebourvtechnieken, materialen en een
nrrirrerse principes gestoelde compositie. Een
ilrfl1il
ililurnldei*langrijke

beweging bekommerd e zich

ilm tilpr b,ehoud van de traditionele architectuur;
fillltorrr
tt*[ hevorderen van de algemene kennis door
srudie en documentatie hoopten onder_
lplrrumamuge
iliriilrrr.r{i{dr*r
lnet r oortbestaan van deze architectuur te
j
!]1!rurmume,ren.

.:

't;

-' :di I uoilnlo^eU IernllnJ eI{] }eql Surdes }noqlr./r roo,l puarlardsJlazue^
Uaaq (ose r-ssor) arlnlo,rag
g l ,: -i : I :: . : : :: . :. : r: -: : . i :: : : :. ' : . :l = : .i i: - :: .: .: i ::. : :]' :: i .ii j i.l . jl. : :.: i i]: : =aI a Jn} I nca ( ' :;- :

ua8a.r4 .lprorr.r.praaluorguocaF sr1[r1

".ruro,t
-aBep 8ou 4[tT4etdtnnlcaryL{rre as?uepuapaq ap

aarrrreehsarlrpaoc ar{csuoJFrrUlf"f0 fa Ailfuapdlt

7
r.seq,"[Spe Lro\\r.aa,\ee\o\3f,r,\\$ssr3\\\$\\d.

aq.3u{tagTarsnlcur,p.raasryeLrlsnpu.ras
uapa1sap
*\**oo

rup{le,auuapracs

DX))}];)]o"}":H:,:,::fl?T:':::,::
uapraas
",1.r,:_",Ti"";')",
nr qa.,ra,
_snpurara^\.FuiriagJ4-ijr1r'j;lTlJ,1.:",Tff
;IT#::T,J,",:,#fu*T":*Ji**i

puP uPqjn aq1 pa8-rarua

ataql portad sru, u, .n"rfio,.,

_:-_,::lrdu

azap ur JUP{Ja tau

nJ qa7!a)

pup 'puBJpau.'no.d1aluar-rd
112o1 ur"rr pr"i ,rnr.
-d-ra.l^1uo ,1n.,o.rn, ur do ua'ur'
poi"tadauressrql u' pasrau
sn"ernqualral
"q,
saIlJn3EJ
arnlrellqcrp uar
ale^rJd
-Iqc.ru
'ualarue'uee
Jar{BJu{ .Jcsr}srl"rJos
aql pup ,s"raeur8uapup slralrqrrp.Jo
spuesnoql Fur rlfryaprnp
.,n"
,rrJ
--roydrua
uauo
sarnrrlsur
usrsap
1n,,u1rn,rdq
ua'a.rr1
o"o.roron

aJe,{\sruJ$ alnlJalrqJJE aluArJd .JelJBJEqc

".r.or""J,l,t"rTl:ffi:l;:.o,lrnor,l"r"t."o
lsrlBlros
trlugap e paltnbcu saJnlJnJJs
luuotluztueS:o Srrrlsrra qcsrssnl{ rErrr rrrro^ 3aa.r4
,r,r.noq'rr""^o"t;:lj:;;
'sttotlelnurad cr1sr1-'f1s
asaql qll-,u,di]ua-rrncuo3
-rrlsnpu.ra8 ap {oo Ju".,, .ua.nnoqas auarzJooA
uaru
.aldurexa
uers _uolo{ ua[r.r azoyapura uBA
ua ale]uarunuou ]aru
-snu aqr
uo
parJapou
osru
s',rr
uorlcnrrsuoc
Sursnoq rueq{raru pao' .rnnlca}IqrJu
ap ur s".^ }rq .ua.,.
pezIIEIJlsnpuIlnq 'su',nloJJo s'41oJ
ssalpua qrr-/!\ -uuao] Ju"que{sruuo
arun-1a[-ros ap ]rnu'A uap
rlaldar s8urpllnq
lelue.'nuo.' uI palseJlu?ursB.{\s*{l -aol^ur ap uarza8uee .orusrlueJ-I,urcos
J'InlJalIqJlE uI 'saJuanuul
}aq ue,r u[i1
]al^os ur as'arJur alqu{Bl ap ur 3u1 Surruo,rls.rnn}Ja}IqJJe
alaneru ue epJap
-snuun uE palJagal ,ursrleal_luroosJo
]l?ql ,.{cuapual uag .lsede5 Jaaru urnq
{aal uopoq}au^{.noq apraas
lP'IlllJallqJrE '''au pu' pJlql v alerrdordde arorrr sp
-rl'rJlsnpu.re8 ua uarlarur1JalarlcnJlsuoc
a.^anaru
ruaql If,nrls spoqleur-Surplrnqpazriprllsnpur
pue .uo1aq ua
Ie"ls sI3()z ualurJalerulanoq aa\naru ue^
sanbruqral uollrnllsuor
pu' Iaols a{rI ua{e.., noz
^\au'alarJuoJ
arp Jnn}ca}rqJJu arrJepou uag
lrn.rqa8
il'lral'ur Surplrnq
'M'au.]oasn ap'Iu ]Et{} aJnrle}rqoJu '}r11n.rqe8gar}BJocap
uaelle ue}uaurala ap Fur,lalaq
rePourV',{u,tr a,nrlerocapdlarntl E ur
pasn Furaq ara,tr unq ur uapJa.46.
uarpualoq ja}rluur Jnn}ca}rqcJ
auJruaraaql ]uq' ]ral osrp daql rarnlcalrqrru
asaurqS asaurqc ap uu^ uJe{ ap
1a,r 3ur10.r3.ra^}rn azepJo
aql pernldec d11un1ce
uorlucgtu8uu srql ue8aor,.r.gur.Jcrz
-lo rJUoSr^o
arp lrl]lrr uu^ Jupluarutuoc a.Brpou
eqrrq'\\ parapuo'{\oq'r{ srrlrrr ruo4
so96I prw aqr r,
3113ft,r.r""ntonppr- 5aa.rr1.rnnlca}lqcre_Joor
TU
DrutrloJJoluno.'e rIuJ u palcuJll' arnJf,ellqcJu
.3oor 8rq, a2"61 '"tr1"odord ur"ulqaSdo ur ua.ro1
ua 1.rood
EIq' slqJ suotlrodo;d palegur dilse't;o
t"^ol p,rn '4up sleoz ualuauala alauorlrpurl
laruJnnlralrqrJp
1er'rodJoor aq] a{II 'sluawala IEuoIlIpBr} Surrnlua; uaa
ru?u Iaus IE apraauroJsuerl
.1[r1s aIEuor]pu,
unrJrrrqrrp
uE
aruoraq
peq.e1,(1s
Iuuorleu, aqr ,3uo1 aq .dr.r8aqura{ uae
*adpflr aqcsr}srlurros }Ip uI
aro-+agera lsrr'rJos
aqr ur ldacuoc .,(a1e aq or
^\eu
{aalq }ra}Il3}uaurnuol41 .ua..r.o'ua}sooru 3u111n.rp
p;'ro-rd'(lr1e1uaulnuotrN'uuIliJJocr1qnda11
s.a1doa.1-l1n rlarlqndaJsyIo ar.Jcsrlsrunruruoc
uadao.ra8lrn
run[^rror ,!\au 3q]
o1
uorssardxa
a,rr8
01
uodn
pa11ur
lsrnloz ap uuu
ino*o ]suru ]aq uf ]aru !uazslq 31
a Jtt\o q '\l '{a q}s e' nr '}I o sn u c a q l s' a l lo u ' uo rs sn cs rp
"r
u ru a^ a l. , , n ar u a r s s n c s r p a p u r o . ( t 6 6t - oz et ) gc uur l q
r{10lrrraJl[^\aueq]earqor'(toot-ozot)rcuerSr,(r

n (n6r 'q)Euo,(8uur1nr11'(eeot-tr,t)ogBuur17
ayr[ 5^]JetrqJrE
q1i.&,uor1eraua8
puocasaql oj l.lal
'r rl ' 6J 6I-9+ot)re.n lr^rr u puu (l+evrcalrer11
asartedel-ourq puoras aql
'(q paldnrralul sBA\'(lt

'T,;;0""""'l.:lil.]::]i::1.]:].i::1:.:::l:::'

re([ua (azetuarcqaS)8uof8uer1

n,!\.(oeer_rro,
ogBueqT"ynorr""rrqcrula{u.arlelaue5epaa.4a}

apureeuaSoz ap u?e sp.AA

.(ev(jvs+at)
]aH
SoFoo
_.ra8.rnq,rn" ,n (svat_reefiSogoo
asuedel_saau
-tqc apaa.4e]ap roop ua{orqrapuo p.ra.tr .uarar'

uelsao."'r"""'"pouaarlrp,I,arre^eoq
ur
-:11I

lplr{s bereEen d. \-at i ona Ie 1969) betokened little good for

architecture. Most
arulitectuuropleidingen
nationai design institutes and architecture
schools
ryprffcn en hun *-erknemers
u'ere closed down and their employeesdispersed
to
dfudana
gestuurd. Het beroep the countryside. There
was no name for the oro_
en in diejaren beli_ fessionofarchitect ancl
#[6 lrlr
in theseyears anonymous
Sgr{lour:en het non-ont *,erp. buitdings epitomizedthe absenceof design.
Although
E itrr lJrts fiormeel s'as r-oltooid. the revolution officially
endeclin 1969,no fundanren_
ruerdcringen
pas op na de tal changes occurred until after
the death ofMao
mr rur?fi- Ecn periode van ruwweg in 1976.After
a ten-year intellectual vacuum, the
ir*rr
neette dat de arch itec- architectural debate
had to be ignited all over again.
me;r sorden aangezwen- So, with a new culture
in the making. the searchfor
cdrurin
sording begon dan a contemporary, modern
Chinese architecture began
&rur cen aoehtocht naar een fbr the third time.
Initially this took place away from
Clirse
architectuur. Aan- l h e l i m e l i g h t , f r e e f r o m
a n y b o m b a r d m e n to f i m a g e s
mrri.hteling
nog in de luwte and ideas from the West.
hmhlrdemenr
aan beelden en
a

'*

L- l- Fei- de al jarenlang

:= One exception
in de :**!- ==i:.:.==..i:i+:=
to this was the
Ch inese architect. Chinese-born, US trained
architect I.M. pei, a long_
irtmi-buirenlander een uitzon_ trme resident
of the United States and as such a semt_
[frmqr hii de opdracht een van de foreigner. In 1977
he was commissioned to design one
ta hnriten Beijing \-orm te geven. ofthe new hotels
springing upjust outside A"rJing.
d.frl otrrerp
voor het Fragrant
Pei wanted to revitalize national architecture
with his
lrchitectuur
nieuw leven F ragrant Hill Hotel and hoped
that his return to tra_
rner zijn reruggrijpen op de ditional building
styles would set an example.5With
e e u vs6 1 [ ' g ld te ste lle n ." its series of internal
courtyards, *hite_rer-,deredwalls
op de tuinen van Suzhou. and grey rooftiles,
the hotel, inspired by the gardens
ctl reehs binnenhoven, witge_ of Suzhou, was
not at all the Western architecture
a criire dakpannen allerminst
hoped for by the Chinese architecture world.
Instead,
mrn dr Chinese architectuurwereld
Pei's example stimulated interest in the by then
for_
rrulitecruur.
Pei stimuleerde gotten regional architectural
styles. The result was
,lsmdacfr't r,oor inmiddels vergeten a 'new
vernacular' that spread throughout China
in
rstijlen. Het leidde tot een t98Os. Ultimately,
however, this architectural move_
'dm rich in dejaren tachtig over ment, based on
nostalgia and an aversion to Western
,*anpre,iden. Desalniettemin
bleek influences, came to be seen as inappropriate
for a
ing, grotendeels geba- country eager to embark
on the process ofqlobaliza_
ger-oelens en een afkeer tion. Besides,scanty
knowledge of regionuibuildir,*
niet te passen bij een land styles led to a formalistic
approach by architects,
juist dolgraag wilde while their small-scale
experimentsdid not constitute
O;rcndien regeerde bij architecten an adequate
response to complex new urban plan_
bemedering door onvoldoende ning challenges.
In the secondhalfofthe tgsos the
mgimrte
bou*'stijlen en vormden focus switched to the
swelling stream of informatron
crperimenten geen adequaat from the West
and the .new vernacular, architecture
m'*r *tedenbous-kundige opgaven. movement
faded into the background. However, a
l\silttfr 11.r1de jaren tachtig verschoof
small group of architects (mainly academics)
never
'ry de groeiende
informatiestroom
abandonedregionalism; sincethe late t99os
critics
uaomrhtige

I
!

I
ll
i'
l

t
I
n
I
tl
I

'
uaqqrq {sJa;rlJaP a{er;raua
ro.lprd dgood aq IIL&\aq lsaq lV'prullepli^ dlienstr"^t 1aa.r.uarza8 Jalrular
ualna} JaJ I p s\ arJqE-I-p n o } sJ Ee Ie I { r -s ru'l
']I arnras o1 padlaquSrsapSuilzzRpasoq'\\'1ra1tqJJu{o o I?e UI
rapuoz s-IIaz
aq],auop sr Ipap aql aruo :puEl ulaq] IIas ol -1cafor4'arsr-\ Jo sruua\JnnlJalrr{Jre
Suruur,,ur
uapro.\\ uE{ ealu ple8 1aa-rpIr arrol uaa
luaurura,to3 aql apensrad ol suorlrladurol asn osIE 'puarpra.t
ap1-sa3 lsaatu ap uE-\IIaJ - ua.r
sradola,taq 'apef,E]eql qll\\ ralull ol luPllns-uor ur Ja lupruo'uauuq
a] Jufrad ralaru alue{Jar'\ uaoftl,t e+s ror
lalJprll E 3rrq uauo .(ari] uosea; sltl] Jod su5rsapalqe -asrluar
ap ur tdooq eulr{J -le{reur acnpord o} alquun aro.}eraq}a;u pue d't'tus gyv u.oz 060z-0007 aporrad
Sutpgmq azep laur sr 1a11'ua3a1sa3 uarzuzu
la{JPtu }ou a.IEs}J3lIq3JPlEq} paJuIAuoJoslP arE utooq
s! '1ue1saq3ue1 oz ]aru Sou snp
,(aqa'uraqt urorJ arnlcallqf,re rlulnrrro.I dlarnd 3ur uI rrrJouaslappluur
uer. daoraq ta11
!slrallqrre
uI
'ree1o44r,Lr.1uo1ca[o-rd
eurqJ
puu
daqr
1up
aztleut8reur
-puEruapdq lseal ]ou
ur l{retuuaz
are (sp1o-rua,{-dlrrql 5ur11aF-oF 'uappurl ueralora,\ a1 a81pou ]aq 886I
lngra,trod.{1a,rr1u1ar
ep spurs arP srEEI
oslE lnq 'sraFuuButdrolce.;-xa)sradola,repd1'rador4 -Inq ap uu,,l SuuasrlercJarrrruoc
3ou
'uorsr\ ro a8pal,uoul IuJnllallqf,ls ou t{u^\ asoql dq -a{{r,4a}uo}ca [o.rd aznarllqrue Juultr'a.ralazuo
B uI eptru aq uec dauour ep ftq pao3 rapuozlrq ]aII rnn]ra]rqrre azap Paap
aceds
ua,r.a'aurr13o
lroqs
aql Jo auo sI 'qcsll{ s1u pladuralsaq Icl}Irc roop Io^A.aoH
.+o]ol 13asnEcaqsqof ra1.]E-]q3noslsolu
'ue1ftfs ueu lralrsra^rP uae
pouad aq] ur 'readu sarlaur arenbs
]I - rOZOZ-OOOZ
uaa 'r1rn.rqa8.rna1r1
uoIIIIru 6+,9ot 98+ auos pllnq o1 sedoqEulqJ - ua uolualrreuJo uBB pepJa,{'o
Joop IeJooA .rzuur 'do 3u1uua4'raq
urooq Surplnq luerrnr aq] qlllA,'ruealse ur dlsnout 81punqr1n uae
ua8arrl a11e1sa8arp ua,unoqa8
-Joue uasIJ allq^\urlaut suq radola.r.apd1'rado;d3o peuprapur uedar.r
all 's8ullured lsruors
uorledncco l\au ueql aqJ 886I uI ]e{Jellr Sursnoq aq n.'8u1q1aurossazruSocar
soop aqs/aq se .3spaqspeluroraP"
aql.]o uorlezlleltreiuruoJ eql eculs punorS3o 1o1u -saldurr lnoqe
spuulsJapun ra^Jasqo palernpaun ro
alrnb dn a{eu o} PEqpeq oq.'nsradola'tapdlradord lnoqu aIl]II su
pa}urorralap u31sap
snolllqutu ]nq aJnJasulqlr.tt rulndod d'ra't se'u arnl Sulraag aqa',{lSurpuodsarroc
uorJalrJJ urulu aql
3o .,(1r1unbaql 'als"l ssurrr s?,'!a
-ralrqrrE stq]'qcsll{ U pallsqul scrluc q5noqlly
'sa1d1s.;o
dlts;a,uP e sv , : . 616I ac ul s ar nl r ol l qc J s as aurqJ -,(1r1erc 5
u[12 ur ra'l'orarq
aq1Ia{I}ru
pue luaureuJo.lossalxa uu';no1or3oasn JuuJaqnxauE -radnsSo uollerqoloc
uI 'sssuru ap
q8norql dluruur lnq'satroruaur alo^a paapul prp aduqs Suopoury I-I lrallqcre Uluqcs oooz
sazruSoca'rall ue,,lua3o ap ur suBt{}IY'approo^d}uuaq sarords8uu
{ool }Et{l s3urplrnq aqa,,'3urq}auros
uue Iaansr^ I?la nu.JuI
'sEurluredlsruotssa.rdurr
lnoqB saop3qs/aq sP..spaqs -asrulepotu allauspuazsJ lAq
5ur11a1suaFa1ur arp uaplaaq
,{rau,ap
1o1
lralErolep,,lnoqP ailllI r-uspuBlsJapunJeIJesQopaluJ -nJEuJeA
u"A JnnlsalrqcJu uaa puolsluo
-npaun ro Sullaau aq1- '.{l8urpuodsarloc pal?rolla}ep aznarporu JOlnoI
1aq ap.raa3e;rualnlrlsurdra^A'luo
u5rsaplo dlrlunb 3q] 'alsu] ssuulsEA\uotJalIJJuIEru rg'atusIl"tu8erd
'plalsa8 laru uapra'4r uapaq8rp
trq] s^V:1Ilnoqe dus o] slr{} peq 8uopour11I'I }f,alnlcre aluuollsu ap ftS
aqlJo sa'{aaq} -uelsruo ale{ol ep uouulq Sulsszdur ua ar}usrlulr
arll 'ooo6 ut Futltrrq ]sEal ]P sassBLu
aqcsrla.roeql Japuoz
ur - ssacorduollezluiaporrllDau{uarq aq] ol fllE -alurrr JaAo ua8er,'l 'sruua4
aq} a{Ilun 'qllq'{\ praardorla8 ua1lrlsrnnlca]Iqcru apuuqrallu uapJa'l.r
-nsrA JelEl ptp',.ru1nceure,\,{\3u,
arnlJallqrlu ue pa8"raura rg 'lrlaa.tra8sol pra,{\ pnolJur ap ue^ 5rpa11o,'lurro't
saSeutt.(pua.r1,{1arnd3o
roo^ra utro,ts8uruftqcsra,t ar1ftgar1n ap uul
aJaqT 'sslnltlsut LISIsap
Ieuolleu aql ur peu8rar op ]up
uraarlxa uaa ap3roz 3r1
.usrluruFerd3tlpootu V'pasll Ja.\auaral\ suorllpuol) Suuapeuaq a3144u1,r..reddo
suol} -ue8au uarufUlaq alsraa ua 311qcu1uareIap u1
IEJoI qlt.{\ uotler8alur puu uolll?zIIEIls}Eur.+o
'aursrluuorBa.r .rlu1ndo d sglaz
pardoc
- :a nb'Furpuels-raPunIErllaJoJr{1.(uu 1noq1r.tr.
pualassr.^arcl}
a.ra.usai.(1sIPJnlcalliiclu.JoJauuuur IIV luJluoc uo IaaluaurJadxa 'qcsrlrr{ uaa UEA
tualula8sol
rro{ paqsE}apdlalaldruoc Suraq uro.I 01 pal aruu -rrc ua4ards 311ua3auua.ruIpura spurs
--ruaddeprP,\\lno o1 qcuordde iIf,gradns .,(1auta'r1xa
I"pualaq ]Ioou JalIIJa (rcrurapuce 11[r1auuu.roo,l)
ualoalrqcJ" 3urr4 aurapl uaa Joop sr arusrluuorFar
r r u ' s o 6 6 l a ll lJ o J I EI Jl sr u a q l p u E so 86 I a ql u l
'rustluuorFa; .relndod ua,ta 1a11'puorFralrlcB ap reuu SurBe,rleqrnnltalrqcre
ua ualsalv\ laq lln
ua{ods aluq slu .JuIncPuJa ,t\au, uaa.4,\.PJo,^'
prrp{E}ualuIJadxa'1ucr1uo.1o,{1snouu,r.

rlllllllll{lllllllllllll['
dl! nurg:n'aliseren

de architecten
lllllllllilrlilln,n
nilw.1lltrtrrg
-rr(11 atie'e
architectuur
,\mnfiillttltnryrry:il
fi*i ct onrsikkelaars
heerst

met name
\-an ze te
daarnaast

his work, at worst the developer u,ill

engage someone
else to rearize the design more cheaply.
F.r young
architectural firr

ilil,,**,r
uilft$Jr'
&nr:r:'rhrirrertengeenmarktbesefhebben enorrnousry
r.rJ:il::ilrt::*:'*ffiH::::

fE F

t.,
:"r{ rjl

:.t h,

't u.[i{" I

lli

Lg'n
!lT{I

r{fillltdMlllull5rilanp!'t'
l
''e'radequaat kunnen ontwerpen. Een
,*r*,m'10**rrm&**
mrrktconsulent past de fagade om
rulllllirrrrr
r rr'rfi niilg e\ en aan. Bo'endien
umrrr*rn
hanteren
l1{llllnilrrrlllNllln,,lll?ll'lmnr:w-:r
helaars prijs'ragen als h6t middel
nlllllllfl,,
L{tt/fiir"t1?1[],o:'d
met flitsende ontwerpen te bewe*mnunilE
&l. xe te r erkoPen' Na een succesvolle
]$mlill,,lil
'illl&,illllll,nft,'rr'lr*
w'rrdt de *innende architect meestal
ututtttttttttttrrrrdt".
ge*tho'en' hij rvordt niet ofnauwelijks
duumn:

are consequently refusing to take part

in what they
seeu...o..upt,iompetitions.
In the early l99os, developersembraced
a wide
range of western national architectural
styres as
symbols of a rnodern tifbstyle. As part
of a ne,,.mar_
keting strategy, entire districts were
sometirnesgi'en
an Italian, German, spanish, Swedish,
Ame'can.r

Dutch appearance.As well as square rnetres,

develiillil,,ldll,,u'"*eirur,,'d
*n in het slechtste geval laat de projectopers now thre'r, a western lifestyle
into
the
sales
ut''*,*nm'ilu.lthier,'ar
het ont*'erp door een andere partij
package,brithely notlng that they rvere ,authentic
]'irr oslgn' Bij vooral startende archilffllfl*rrrrlril,ilhilm*ff
copies'. fhis fbrmula pror.ed to be a financial
winner.
mi*ilwd*"'*r'ns leiden deze praktijken tot
enorme Most architects consequently
catef to the r,l,himsof
liittNttttttttntmmruxnru:*'
F{errmaakt dat steeds meer architecten
the market an<lproduce architecture
tliat satisfies
rrllllllllllilllll
LllrEqner
r'au in hun *'oorden'corrupte'prijsvrathe commercial dernandsof.the client.
In t'e words
r' --ren doen'
flmililll,lrrmm'
of Li Xiaodong: Architects had a choice
to be either in
lh: m -nren negentig omarmden projectthe lbshion or out of the competition.,"
rrrlnrrnrnwn
foiiuli,i*riu"rrs
a I I erlei westerse nationale archi_
l[lrnllltntilltr,r.+n
:.'-en aIs st mtrool voor een moderne
rrttrrmrurlltlnrri*rl*ri.liiL,
,{i s onderdeel van een nieuwe verkoop_
illiolllllut$tsr-E
f,:egen soms hele stadsdelen een wel
heel
Illlnrrd4lrurormr'
Dri.r
i ts. Spaans, Zweecls, Amerikaans of
1l*irrrrrrlilnumlrlumrrrr,c*
uiiterlijk aangemeten. Naast vierkante
iillllnurutrrlilr
hilen pr oj e c tontwi kkel a a rs nu o ok e en
J,.[il],
lltffiflililmlufrrllr"hr
]*."eattailt in de aanbieding en meldden
tlilluililrilbir
r--zag dat het om authentieke kopien ging.
il0urrunn
dlnr.mule bleek financieel bijzonder s,rc"e"rrol.
liif,rrirtiirr
n**r:urleel r-an de architecten speelt om
die
dlitiltilllrllln
im ro de r-raag van de markt en produceert
llllml,ltiilM;mur:r.ui;an
die r-oldoet aan de commercile eisen
rrttiiiillirrl
dh nm,nnachtgever hem stelt. In de woorden
van
'.\rchitects
llJllli,,,
[,,reu'r,nr:"ng:
had a choice to be either
fllrut:insitnon or out of the competition.'"
illllllil
Een preoccupatie met het beeld leidt
Irrrrrrrurtrn
ruurr:-,c
ror de meest originele en best farnctio_
ltllrulnnwlr*dr*
rrchitectuur, maar het levert wel adem_
illturrrrumum,e,nde
animaties en renderings op die de
,uurrrur***trentrijking
r-an de nieuwe Chinese droom op
urtttl6iim'-.rL*cme
N ijze illustreren: vanuit allerlei
onmo_
p'osities zien we gebouwen
lgr,rrtrt.ltilli*
en stadsdelen
,rrrrtirm
mur4,,tr651selen
uit de grond schieten, nieuwe
{i{tllrilili,itirrle.*
in het donker oplichten en bossen
die
irrrrlunri
glrrl,,euetapijten eenvoudig over het
landschap

. A preoccupation
.r:;i:::.i:i:.-::
with image may not
ah.vaysresult in the rnost original and
efficient archi_
tecture,but it certainly gives rise to
stunning anima_
tions and renderings,euphoricillustrations
ol-th.
realization of the new Chinesedream:
from nrultiple
unlikely viewpoints, we seebuildings
and districts
shoot out ofthe ground, new skylines
iight up in the
dark and forests roll out over the landscape
lik. g.""r_,
carpets;light showsand balloons regularly
pro_
claim the arrival of the ner,vurban landscape
n hose

u.oz sJaruaurlJaa,r
Sr1saz ]atu ]Jaacnpord
Furlrag
ur lapouzuag'ualqc?Jqeatu,rnoqallanberu
ap uE.\
parqa8 1aq do spuerl alsleBl
ap {oo erp .ualcalrqere
aspuuluelrnq uu^ lsruo{ ap
.lueluout
laur FuuS do
666I
J",rn_,
luasaJd aql ]e slJnpoJd 1ro<Ixa sed
uru.r4 uzlrarq alledrcuuure
.rr,r"*"U
urpur o.{\Js.alnJJalrqlrB asaurqJ
,r".,
are slapolu pup
IoJ uaa sr1frla,lrneusacorddra.trluo"q
suorJeturuV.d1rpealsBur,nor8
r,
l",I
sr eleluerlJ u8rarcl3slr uaploads
"rlr"nbn_
r1[r1or1uu,ruey.ua.^anoq
sal]anbu
puu sluarlf, Iucol sE uorJuuJalur
ru uEe uaa
.{ueu se suq tee,( e -Jalqcp
Iu
uaJn uool Srura.tr .rapuozfrq
Joo,r ualurrnJ
s-lapou OO9aruos sacnpord piie
aldoad.(lxrs sdoldrua apJaelrlua^a5uo
ur Je sJeruau{Ja,r aplooqcsaSuo
qJrq..lr.laporuzua
g
pasuq_Furft
ag s.(epe.,nog.Furplrnq uetza8uee
sdoqslua,rts ar.ro5aluc ap
lol uaJoqaq
Iapou uI spuert isetul aqt uraq] qlr_.r\
lqFnorq oslp atp 'uaslzuldrpa.rallanbuu
ap rooA lplafi apJIez
or{..rtslraliqrru
u5raro33o
lp.\rrre aql qlr.tt 666I ur -laH 'uapuo^a8
_
13aaqpu"Iuelrnq leq
a.Sueqcol pauels
.purqC
Sa.,nu[.rz
snlJ
-reeu
ur
ssecord
u5rsap aql ur
{oo slappruur arp .aqcuerq apuararoU uea
elor
rourru
sr }aH
.(ra,r
e
pa,,(e1d
dlluur5rro
siapoj^i .slapour 'a1]cnpo.rd,\{noq
a{frla{ran{pupp
ap upp sr ralo.r8
IEJnlf,elrqcrE1no Fururnl sa5e,r\e;Fuau .(ra,r
.ro3 ual"Iu e1a,r8ou .rarded
do erlcnpo_rdrnnlralrqrre
puB suroor palElrJua^unur pua
uo stnoq JoJIroI\ ap
l"p ]ua{alaq }lq .uaprapuoq rlfrlutrqrsree,l.r
sJa{JoM pallrlsun :sdoqs1ua.Ls3ro
lloris Furqlou aru -1sSooq re
lua{ 8urlrag sI? pu]s uaa .ue1eq.ra1qce
Iapou aqJ .Funleru Iepour serl ,n:pnurqn al
sr
snearnq_Furrapuar
--sdoqsrpo.,u
{ftIIaoru
\B.r\
slr
punoJ eJurs sr?rJ
1nr.,nn
ssaursnqFur.lr;rql srql_ .1nd1no
"r"n*"
laH o,Jp alluturu" u9a ua ua8uruaqal
uollJnrlsuor
06 p 118plap
IenlJB ueql raleer8 saurrl .(ueu sr.radecl
-pruraS pueuru .rad 1.ra,r
uo lnd1no iBlnlralrqf,rp
lErll suBrrusrr{J .sparpunq
seq ,{lqeqord
Surftag
arpl
,{1r,
:",rr*r"1"p
n
o, ,1nrgr1p Szp.rad.rnn
Da sruos arp .snua.rnq ua8ra srad.raa,rluo
sr srrrJgSurrapua,rgoreqrunu asrca;d
aqa or.qJuour aSuofyaa,l uauuo5aq
93
Foz1arr1]aq uJ
E uorJururuuauo pue s8ur,,nurp
1elsd;r3 uu,,r.
06 ol og a8e.ra,ruucr u'ulfuela ua noqz8uell .Fuor13uo11
,Furlunl .u"q
sacnpo.rdsaa.,(o1dura,{1ua.,n1
rruos
rJ}r.{\
rrrrg Ilpius V -zuaqs 'ruq8ueqg .8urlrag
'sa8urur
ur uaI"rIU ,n* r.,r",0 o,
lno.Eururnl .(ep e s.rnoq+6
1Jolseurlauros uasuaru oo8 urrnJ nu
Ueaq neornq ]aH .trlcga5do
rJcrrJ.r\
sorpnls u-r\orraql dn las srau8rsap
Bunod pra.t 966I uI
lup .93 1u1s.(r3 sr nua.rnq_Fur.rap
{uuu ,a1e.,ns.g3
ur
Fur.,noliog
1e1s,(.r3
u.urfuerl pue -uar apua,ra8ueeuool
lsaeru ua olsloo.r8 ]aH
noqz8uull'8uoy 3uo11,Burluu51,o"qr*qg :,nqS.rnqg

-a'uolaurnuarnq
",,,r'J;l;:liil:#ff:;

'Surlrag ur saqcuerq pue saa,{o1dur"

oo,,",ru .nq puerJ
IaaluauoruuB^raFurplaaq.ra,r Jjflr::j
,^^oururlr aql '966I ur papunod .g3
;
1u1s.,(r3sr ur.rg -rqcr" ap uu,r Surp.ro.ruassBnalo^
ep
aoq ueaJlsnllr
Surrapuar alrlplrroqlnp
]soru puu lsa5rul aqa
laH'uerao^roop uerl rlfrlarpluura8
ugaapr ar1frluoos
-.rad ulrz reeua{a}
ap
lup
13aa3un*
pu'ri urpueqoBuorlrrdap
.r" ,rf r",rr.3
rr, ou,
",p
sr uaSra ua.8uo,upa8poou
"r";l;;":T;T;
arp
juar
{uul
}sun{
ueo
3roSururot aql .ttor{Jouor1urlsn11r
Su,11",n ,, U .stsapr-a^ol al
"ralnduroc ep lln uaplaaq a8rpla.na5
leuos"iad.rreqlluauraldrur o1 elqu .{Fsea
lsaaru
,s1r"1rq"rn
ap slaqJs arnlurua_rd u
"rn
ryrlun 'sJsrlJplEril salprlsuoulap
qJrq.t\ pue JelsEruo]
ParroJ uaaq uouo e^uq.{aql }ru ue f qc1a1srrsEq
]n-oru
Japrroz
-rrlcJp
sJeeua{a}Ja}nduroc apJaauJ}
Io
leur
aqlJo lno sa5erur;elnrelrads
lsolu aql Fur-rnfuoc3o-nora8 :uedra.trluo
uut
alqedec.{11ra3rad
ere,puno.r8lceq
IErn}calrqcrp uE
Iioqlr.{{ Jo qlr.,\{,s1srlte
.ralnduroc
paruauadxa
: u51s3p -rup aO .snua.rnq_Buuapual
E ol qrnol
uu.L rao.rS
Surqsrug,
lulueu
1aq
,
aq1
Furllnd
.ro3
alqisuodsar ua1.1oapuarla5uo
ueo leru uee8e8 preuda8 ,1t
artnbs1puu drlsnpur Furqsrrnogp
1rprnpr",no
sr uorlururuV .surJg sI sacordallusrupqrn
Iaus pua{{enaFurzzqra,r uag
Suuapuar
Iernlf,alrqrrBJo
raqrunu
aq1 ur qt,nor.E '5rr11n1a8 ua
r1[r.r reeqlrlrlz,srapue
paluapacardun ue.(q parolrr(u
{oo }aq uE{
uaeq dlsnor,rqo
elrnb
aoq '.ra ulrz uasuaur a
suq ssaco.rduorluziuuqrn prder.,fl5urqsruolsB
ar{J
',(dduq
pue
qcrr,{1qrsr,r
_
_,(Jqetl^aur
_aru slueprsar uayaqnfaq
1eeu1a8a.r a8rua laur f p1o_ra5lrn
,rrp"o^

l"ulsur eurrrdorrr"*r:"tl;;Jil':

;::]fi

:;

t;tJ'"::ili,]
uapraz
laruarp.",,r"";;1"";Jlffi

a.{rnaru
reque^}suo{"t ::"ff;:1,f.;'ll.rfi;

!.drvtassenrood
:i'r,rnflsr4 maquettes per jaar, heeft inmiddels
i :r! eel lokale als internationale klanten en ziet
.,: : * 1aatste klantenkring gestaag groeien. Binnen
:'. I L.inesearchitectuurzijn animaties en maquet_
de twee belangrijkste exportpro_
, ; l::r""."eI
.' ' : ::,

Los van de eerder beschre- ,. : ,. , : :

Lear.ing asidc the aforemen_
is
het
interessant om na te gaan tioned stylistic debates,it
'rlildiscussies
is interesting to follou,.the
' t lrt proces van internationalisering
binnen internationalizationofarchitectural information
in
I " ::rrrmatievoorziening heeft plaatsgevonden.
china. In the seconclhalf r>fthe t98os, go\.ernment
I I t tq eede helft van de jaren tachtig namen
de restrictions on the irnport of fbreign ide;rsrvere
eased
I -r-'eidsrestrictiesop de import van buitenland- r'vith
the result that altcr clecades
of totai absence,
" l 'en af w-aardoor, na decennia van complete translationsof'\\'ester.narchitecture
books and artii ru: i irhsid' westerse architectuurboeken
en clescoulclnon' be publishecl.It is relevant to ask
hor.v
i '* !len in vertaling mochten verschijnen. Een
this infbrrnation \\ as subsequentlyinterpreted. In a
' ' ;r'srijke vra ag hier bij is hoe dez e
inf or m at ie r e c e n t i n t e ^ , i e *, a r c h i r e c t . r - e t f r e o r i s t s t a n l . u n g h a d
" - ' lgens rverd geinterpreteerd' In een recent
this to say:"rhe nrost colr)'olr responseon the part
' 1-i le\\ zegt architectuurtheoreticus
Stan Fung of Chinesearchitectsarcl scholarsto Western
ideasis
" t' - "i trr het volgende: 'The most common
respon- radical nominalisnr. fhis is a cor)sequence
of *,orking
' ^ r ::h ep arto fch ine s ear c hit ec t s ands c holar s
i n a n i n f b r m a t i o '- p o o r c o . l r t 1 . . \ , . *, h i c h d o e s n o t m e a n
''&*'terlt
ideas is radical nominalism. This is a that peoplearc
e'trrel-r-Lllra\\are of the terms ol westI "i quence of working in an information-poor
ern discussions.Rather.it mears the encounterlvitlr
ri:rr' * 'h ich do es not m ean t hat people ar e
w e s t e r n i d e a s t a k e s p l a c e i . a g . e 'e r a l c o n t e x t t h a t i s
' t : :i-r una\l'are ofthe terms ofwestern discussi- characterizedby
thc desiccationof infbrrnation,the
r ' Pi'arher,it means the encounter with Western
dissociationof imagesfl.om rerts, the anrbig.ity of
: s i * ls kes place in a general context that is chaall conceptualtemirolog-r-. anclpoor.-qualitytransla'r -::rzed bv the desiccation of information,
the tions. People'sinteresr rn specific,arnes and boohs
l' *r' :ia tion ofima ge s f r om t ex t s , t heam biguit y
areoltenrelatedtotheacciclcntsof\rhatistranslated
' ri - ionceptual terminology,
and poor-quality into Chineseand also *hich fbreigp
architectshave
-i Tlletio ns' Peo pl e' s int er es t in s pec if ic nam es
b e e ng i v e n c o m n r i s s i o l si ' C l i i 'a . , , ,
' ' t : 'oks are often related to the accidents of
It is necessary,ho*-e'er, to clistinguishbetr.veen
rr! i: 1: tra nslate d int o Chines e and
als o whic h t h e i n f b r m a t i o n f l o *- so f t h c t 9 8 o s a n d
the t99os. ln
gn architects have been given commissions
' -'
in the t98os, an architect like Tadao Ando u,asable
to
becornefairly fhrnoLrs
in spite of or thanks to a dearth
Er ilsechtereenonderscheidtemakentussende of infbrmation.
After rs,lgggovernnlent contr.l rvas
''' -r:atiestroom uit dejaren tachtig
en dejaren easedstill further ancluntranslatedfbreign
publica" " 1:::ig Ee na rch itec t als TadaoAndok oninde
t i o n s w , e r e a l l o n 'e d i n t o t h e c o u n t r y . o n t t
;r''1: rachtig in China behoorlijk beroemdworden
"faceof'
it, this shoulclhar..e
led to a better and more critical
' I t I I k s of dankzi.i een minimale berichtgeving. er.aluationof infbrrnatron,
but many chinese archi' i i 1J neemt de overheidscontrole verder af en tects chosethis
mornent to distancethemselr,eslrom
: ' rrn bu iten lan dse public at ies ook onv er t aald
thewesternizedarchitecturaltheoryofthe 198os
u - : rIr geimporteerd' Een betere en
meer kriti- becauseit had resulted in the image being
placed
ili nP ' ' Lrordeling van de informatie lijkt hierdoor
abovethe text in china. The samefate arvaitedtrendy
rr' i= ' iik'ma arvee lch ines ear c hit ec t ennam enin
t h e o r i e s n 'h e n a r c h i t e c t s r e a l i z e d t h a t t h e y c o u l d n o t
rrr' : iiinde.iuist afstand van de westerse architecreadily apply them rn practice.chinese archrtects
r" t " : he orie I'an de jare nt ac ht ig, aangez iendez ein' s im p l y s r v i t c h e d o f f , a s i f t h e i r n e w s t a t e - o f r t h e - a r t
"r

=
f.
I
I
I

I
I
f
I
|
I
|
|

sggy'lcadxa rq51ruauo su
.ua{reraq
]ng,
nua^ru
pftr1ularu sorssncslpop
"1sua.ua81aq
l"p ua..ra5ao1
Sung laou rorrl
{oo r"BtrAJ..unrparu
"aalaru
rerl}o

'uo'nqrrlarroluaurn'reroruroruor
fi::jT":tlij:H

r*::lill:*ff1:*
vrnu lnoqlr'MsrJ'lrE luuosradpuesuorrererrap
paru aseu.IJ ur serro^Jouorluzrlurcouop
-uolurdo'suotldurnssu
aql sI
Sflflv
ladurnrl
te,trxagar-Jlas
daql
ra Jo uorlnqrrluoc lsalear' aq; .fu.,n..rourduoun
- \ru
ele
lso',l'
slsod
d1a,r
aqa
Jo sliurrlluar' -Il"IaJ n .r, ."rq"n", rlaqlJo srusrrrlrJc
"'rlndodxo'4',,
]unlq a{pur
oslesgstr-'lcadxalq'rur ue:r sluopnls
"t::::y:::".:::l::"oo'rd
.uorlcas
ruo sl?lng' prBpuulsq'rq
luapnls eql pue (arn]
'""q^
u;o s,,fu.,n1e
',(.ra,r
lou erp -calrqcre arnd)
,,nt1zuu1[rncunqc,, are suor]ras
u*pt? or {clnb srSung 'oo1'asuc luel.rodurr
-*:::::::-"i1]:..q]
lso... arrJ .sror}cas papr.rrpdylucrdor
er
,.tunrpuuraqlo due ueq1.{11crnb
aro(u rr pa8uer.ruuor
_ __:l1li]rng
arnrrallqup
urarsr^\
ui
srue^a
.*au
slrodar
_rro
rl .suors
"u,"i*;"jj:ffi"#iil;::i:rffiTl

-snJsrpIprnlJalrqJrpaseurqc
ur serro^JouorJezrlpr
|
ooo.oct] saur?urasn pa.ralsr8a-r
-Joruap aql sl
ooo.oSs ra^o qll^\
uollnqrrluor
sggvJo
lsaluar' aq; .,{u.n ,rr"qr^lr"puadapur
|
pau.r^o_d1a1e,rr.rd
snour'{uoue
e sr ssflv,
E uI sreqrual rleqlJo sursrorJrrr
'(1anr1e1a'r
I
,Fung'(urn.rog
lurn}ca}rqrryaerg)
..,or.sqq"..{r.,!\^e
lunlq arP.' u'r slurPnls araqar'uorlcas
ruapnls eril alls a-rrelndod Jaaz ualuapnls
J
ua
pu' (rrnlJrrrqrre a-rnd)..nqzuerfrncunqf,,,
ualcalrqcru
[.rq
ar' suorlcas ap
I
Ia.{\ uarqcssrur D}
sr ur.roJ1e1d
uroJ}I., e}qca
e}qca afl
a8rua }aH
rueuodrur
ar{J .suorrras
rso.,
papr^rp
d11ucrdol
g1
ur
I
n r u'qr aroru sr prpoq urla[nq eq1
dsl
-ra10r3 ualu... ale^ arp auarsua]ca]rrlcr' uaa
roo^
":rlll*

,:::.l:',j:
|| ""1:T#::il::ffi::::lli.T

seur'urasn
erre'^,srraa,
parelsiSa'r
i1ii,Ti^::::1':
llf-""r"'if;;;"""-'saauuoquooo
ooo'o88
ra^o
qlr.\\arrsqa^\
]Jaarlz-tnpa?trrr)".|*r;,il""r"ri;::JffrT;

luapuedapurpau''no-'{1a1u,r'dusrgggy,,Funu
.irsir"rr;"'";
'(urnrog
l'rnrralrqrrv aarg)uo'sqqn:^^io
";rpu"rlyaoq ua,razfrq uarqcssrru
EurrJJ
rr
sI
laeq
ra^o
Aqu^tr\i
"r,rq"^\
ruindoddlasua.'.'reql.tosluapnrs
{aoq uaa .ulrz seur
pu, slJrrrqJrpaql r1008ur1""rr^rr.,"p3a1l1sodao11
.ua35r15e1spuor'
SuourBsdeq'rac{
s1ruro'J1e1d
aurnue8
dluo
aqa
ua} u"ere arp s eu'uu.r8o.rdua
ualdacoo" .p do laru

"Hjlil::i;:::,.',':llH::::i*::i:i,".:r-'::r
;:Jl'""Ji"Ti:,1#T;;:il:?;:ljTT[:
rurl'n
1nq's'reqrrcsqns
ooo'erlseoq
teruatnpatrysrF
;;:;;^'

+ auttJ aurze''eur esaurqJ aq'eurqJJo

1,
;
rroq^\ aqj ur soz-ra11
,;";;ry
"""}:;tffT"t.iffi::J"il
uralJ sleoz ualcalrqrrp uBA",
sarors{ooq ua'rassduqrad
ua^a
rror.}
arqerru^'
sr
AQUAhT -noqa.8 aq .a3a,*.ra1qceasdleuu
aqcsr}rJr }rJco uaa
Inoq'
u'aq
{ooq
uoll'turoJulJo
-'(uur
a'uuqcxa
arir e^rr r3rft1qsrluepuoseq .sr
ru'ez{Ja.{ sn"arnq asaurqJ
'sauurer8orcl pue
-rsod ra,ra.,no11
sldecuoc
F,,rd1r"p.rn
ftq laaluaruo_ ,JO-,,nr""]IqcJu aspuEluelrnq
*ll uo lou puu lcedurr
Izl
IEnsIArlaql uo pe'pnlilrls ar' -up'
]a.J ue^ uarla.rdsal lor., Fou uo .laarluauodxa
''rroulsnf eurqS ur saoraq
1sa1ear3 ,o,on" et1e7 yaoti pu'lualrnq
"ut
leq uI ualuapnlsrnnlralr.Jcr"
puu
AQUA',{
'uorna,AJ
ap
ry 502:a11'seeq100y..au
I'}uuE 1aq .-.rueq'fu{ra^
sesurqJ }aq u} ueur*Jcs
a{rr s}rarrqrr'
'{q s'urplrnq aqa'Surricei sr srs,(1eue
-Bft1.rnn'ca1rq"""
IEllllrl autnua' 'ileql III?Jod 'slurg
".prnlua}rnq 3[r..r..ra ul.rz 1aa1
i?lnlJallqJJu -uaruoru-aorsuulsa8lruaeuua'urzeyuaua'urlyals
asaulqJ roJ 3ur1ro.,n
{11uer;rnr
slralrqrru
u'rero3;o _uoo}ua} .sag}ucryqnd
1e}ueu }aH .1saa.ra'
1oo;r3
oz
'raqunu aql uorlua.' o1 10u'.{11er1uauodxa
Sursr-r
sr
}100u 30u 6Z6I uI eurqJ uEA
ap spurs
'ur11a1suado

jT':,;:l:fl':;:1,,il:'Jff
#",i"1"":,1'

:H:'i'",".*^',"""","',,u".,uar"uorlpu'alureq
rrnrrarrqcr,
j r1,pn*,
usraro3r
;;;;;; il",J,,i
".og
n. lru_aql_ro_a;tr{t:*:Tff
suorlrqrqxa'suorlucrlqndJo
;, .#;:ilj,::
PUE
laq.'nu
aqr .616I dldurrs,
""
ur
,""r,u""n asaurrlJ aq .uassedaol
surqJ.+o
dn 'Suruedo
uepuo{
aqr arursaurrl.(uelE u,qr dupo1
r1ft1r1e.rd

ur ruuuroz ]e\r az
ra1ear'
lnp{ealq
l\,
u"^reu.^e
"t""1::l#;?:l:i:::i:::::::
apua'slrs
la." aprneqos
ep31az1a11'1sr1e1
"
. - ap
::"1""'u]
rouara^\
sres
"'''d'ado'rd'Bur{ro^\
AJ
rn"ri*tffi;rrtd;ij:Tl:f;"*;

""0

ud
Mh

udlrr*

r.be grear limits of

lre almosr neter slf_
isrnnmlxiour- opi nionated

pnnr

6:!!r,{nntl

lrtechr

nithout

mucb

mrq:rlbnrtion-"
Ec t i* duidelijh dat d e
rrtg trer \r'aliteitssprong
!frrqr

hne

doeltreffend

zijn

,; .;il;;";il:;:,
;"'J"';".11,"",::i:::
:J;:

desired,sojust how effectiveare

the architecture
bij het bestrijden van schools
in combatting a lack ofcriticai
analysis, a fas_
cination with image and the subordinate
poritio., of
{E narcr:erchiLre positie r
an the architectp After the cultural
revolution,
the sur_
lh & Cnftnurrle Rer-olutie lag
de viving architecture faculties
concentrated on training
en architectuurfa- students in
historical architecture, drawing
skills ancr
q,an hd*rorische
architectuur.
performing under enorn
ht mder grote druk kunnen
ilrq r,rnnel opleidingen inmid_
syllabuseshave been modernized,
opinion. as to the
er de lesprogramma's zijn quality
ofcurrent training are not positive.
There rs
frl & ncoingen over de kwali_ no theoretical
stimulus ofstudents,critical
and
con_
,cndernijs niet positief;
stu_ ceptual faculties. Little
<
i*ch gebied een stimulans
denkvermogen. Er its attendant
social and community problems,
is not a
#rcn o,nderzoek plaats, zodat subjectof discussion.
What ts more, studentsare nor
rncdelijle omgeving met alle
b_eingprepared for everyday
architectural practice.
ppelijke dilemma,s With some
exaggeration it can be said
that archi_
ciln dii*russie u-ordt. Bovendien
tectural training does not go
beyond good design
mil?r r0or de dagelijkse archi_
techniques and pretty presentations.
de

,,.Tf
"
sn,.*l:IlJ...,l
il::ffr".tri^,j
".ofschoor

sothattherapidry
"n",;;;;il:

l&Jilrn*rllesloomd,

maar

blijft

""*H:jx;

het

Although architectural education

is still in
the process ofbeing reformed,
the desired rise in
standards may well come from
two new post_gradu_
hr,mni,ngen
binnen het onder_ ate rnstitutions: peking
University,s GraduatJCenter
lm in hun laatste fase beland
ofArchitecture (toso) and the
ResearchInstitute
kreliteitssprong
wel van of Architecture & planning
at Nanjing University
ir air e opleidingen wor _ (zooo).
The three_yeararchitecture
in Beying
iLril |Crrr-tduateCenter of Architec_
was established by architect yung
-r.r"
Ho Chang, the
I r 1999) en het Research course in Nanjing by
architects Ding Wowol Zhang
& Planning r.an Nanjing Lei
and Zhao Chen, who met one
another while study_
Ew drie.iarig architectuurpro_
rng at the ETH Zurich. Both
schools aim to offer a
Filltor o|pEezet door architect yung fuli-fledged,
multi-year course with particular
fbcus
qt{tldiirg in \anjing door
archi_ on researchand practice.'*
The
RIAp
describes
its
Zharg Lei en Zhao Chen.
die pursutt of'excellencein no
uncertarn terms: .RIAp
Zirirrh hebben ontmoet. Beide
encouragesits architects to meet
the reasonable
mtuniu crlrlar om een r.ohvaardige
design requirements of the owners
with creative
r.rtr te bieden met daarin
and original design vvorks.Exaggerations
and cop_
r,om onderzoek en de praktijk.,,
ie sa r e s r r i c t l y p r o h i b i t e <1I t. i s
e r n p h a s i z e dr h a t t h e
lnft b*. nattreven r.an krvaliteit design works
are not clar
!t["i,P Gn(our:rges
its architects to
tdii ;oede onts-erptechnieken

the
design
quarity
rr:::::":iiill'if;?lliJ,

-rIJJJEapJ?:_1uu,ruta,ta,,noq,s,readxrs
Jo oAUJnoqe
"rog'ap.re3-1uu,ru
q,(epolJo alrle eql auocaq
ol uo
.rog'ap.re8-1uu,ru
jql a{uocaq
s..(epo13ro
ol uo lua,l\ ur{.J
"1r1"
^dqpacuangur sraruor.{aau
aqr
t;r,rr trrrq.{q pacuangur srauloJ^\Ju
3o ,{uuy41
aql3o ,(ue;4 .de,tr 'durn.rulrurs e
ur asrlcu-rd ol ruaql paldniord
puu
:EInurs e ur asrlrerd o1 uraql paldurord
puu sluapnls sluapnls puu slcalrqc.ru
Funof duuru pa.rrdsur acggo
a'UEstJalrqrre Funo,{ dueur pa.ndsur
aJgJosn{Jo uor} srrJJo uolluzruu8.ro
eql puu slca[o.rd s.5u"qC .la^al
-ezrue8ro aql pue slca[o.rds..Bueq3.1r,or1
p"rr"r,i"p passa.rdep ,(.ra,ru
1e Fur.ra,roq sfunlu .n^ ,I1,1n.rb
e 1eSurra,roq sde.nlese.u ,(1r1enb
u8rsap aql uSrsap aql .dlodouou
- :ir"^
]eqlJo osnurag .salnlrlsur
.salnlrlsur
-npdouour
asneoaU
lEqlJo
uFrsap
leuorleu u8rsap Iuuorluu aqr ,{q pau5rsap
a.ra.u-s1ca[o.rd
aqt {q pau5rsapera,{\slcalo.rd ,s66I
11e
aroJag, .E66I aroSog, :ruoJEe^r
IIE
uEe a\OTAJAIUIluaCaJ
uar ualur luaoar p ur paureldxa
Uae
Fuog noq2 JTJTJJ
su ur 1gaa3 Suog noq2 sncrlrJc
uo JnnlcelrqrJe asau
:-)erlqcrEasaurqC
ur
Furu.rnl
lurod
e
sIJeIu
IErf,nJJ
ap
-IIIJ
u1
lund8elsruo r1lrr8uelaq
arttcerd srr{lJo
,rrn ]ruro1
.Furfrag
Surpunog
aq1
.,, ,nqrun,1
"".,
n"aJnq llp uu^ Furlqcrrdo
-ir
ag .Surfrag ur .nqzuerl
4-uPqJradJarlelv.acrlrerd u.r\o
srq
cln
o1
1as
,rrg
Sueqcrag
rarlarv .nua.rnq ,"3r" or" j.r""
{:NJB
s?.'!\eq E66I ur lpeorqe
"q,
dpnls
i" *o
o1
luapnls
oln}cal
-rapa^! frq a11.ru1s966r ur.ua.rapnls
-IiJJrp lsrg aql sE.{{3ueq3 og
punro"r,.,O r"U
Funl tSe t uJ .srurg ur
luapnlsrnnlcalrr{rJ"
e}sraa s1u Fuuq3
arnlJalrqJJE
og
3un1
luapuadapur
IIuursJo raqtllnu Fur,rto.r5 SurF rge uI .sneaJnqualcalrr.JcJ"
t
u prrE
serJrsJa^run
a5rpuelsglaz
snorle./
au
eql
o1 peqcs]]E slcalrr{clP
-ral{ I?}ue" puarao.r8 uaa ue
ua}Ia}Isra^Iu.,,p
luauura,ro8 ur slcalrr{JJeJospuusnoq}
,.""
dueu uapuoqJo^ ualJalrr{cJu .praq.re,ro
rr{1 :s8urdno.r8
r
ap Joo rrayJa.{r
IBrnlcoln{f,ru aarql qsrn8urlsrp o1 arp ualJalrqrre
ap :uapraqosropuo a1 uedaor5ual
atrqrssodsr
lr
luaruotu
luesard
aql
lV * .-=i.:r:r:li_:,1;=.+=.:,
-celrrlcJu arrp laaluaruour ulrz rg ._.
+i:.ii:.i]..+*FJit!.
?apuEluelrnq Sruaur sle
{ror.lsrnn}InJ
a1o-r3ua,re uaa.reuIuag] sruos
rru^ p1"is,""^gn ,rr"
uu frqreep ua8ur8.rapuo reuru .uaJa1al
a1 a5erpfrq
uaa ruo uauorla55nlal ualJalrqcJe
1aa,rulrz ar]cnp
-ordrrrnoq ap u"A raolq op 1a1q .pgarla8
ua{alq puBI
-Jaslr.4azua puuls]rnc
{oo Juulu .srsuqslu,rlrn als

"j'.{;i:T;+:#ftili"lifl
qparua,radxa,zq,sulearss","^;::fi
nil*};:iJ;:#

uaqqaq
(snea
n9!.ttuoc
io,:::1"':T:,il:T:""1',:",:"H:i:;::,:.:l
rnq)
u^\orrar{r
uelcalrqc
a{p"'orropro
ru
urauoqpeurnrar
::::i:' ", ":;;:;:"
eproa}rola."s
s,rrrlrll;::li:l"jrl?J:T:ll;i;
nJelrqrle.{uuur ,eurq3
ur puedxa o, p"rrnrr

jua$a}sa$

lndlno ap uu,1
sr laarluauodxo
uorrJnrJsuoc
uollJnJJsuoc
'ruinclodosyea;a.,n
uaqrll.rulndodosle
uaqr11
'
pu'rJazrrMo
a;a.,r
pu'Fazll.{\S
*--,--_.ru" ,*ur;;.;;ffi;;:,
--9J^

ualuapnls apral

; ;"";;;J #:l as1prnqI I ,il:il:::l

::il
o
:,:,il3,::l;j.T
"
i,
",ffi?iT":l'J
",,'
ffi::
"
"
"
,
r,{
1rorpa,3a
. lll)l
r",
ll:ui"#
]
ffi
:.
:i
:iTi"H:
",,,,
:"
[rJ
rf
:
ilffi
iil,,,"T#,*
ffi;

rE so86l eql uI SPasraloperpnls

ueaurul .,r.r,r.r,,-.

,,.'uouautouaqd

jsa.'ll
luacar ur dllucll'Iu'rp
'Jo
uaslr
aAEq
plnoqs
-o1dxa 3ro s.ruad luJa^as rouv .ue8ols
sruepnls paurerl-uSrarqlJo
oJeru u o]ur
raqunu aql ]?r{l Sursr.rd
,r"11n3*q p,rn
ri"rrol"rs
ua{e}
-rns
sr
}ou sr yro^e uSrsap
Jou
1r
"(lrradso'rdur asearcuraql uo^rc
1uur8r.ro d41enb_q8rq Jo uorleaJc ."Lo,
."rro
-

",r"
r{1pro^p.d11n3ssaccns
o,
sarns?eru
,#;'ffT
":,xd;.ffl,JJ*lil3ili1ffi i::l**;*

-JaJJaJo u paqsrJqutsa
.uorterolcixa.;o
las
spq
_s?Ic lou ar" sr1.ro,lr
dVIII
u.BrsapaW luql p32rruqdura
na'(
,auv
1e:a'ras
uBSols
sr 1y
araur
e olul ualleJ seq pu? 'palJqlqo-rd
d11cr.r1sa.ru sardoc pup
rrsnorres
uayul
suorleJas'exg
sr
yro.^'
rou
u'rsap luur'r.ro,{lrrunb .r{";;
puu a^r}?arc qrl^\ srau^\o
-r{5lruo uorlearJ .aurosrog .crlopric
"sr."i'rr"-irro
rarlluJ
puSlJ
sr
aq} Jtr
s}uaurarrnbar u8rsap alquuosual
) d{+
Jo sluaurarrnbar
aql laa.,,
G:==--=::==-q+t1tsR:iri$j*Ei.

dlrr& f"asserrood
I
i - - r ttt->l\ \'ears, holr.ever, avant_garde archi_
. -: rr d> alt ulldercurrent in Chinese architec_
i : -: - ri.e .':;
' . r!9 kreeg deze onderstroom
langzaam_
" - ".rdh eid d oo r een t ent oons t elling
t ijdens
,' - : \ .Dn gre s in Beijing, I n qO O r v olgde
een
' - - : r,roonstelling in het buitenland: .TU
MU
,.- . .\rchitecture of China' in galerie Aedes
:L - Het zijn overigens Chinese en daarna
, ir , :.:rrse a rch itec t uur c r it ic i die dez e gr oep
':, rrn a ls a va nt - gar de
bes t em pelen. Zhou:
this
term
to
describe a small circle of
- --d
" r:L_hirects who prefer pure modern
styles,
' . r er,r' different from the popular
{,
eclectic
r
I
ru

rr

''

t1""-

tri

tecture \,vasan undercurrent in Chinesearclrite<:tural

practice."tt
This r.rndercurrent
gradually gained u.ider
recognition as a rcsult oi'an cxhibition held during

the UIA congrcss in Beijing in t 99s. It w.asfbjlor,r,ecr

in 2oO1by the first fbreign exhibition, ,TU MU
- Young Architecturc of China,,in the Aedes
gallery
in Berlin.'; As it happens,it rvasChineserather than
Western architecturecritics u,ho first labelledthis
group of'arcl'ritects'avant_garde'.
Zhou: ,Thcy usecl
this terrn to describea srnall circle oi'voung archi_
tects r.vhoprefi:r pr-rrernoclern sfi.lcs, n hiclt is l.ery
dillbrent from the popular eclecticapproachto style.,
-fhe airn of this alant-garclc(bor.nafter
19.19ano
"
- ..1ro style.'Het doel van de avant_garde thus the fburth generationof'architccts)s,ascrystal
- r 't n a 194,9en daarmee de vierde generatie
clear ten years ago: to ofJbran alternatir e b-vrealizing
-- ,:e n: $-a see njaar of t ienjaar
geleden glas _ b u i l d i n g s t h a t r , v e r cb o t h s l r ; i 1 j 2 l l 1
t.. hnicaJly
"n,l
- r,-r!bieden van een alternatief door zowel
superior.In so doing the.r'liept their clistanccil.orn
, als technisch kwalitatief hoogstaande cornmercialarchitecture;
their-clients \\ efe s,\,lrpa_
| , : n r realiseren. Daarbij hielden ze zo veel thetic gallery
owlrers,artists ar)(la snrall group of
|"
.llstand van de commercidle architectuur progressir,edcvelopers.
'
ZhoLr:.-f he erperintental
i r I :r. a?nvallkelijk bevriende galeriehouders, architects
lookcd lbr evet.-\r,lr|, ,r-tultirJ.nu nlatter
- - : trrs en een kleine groep vooruitstrevende h o r v s m a l l t h e p r o j e c t ,
t o b u i l c lt h e i r . i c l e abl u i l c l i n g s .
- n:\\ ikkelaars als opdrachtgever.
Zhou: In their pr<rjects,one c-ancliscer-n
the characteristrcs
-,-:rrirn en tal ar c hit ec t s look ed f or ev er y of'the basic
principles ofnroclernalchitecture, sucfr
'- - : itr'. no matter how small the project,
to a s f u n c t i o n a l i s m ,r a t i o n a l i s u r .r n i n i n r a l i s r n a
, n c lt l r e
, ' - .i i ideal buildings. In their projects, one ordered logic
of architcctural s.\,nta\.
, - .::n rh e cha rac t er is t ic s of t he bas ic pr in_
The first realizeclpr-o.jecrs
s rr.r galleries,r.illas
' : lodern architecture, such as functiona_ and ofEcc interiors. Althoueh
not c\ ef,\.oneiblt the
".:.n na lism, minim alis m , and t he or der ed
need to rcfi:r to a so-caljeclChineseiclentit-r.,
the ques_
: r :-chitectural syntax.'
tion ofthe extent to n'hich traclition shoulclbe part
: rar5 t ge rea lis eer de pr ojec t en war en ofcontemporary
Chinesearchitecturc.concernedthe
i i11a'sen kantoorinterieurs. Hoewel niet ar,-ant-garde
as u'ell. \\hs a conrbinatioltof the new
"
' . " dc behoefte had om aan een zogenaamde lifestyles
and their corresponclingprog-rarnrnes
and
" .. . lentiteit te refereren, speelde ook bij de an architccture
basedon traditior.rrealll, f-easiblc?
-:rrrle de vraag in hoeverre traditie onder_ Could rnaterialslike earth
anclloocl be incr>rporated
- rtoeten zijn van de hedendaagse Chinese into nodern building techr.riqr-res?
It u.asclear to
': . itrur. Pasten nieuwe
levensstijlen met bii_ everyone, liolver,er,that the csseltce
oftraclitional
r e programma's en een op traditie gestoel_ architecture
had to be sor_rgl.rt
in its construction ancl
rrctu ur iibe r haupt bij elk aar p Konden spatialproportions
and not in its outr,vardappear_
:,trn zoals aarde en hout in moderne bouw_ ance.A number
ofrealized projects illustrate the dif_
s'orden opgenomen? IIet was echter fering vier.vson
this sullect: first ofall a very prcctse
-..en
: r trr-eenrneteen duidelijk dat de essentie van translation
oftradition into a modern architecture
r r: i Lrll ele architectuur in haar constructie en rvith special
attention to feng shui, yin yang and to
. rjke verhoudingen gezocht moest worden traditional
forms. Alongside this a ntore conceptual
- rn haar uiterlijke verschijningsvorm.
Een relnterpretationthat integratestraditional architec_
: ere al iseerde proj ecten illustreert daarbin_ ture lessob','iously,and
finally a critical regior.ralisrn

f.q

}
I

I
I

F
t
ll

t.
tr

&,
tf"
It

uiepou paluesardar lI
{ulql ol pell'ls eldoad asn'ceq -a8le'rra}sur Japuozftq uaa lo} uassn}repuo
}pral
'1urod5ur11asanbrun le.iaururoc
.uo}eq uo aoquuq
3o puI{ E au"roq .reutu '1rae8a.r eursrleur3urd
1a11
u, :noqz 'larlrru lEroraurruoreqr ,{q ,{JuurapeJlp sE .1eu1d10zo,r1noq uopuoqa8luaruac
laur uoo,ues
paldope uoaq ua^a s'q puu dlr.rulndod lrlqnd peuru8
luuru 'ualurrers... aznarporu eJapupJo uofJolslsun{
sq .'slle.'rutur s"rea''(
a'tg ]sud aql Surrng
lar.. ualuarur.radxa uaa8 .rar11 .p"""n.r1n"r"H ,rrp
'1utod arnlredep rlaql se ssauq8nor
slq] ar'r plnor{s -ro^r. uo{ rnn}xa} a.rapuozlrq uaa
qro]
repoz ,uarz
'peorqe palpnls uoq'{\Jo raq}Ieu run{elf nl-I pue nris
-roo^ ua}ul o} ua,tao.r8
ua,lrnoqa8
Fl}uurpuuq uz,r
Suurq erirl sJJalIqJrluql 'a'ro3araq1
'e1qur1'ruurar
arour Jalarurluac aa.{r,}ep ruo JnarJa}ul
}aq uEA uolep ua
aql IIe sr u 'purq'\ ur sacrlcu;d Surpilnq
]uarrnrJo la,na8ualrnq uauuolaq alaq ap srapreqre uro apuaop
e^I]rlsnlll lnq papualurun
sr
..ruuqrlrqcsaq
ssauq8nor
1eq]
uep
'{1"rua1c
Jaaur
.rzuu
-IoA
Feelrlap alurc
uleuac E iea^ar s8urplnq aql'Sururu-r1u8ra.ro3rraql
.r,y
-ads uaa roo^ pla8 Faoua8
rg
,"1,,
noqz
a"niq
']o llnsar e se SurFelap 01 uolluall'Jo ]ol p alo^ap ]ralrqcru uu..r.(9ooz-rooz) d11sra,rru61urluura
uz,,r,
sJcalrrirr* apre8-}uu,re,(ueru q5noqllv .si'rral'rrJo
.(urapzcy suv puu aJnlsrolrf rec_r1 Suag ep
sr uu^
Surlpuuq anbrun E o] spEalallr{.{\uBoru
1nq 'su8ra.rtusrl -Jerr.Jplaeqroo^ }uusseralur uaa .sr
sa11u
4ft1a3oru
-eur5ur4 alarruor pu' ooqu?q'pr'oqalqg papuoq
ual"rra]"..' ue,r Surrpe,raq a^arsualurspraqJ"
ap
-luarual 1sn['asecslq] uI sl'lJeleur dpuarl raq]o ro ur
]up ]e"]s ra,roua8al.rueq .p.rao.res"o.rp orpro^
sctlseld ql.oo s]uarulJedxaoi.{ 'eJn]xa]
E q]rla
uauun{
ua8ur,r^noruJaA
lercads
lr
ap ur
?Iaz Jnnl'e}rqcJ"
apr'to"rdos pue II'{\ IEUra}uIaq13oslrud pu'
.a1lcnr1suoc
I'urarxa uup raeru Fou uarqcssrru .Jarq
}"puo
aleJJuol aql olul lrudu sarlautlual o,o'l sa,roor8a^reJ
ap u"u lrJJepu"" yaa,rsfr,uass8urpno.lJa^ uepal
arp
ol sralnoq'l q8nouau,ql elo.' lnq'luoc Surqsrug
IErJ ruo lpaelsaq lJalIqJJu a^arlu^ouur surzs5rua uag
-ads e 'ro; dauour q8noua Jou sE'{\aloql
lpql rno pauJnr '8urrao,tlrn ap.roo,t r1[r1apJoo.4a]uuJa^.uapueq;oo,l
u 'Iey noqz ]rollt{rru dq (eooa-tooz) -{lrsra,trun duqcspaara8 sr1[r1a,ra.nuu .s.rapuu1a11u1d
laur
ap1ee1
u1iue1I ]e ''(urapucysuv pu' arnlurall'I rec-r1Suag
-aq8uu 1ua ap1ooq".r8.,o .,apuazrnp ufrz splrzrapue
aq1sr aldurexaFutlsaralutuv'slualul'erl
l'rralu{u 'p,rnoqa8 ueqqaq uo}aq ur uaallp Euuleruuacep
a^rsualur-rnoq'I qrr^\ pa^arqf,eaq upr
E 'uaro] az l'p.'o uer?ru Sulsleuqur o4frFooqaq
lor
uaa 30u
aiu's aq] dg 'paluaurald{xl aq uEJ suol}e^ouur
ruql ua,Lfr,rpaqer]JnJ]suoc ua]aoru
spfrz.raua
:
ua]sol\
J1as1rarnlcaliqrr' aql uI u*ql sdeqrad arour'araq sr lr leq ur uep resel puaprnpaq
sua5r.ra.,r.o
BurrIJ
u1 1311
asnBJaquolJJnrlsuoc ai{l ol uolluel}u arotu,,(1e1uuor1
nea,rrus8ur.raol}rn }aH .uaperls}qcuqur'
ap
}a..,
-rodord s'(uddlluenbasuor Jlellqcre a^Il,Aouur {1qe
8aFa,r.o zu ,urarral,,rnoq }eq do ua5[r-r4 ur.ro,r
sed
-uosear V uollcnllsuor
IEnlf,Eoql roJ alqrsuodsararu d.ra,u.1uoloq uu^ ualap
F1o,na5
]ep
sle
s..,os
Uaar.J
sluesead paddrnbadFood puu prud-'tro1'palllrsunJo
IIC 'uauuorqallurrdsur
arlfr-r8uulaq
r1ue,r
riqrarq
spuPsnoql'puEqlaqlo aql uo'uollcnrlsuorJo surro3
ulrz ua{aruqce}^rnoq
uo
uelurJe}u.,,
al*{of
raqlo lnoqE ur?al ol lol p a^q
.Iu"]aIII ua uolaq .uea1sra1
llrls alarcuof, ur dluo
az[r.r8 .1noq .aoq
Surplrnq ol pasn saruedurocuollrnrlsuor 'pupq ouo
-Iuuq slu ualsrralulu (adorlpeo8) uz,r r1rn.rqa.8
4[r1
eql uo :lso^\ aql uI uuq] ra'troi
-{lluecgru8rs sr EuIqJ -apleqraq }aq ur {oo Jueur .sarlurocap a3rpouuo
uI uollnlaxaJo prEpuPls eqJ 'ualusuBrc
Jue^alal aql ua rnal{ uuu p"upra^o ar1fr1ariln.rqe8apuu,l .raa1Ju
qlr.&\uorrurlnsuocrau''a1rs Surplrnqaq1uo adeqs
auaruaSlu op ur ualolsaq raau rapuoz
IFII ]lq
3ul1u1 '{1uou8rsap aq1.ioslrud uI sllnsJJ .",,rr1"-oa
'orusrlurururru .ruuq1[r1a8.ra^uaa ueuo]
uad.ra,tr,luo
qcrq.,n'uorlerrdsur3osacrnos luulrodo'r uauo aIIe .ua1yrqcs.ra,,l
ua8our {oo sorua}ur ap JaazaoH
are sanbruqcelSurplnq pue srerrar'ur
.p.rnnproqaSuooA
IEf,o-I
lpro^a ua1fr1s.unoqo1e101do
larc
'r*la.u pue aler3uor 'a1u1s
dar8'poo.,n -r1dxa [rq.ruu,r.aursrluuorSa.r qcsl]Ir{
uao
o",
'ooq.''q a{II sl,lralu.U (a'trsuadxaur)3oasn
"rro1,
luanba.tg ua 'lrear8alur pualle,tdo rapurru rnn}ca}rqrJe
alau
aql uI oslE lnq 'suoll'rorap snong'rednspuu rnoloc.Jo
-orlrprl ap arp ollele.rdralurJerl elanldecuor raa'r
ssacxeIEnsnaq] ol uolslo'\u
1uraua.8aql uI lueJaqul uaa le"]s Janoua8al.rue(J'uet..Jo^ aleuorlrpBJl
loo
'(lpelqnopun sl slq'l.trIsllBtlrlultu relrruis E
qcol ua 8ue,( urd.gnqs FuaSroo^
lealar
lqcupup? laru rnnl
su8rsap11eta331p'(eut suotlualul aqr qon.' re^a^\oH
-calrqcru aureporu uea r'uu 5ur1z1ra,r
a1laza5,rnuu
'sa1d1sSurplrnq
Iurol uo salproqpla -,(llrcrldxeleql raaz uaa lsraaralle :ua5uflle.tdo opuallrqrsra^
uau

*t'**'*t 0liuumi,eqrrrr't
!'
.r J a r jn :- ::3 r tr e

a r ch ite ct

door

.:-

b ijzo n tle r

ve e l

: - i tir n la n d

:r - ,ltr :n g
Ir :.tr e
r'r

''

h e ch t.
r u \\h e id

iilu :tr a tie fis

g e tu ig e n

cLrlture.F-orexaniple,five to cight years

ago, the nrost
popular building style in the real cstatc
fie1dli,asrhe
d e so-called Europcan Style, but norv
fetver anclfi:u,er

d ie o ye r d u id e vo o r d e h u i_

:rr. z , , al! \ \ ' angShu enLiuJ iak un

- : t:r. i r . eit in het buit enland
ges t u_

r.rI r r pelt . juis t dez e r uwheid als

- !::

rn

ilt.,,i
il

rlt.

- :: ,.ijf jaar heef t het m inim alis m e

: - j: rl Dopiilariteit gewonnen en is het
: rr.ie le m ar k t z elf s als beeldm er k
,
- It bec am e a k ind of c om m er c ial
' . p,-ri y 11.
bec aus e people s t ar t ed t o
,,, ' : - : -:rlred rnodern culture. For
example,
_ - r rrr-: ago, the most popular building
' - -::- r:ttr f ield was t he
s o_c alledEur o_
r.i rlo\\' ferver and fewer developers
I ". jrst m inim alis t - s t y le apar t m ent
- - :..rred i n Beijing in qoo4 ( des igned

der.elopersadopt it. The flrst nrinimalist_style

apart_
rrrentcomplex appearedin l3eijingin 2oO.1,
(designed
9Oo2).Since then, nrore and nrore cler,.elopers
have
adoptedminitnalism. property der,.elopers
colnnus_
sion dcsignsfiom ar.ant_garcle
architects,but on the
other I'rand,a large group of conrmercial
architects
are lean'ringto changetheir taste fiorn
Western clas_
sic to avant-garde.Br,rtalthough they n,on
the battle
oftaste, avant-gardearchitectsdidn,t fbel
happy
becauseit lvas not their victory. They fblt
ernbar_
rassedabout tl-reirsituatior.ranclarlbir.aient
about
their future.' Ir-rshort, tlte architectureofthe
ar.ant_
garde rvasregafdeclas everything but anti_fbrmalist.

. :.iren.more and more developers have

r-." :nalism. Property developers com_
'.,::ts trom av ant - gar de ar c hit ec t s ,
but
-:: i,ar1 d,a lar ge gr oup
of c om m er c ial
.:. learning to change their taste from
:irlc ro ar.ant-garde. But although they
.rrle o f ta s t e, av ant - gar de ar c hit ec t s
: .pp.r' because it was not their victorv.

rL i

a arra lse d about t heir s it uat ion and

: rbout their future.'Kortom, de archi_
L Je ar-ant-garde werd als allesbehalve
.

tu

,:iisch b eo or deeld.

ll

Het is duidelijk dat

de twee eer der e pogingen om
.r: eigentijds te bouwen heeft geprolon_
:t ltaat is gebleken een eigen idioom
te
:.rn. De me es t e ar c hit ec t en denk en ec h_
: rLrg nlinstens tien jaar nodig zullen zijn
--:rrde

,iltl

:' enste niveau te bereiken. Hierbij wordt

.rt ru Llr va n bu ur land. I apan v aak als
pr o_
:ir eelt succesvolle transformatie aange_
.iern, eigentijds 6n Japans. Hoe belang_

il

tii

..:

.
It is clear that th_
ar..ant-gardehas extended the trvo earlier
attempts
at rnodern and conternporaryarchitecture
and hers
pror.ed capableof der-cloping its or,r,nidiont.
llolr,e.,,er,
ntost architectsthink that it n,ill take another
terr
years at least to reach thc desiredstar_rdard.
fhey

often cite the architectureofneighbou.i,.rg

Japan,s
the prototypc of'a successfultransformation:
rnodern,
contentporarJ/and Japanese.IIorl,el.erimportant
the
ar.ant-garcle'sdesign solutions may be lbr
the der.el_
:ri\\ erpoplossingen van de avant_garde
oprnentof architectural practice,the errrti_fbrrnali
st
rr:ri ikkeling van de architectuurprakti.lk
architectureo1'thear..ant_garde
doesnot yet pror.icie
rn essentie biedt de antiformalistische
a critical responseto the rapidly changing
city and

I
I

;,::::ffi'Jli:l:::i1:';"1;;'i"
-:*.lTlJi"#""'*;;il;:ff"'
'1,"J

u"^
l'[rrppup,

Sululeruor
(ssu
arelpau.ur
r,"u;]Ll.1*

::::1,;:#:.T$#l"ijik;#li;:"
*rr'*x

l*:Tu;T:j:J;;:ii:=:rffi
,i.;*tt##ffi

l,::",il,"'r,T l*##*g*il*
*u**##$=.,fnlffi
l'*u
fi*ffffitr:#f
I

3nglsedaqt uI

",.,(l

" *""'",,,il:rl;,:,"#:;#'"fi""*:1""'"'par
I J".,',lil;lli,X,ji::""'n;
I .,:j;:l;il:r:j;f.'i:'',',:il1Jlii*[i
,i#
*i:'i*'{id:H*kil:dilfll
ll;*,.#tff

lililfi
;,il,
;,;"
*;:: j;*rirfril;i;;;
"*,'.".,,
:j;:
;"
;
Ii:;
;:
;
""";]il
r"ffi;j ;*j:: I l'il ;ll
u,,-li"'
u,"uo
",y.'
]l-ur
:"",,","
j**:*ft
ffi;Jilililriitt;:::,ffi::iilil3r
.'n';;tlji:1,::,:'*Jili
-

ssauelrsrrep
;a1ua.r' ."^ll"tr"*"

"q+Jo ,rn,i n'1 uo uees 1rn.r. r,-r^ - o

^

r r--'uu 6ur^ azop

uJ

r#*'T"*lu"*
{fr:Ll1;''i:;;ffi
#;.;;;.',5;?TJ#T:"J""""ff
:=iijfi
riT{rip:i';n"'l{*il#
l;r:T:::',"u'*01'"'0",il";;:::i*-i.*;ffi

.Jill:Hffi::::l*:"1::
-luurcos
"";;'l'",'i#;'#;:"""*Iadduqcs,uu,u
"--r::il:il:"*

","0,,,,1ni,1".,'#:iffiJ:*::**i*#i
#::ffi""H:i:,rsrsuer,r",ri;;;,;Jose'rprr

ilftffi l-'iiiiffl:',Hffi
iffi
Hf

l;::i:"'.'#.ffi;:::":;'*,T::l:Jiliil.'#:TirITi::""'*:il1:"#H
1":r;:::
,*
:
il'#dilil#*':ir,''#
tJj'';
{#:,*h*t'*"i

i'.*
,,,*T{{*ii,:ifr+:

s^ppe.^\ou,uorrrpeJr.;',lT*r;nf,rririli;J:]::
'"*"*'"i'i"ll]l^1"*""*"r"J'uee8esuro

ryffi ***ffi
r#*##j,*";***:#*:ffi

i#d-*lx**rll,.,::
in:H*
#
rg;i*iljl'*:,ffi
xrui;l
fi::xr{Hp*:ii:*T/

+:"::"-:.'l:
iry:;:i:,:r;";:#:i:*;

=*'i't-"
m:Fi**

n
I]F

sp
ac
eand'n"1.", ion
,H:T:ll:i::
".,,u,o'an<,
'.T:::i:#:n
andthisc

onarchitecturarprojectsthat
r aF*rins/
rere*
ffi;:::::'j::::
metnosmaa.r'einig
::t"..'' -"t-i"
chinese
^:':l:T:,t"'s
overse,ilil1::,Hj:::i::1i::j:1the
fitdr
srnrcturetr
--r. _,.e the changeable '0"*',,
en een r.oortschriirlo-,r^
r^__r
rrrheh

n"l";""";,::';;:T.*";Tlil?il
y* r'*0,-".
,,;"','"T::
.#,T:f l;i:::::"ng
"
urndacht

*1""#T1 *Hi$T:ffi

ry

d"

i[ de rEncf^_

:a in -ciriesof objects.l.._;;;;

ft*

rt

. .=.=======-=:-=:==-=-:=.=

h rur die erchitectuur

e.$
m

t e vr a q ch

r :^ ^ -

omatl c approach to cl esi e"n.nnr., l --,

^^-

r :r ^

'battre'
*"n""i'.""''
*io,,,on,

ffi;l.;.;::f;lj:::jl'::;"ulPld8rnatlcapproachtodesign:onlybyactual]ybuild-

nronu
hm
behoud
ran;lr,Uin,1,|#n iii'.::ffi:::::::
;i

:::::"TT;
osu
.5f .':"'""; ;*proJecten
sff*il*rT1:il:=ifri-ffi
":: 1",centraal
"catar
to therou,'a."urity.
rl"i.
f,Tn**.tonische
aJ Jlli,l:::j:::::l*l"nse

:ffi1.,;'::#J:il;"::"'"",0".'*'lJo
ffi;',::':::"'"T:j,i;:"J$:#ilHf
mmttten

te verbetere

ry$n*i sche'". **oi

,T;: :r'iJ*o"""JJ *-,' .,nkstoa,myinrormants,

inparti

t e b o u r ve n ka n"l;
h e t:g "r n ""ta ,

u''*ro-"'"'"#:li::,f :f,
':,:iHiHil"ri*H;".:iililff
i*il*!,t',.fi
-',;ffi rl;:l'lii#iilfu{tiii,.ll,*,-,,r,,,rn"tu,,,
;*r,
diedearchit;".""
,":Larchilll ""*-:poplossingcn
pp
!o.ei'
y*"j*

R onsandstanFuns.
r .rnnrcl i tecturarE ncounrc,.-,;ra-cutarzhou

;.1

y,n',"$srt#nry".,"",,1,:la6ft1p*r,:t
concep;;;
;;ffi.:f#;"i'":"i""Yeade

r[rfiEi'rDdeonderzoeken,maarvaneenar"""-.

u]urneuuBcBuirdiasjnsr"",."*i",r,"'",",lil|"i],l;-3iii,ln';?",?"*'

0".""*""'iffT"""?ffir"fi"rT
l{iliiii:*:*lnl:;:rilll,Iwn,ed,onndan*";;;;$
lTy"o
p"tdjrseri"n,"'",
;iffili::il;"J,::;'#11;l;llt"".*l::';:::lll"9;t#::illl;
*",;.";;::y,^"11]1

,1"
rigt
dan
ook
een
"#i..,.i";;_iljil.ff:"Tr#:i::+[f
Io,"*
d",*l.T;jf+#ii:#i],",:.}.]}i_

rurrboudinqrio*.r--^l,lut""nunoiikritische::,lfllla-rear:e-stat"rino"x.sr,tml.a.;;;:lJ:'^i":y,io"w.com/chjna-maf-

o"""zoo:l nriui."."o';.'.'
ane*lhi)j":j'"0' 'ro*a'os
iiii,lii:j:::f:t
y,**',?'unlp'an.
'ss,esrozr-c'rran;;;.i;#
.,n.oou.,
li;,'"tiT,;],i:li,liiil,l)#:

.Di=-:(spartners,
inher
biizonder
zhou
Rons
ensran
Funs ql*dl1j;
Hfifi;il'd'*I,r-.#
nqv'n
rluriai'nl;i;;;;;i;11',"rr"t
rH:,T

:'

ilt jj:'fl:ulitfJ --

Form
inModern
i'li ;:;rt ff"n',I" fji:, r"
.l:..'."i:irT:iJ::J"'":'jl
china
::::nmand
j.,:-"iiii]:ff:T'1iilift,;iiiiilllJl'
lbvung
Ho
chans'-'i;;;;il'#;i':;iii"iii
il:l?i3|iii;:;3ll'"n'"'

lll.;1. i '-' -'l;::lj';?:;;;j;*.,jiJ'!l'"lljlT,',l|"i;

j;.;.T;*:;ffi

j,:,:,ilt#**jrt
'r,:;;:

;iUj";t

,i:,
: t,,,#H'f
t.:.'.1#;p;N*[Err',ilil*?
fi?:

'1f,

td,;'i{,",,,i:,###,i*;;

::.,lggffifi,}rlffi,
/*"[..,.
. - I=.,.l;il;li;Il"T;ii,,,,0,
-,',il,T#t",::i;,

:
-dsurgo salJnos1uu1;odurueaqosle a,requapreF ua arzaod
.Suu.{
asaurrlJ
'lsunrl.rapyrqcs
ap
urd
aseurqJ aqt puE .(r1aod,3urluiud asaurqJ ,Fuedurd
.ue{aruqca}^A.noq
.3ua3
ulrz
'rnqs
4oo
ua
ftqr"IH
'rnqsSuag 'senbruqcalSurplnq pue slerraletuIero[.+o ualurreluru aIu{ol ue,r rlrnrqa8
laq ue aI}cnr}suoc
esn pue scruolcal,sdrqsuorlelar
lurledsur srea,{ua1 ap 'ue8urpnoq.re,r a1lrlalrurnr ap ur
]qcozag
{frla{
]sel aql Suirnp lq8nos,{lsserdxauaeq seq Furuueld -{nrpuu .rzeIua1] uadola8gu ap sr .^anoquapa]s
ua
uEqJnpuu aJnllalrq)JE
uorlula.rdralura.r JnnlcalrqcJu alauorlrperl ap UEAollulardrelurrarl
IBuorlrpErlfo
V'arnlralrqrrE asaurqJJoluaudola,tap :rr1srJ.(1s
aql uag 'lsun{^anoq asaurqC ep uul Fur1ar1r1r,r1uo
Jo sula] ur sap?caproJ luaurllad uaaq sur{l?q} uorl -Iftrs op uI llaeds Suelzruuacap
Iu alp Suu.r,t uaa
-sanbe sr U iernloelrqcre aseurqJ sr asaurqC,r\oH sr laH
drnnlcalrrlcrs asaurqJ ap sr saaurqc aoH

ii:! -+s::= = +,ai-t-:

I 5- - t \ ': , { , j . . r i - j }

.uarz uolaoru uopnoz

lrnra Furprorr.r.ur lrd
-dzqcsleuur uao JooA.r!.noquopals ue JnnlcalrqcJu
ap aoq JaAo arssnrsrp ap uue ue8u,rpfrq ue{ ua
{ft}
'8un1euraql ur dlarcos B roJ alrl
plnoqs
Furuueld
a8rprnq ap lrq ua8ur,r larcrldrur 11a1s
-rle.rdarnoq
{ool
upqJn puE oJnlcolrqcJeluq.{\ }noq? uorssnJsrp3ql o}
}a11.uadao.rFsFur{Io^aq epsoolruu.4aJal
{aozrapuo
JlnqrJluoc uer uorle8rlsalur aql sacrlcerdFurplrnq
lsaaru ua alsruJe ap Jeeu
uue8lrn
Jaoru
]qrupu""
luarrnr Suruorlsanb dllrcrldrui dg .uorlelndod aqlgo Ja ]eoru lseuuJuu(J .uad.ra,r1uo ap
uEA ua{Eru}rn
suorllas pa1ca18au
lsoru pue 1sa;ood aql ol palo^ap ualeoru Iaaprapuo Jaaul lralrlrqrxau ua
]IallluaJ
eq plnoqs uorluallu arou ,uorlrppe uy .dlrpqrxag axaldruoc ap
]ep sr arsnlcuoc ar1lrr8uelaq uag
puu.(1r1earxalduroc aqlJo aJouralu.rodrocurpltroqs
.uarartdsur
uauun{
noz uad.ra,,r,r1uo
su8rsapaql lEql sr uorsnpuor luel.rodurr aug
a8rlsuror1ao1
rpnrqa8
alauJoJur
llp eoq ua p"]s ep
.su8rsaparn1n3
arrdsurplnoc asn uu,l rlrn.rqa8 saaurqC
uae uel sr arle.rds.ra
lagrcads
Iurulo.Jursn{} .{\oq puu ,{1rceq}Jo asn asaurq3 ,{11ucerJalaorl ur
puols Fuur,r a11 .snlels elaur
I"pJluac
-grcads EJo aJuoprle sr eraql raqleq.{\ sE^\anssrururu -roJ unq
aarursup
ue
uarolra^
uaqqaq
{oo
al}cunJ
aqJ 'ila,&\s? snlpls IpurroJrraql asuaq puE uorlrunJ aqcsrJolsrr.{Jo alarr}snpuI .a{aI}rIod
unq Bruuacap
,1ucr1r1od
rraq] lsol e^pq sapp uadolaS;e ep ur arp pu"Iralqc? aseurqC
IBrrrolsrq.roleulsnput
laq ur uep
-rep ]sul aql ur lBril puElralurq aseurql aql ur sarlrc -als
uaa ur uuppeF p.ra,r,r.
lulu?u
{aozJapuo }aH
JOJaqrunu e ur ]no palJJEJSe.,uuorluSrlselur ar{I
'uaAaJr.JJsruo
uapJol\.IaaruJoJur, sI" uu{ .uaua,r,rp
'.lururoJur,sBpaqrrcsapaq uec ,pareaddusrp
ulrz
3rpa11o,t
r1eu,r
-ra,r
ua
lue,rrrd
4arlqnd uassn]
,(1a1e1duoc
uo].Joa^Bq ole,rud pue crlqncluae./rleq uozue;^8 ap urJu",,la ,;nnlcalrqcre
uel ruJol azaq
sorrupunoq eq] qJrq,ntur ,arnlcalrqcrpJo urJoJsn{I '3ur,,r.a8ruoap,lrr.noqa8
ap u"A lrnrqa8 Jarlulouur
'Jualuuorr,\ue]lrnq aqlJo asn e^rlE^ouur
uE ol spBal uaa
sJauoleeq
lol
lplal
ap
uul ua8oru.ra.l apuaJes
sluaprsar aq13odlrpqu Surzrue8ro-11asaql araq.{\ -ruu8roglaz
sar]pn]rs do qcrz a]]r.JcrJ
1eq [rq.ruu,ra.
suorlunJrsuo palerJuaJuootupal aqa .pa,t1o,,rur
ra8uol {aozJapuo }aH.uauo{e8 sr sud a1 .rad.ra,n1uouaa8
ou su,r\rau.Srsapu aJeq,{\luaruuoJr,tuaueqJn aql puz ueuJeula 8ur,,la8ruo ar1[r1apa1s
ap uul ua Jnn]Ja]
aJnlralrqJlE.Joesn eql ale8rlsa,tur o] pauorssnutuon -rqcre ap u?A
ruuu
}erl
{rnrqa8
{aozrepuo lqcurpdo
s eu ( a ; g jg a u rll a p u p ) un 1S ue r r r r r r r p ue l , rq du . r ul paap (""UJO au1papu61)
1
un1 Fuurl snrrlrrc ua
-Foloqd'.rau8rsapgodrqsrapualaql repun tueat
V 3uur8olog '.radle.,ll1uouu,,r,Furpral rapuo ruea] ua-C
:.:'ii i * i*: -j ::,f1...1
$ :,i:j i-*i
i$ i! ={!.
ii

i.: giii}! * S :*:

-=

'sluaudole,tap

.uaSuryarl

uuqJn puE IuJnlcalrqcJe ]uaJrns eql ur slJrlluoJ JLll -{r,^a}uo a8rpunrl,rnnoquapa}s

ua aqcsruo}ce}rqcJu
uorssntsrp olur II?f, dirrerur"rdscrdol asaq; .lp.r\euaH a8rplnq ap ur ue]orguoc
uarasr]"rualqord s uuaql
,adecsuuqrll
upqr1
puu
ureruoe
cr1qn4
'Ie,{\auau
irrlrrJ
aq
usqrn
IurI}IrJ ua urellloq cllqnd
'ssauosaurqJ'eurq3
:saueql eASJosrsq dzc suuq.r6y.
.euI,IC
leruro3uI
s
seuaseurq3
'e
luurJoJu J : s.uur
aql uo parnlrnrJs aru an3o1u1uc
puu uorlrqrqxaaqI -aqrg[r.L uauue{ snSoyelec ua Furyyalsuoo}ue}
aC

,----

'"

lll' :l:f,:' tb ' r ' lillr ll

,a .a

tlt{ r to a _ e lt

De zt
ka r a kte r .

': t- i :.',taarfhrl ectrrre*i thatrrocl est,arr.,st

:::_::l :ra]i rti c ch

jm f Jili;:i,:.i:::::,Ll':".H
:;:::lllil::J:
,,,,,,
.i,,1,1..
;:::l::ir;
1r'or',,,"."0"","'J",i.iJ:1f,:,:il,#:

- t:

,,,..- ,

,." ".'...:;"1,,,:;::;;J,i;:::il'.-"tu-e
0,,":',:,T;:::{
:-:a:iticrijr
g"u.uir..",,
(r;"0:!;:;

- : trrirb{re.hout. grijzereisteen, beton incroo.,

un,r ouro

'

- . Fr- r r-,ijksperen
binnenplaatsen,rlarning
-- i-':b :nrte n- buit e' enm et nam edev ol- san_
"r*"."'iiil::J:'ii,:ilflil:;:':,,il::,"
s p a t i a l 'o . a " . . r r r , t . , " N e t 'e r l a n c l s . b 'i . r . r i ^ , 1
" "
";orilt-g r an de r uim t e een

-:
I rl

" '- r r u r r r g su s u a l l y

I ' r:':.rl staa'sebourvenbelangr ijk e s t a n c ri n t r r er 'i d c "

doorgaans
mid- bu'dings
",."".":l'":t;:Tffi:fiilij,:,,1';;;",,
arer.ery
inrvardJookins
, .,'.i.;:l;;'::11li ;il::H?::ouwen sothattrrey

l"

ri"

:::il:::T:::,1.]:T1]",*=",,

'::::;;,,,,
i_,i*,,;;;ffi ir;rhn*t
il,::
**i:'i:mi;"
r : r9 * 9) e n de v ijf de
gener at ie ( der t i_

T h e i s s u eo f c h i n ,
' ' ::'crerris inmidders
zichtbaar.
voo.
a"
vornger
-"
r"."r",,riiJ,1;::ffi*:il,"l::j:::r::r:r"
-: rr'retie is het vraagstuk

van de chinese both the

\\rest a'd china. -flrey
- , ecl nrinder zwaarwegencl:
use traditio.al chi_
ze beschou_ neseu."hit".tu."
i

' ' irct\\-esten

arschinaalseenbelangrij-experirnent
,r:,:"ttlr:iii,;::ff:i:T;:iil:::1.
""""
'

llower-cr'has nrainJyto
itrcttrur oP een meer spontane
'clo *'ith
manier en reratively.rnntt
urJll
"::litr 11 llo gm eer m et m at er ialen. Deher a n *l s e u l n . r r , " r , " t '*n t t t e n t s l i k e a 'i l l a , a g a l l e r y o r
'-'.-.c

e-.',:J:,:';1;l*
.ineop
gave"
i'";l;;"i,fi : iU: ", rbanproi
ilin ::]#:""'
.
".fi
h e e ft

n
I

e chter

vnn' l

k^r - ^r - r ,!

" _ rlt rn de stap

;
naar de grotere bor*opgu_
,' :,r.nb ou wku ndige
pr ojec t en is auiaet ilk
"
"- j.tn aa kt.

-' r cIlite cto nisch e pr ojec t en

s t aat een goede' f he

m a i n f e a t u r eo f .t h e r
' ;':1irrhetstedelijkweefser
centraalu'1, thattheyare
'city of ob'iects':
""r,
'r.eu"_o"olJjli]r||:,.-.]j|:ili:;;;1
' i' een
een verzameling
a reactio' t. a 'city of objects,:
a colectio.

111

1,.

.f.iconrc
;;;';;';;',ii",,""
, :,:::ii-:;T"'""""."J#il."
to
the
direct
s,,.rou'dr:*il:I.li *' .f
."

{e\e'Ste
dichtheid
nietuitineen
stan-l"il;,}iii}H.,?I::illT::::::ii:H"i,

- r-rr1'rnaar
in een vorume waarin architec-

in a r..ru're in r,vhicharcl
' oetrbareruimte
optimaal geintegreerd are
optinrarly
i.tegratedt{r"r.".];:r1ilil:]]]:,:i]|':
- rrtrb itie
be sta at uir het v er bet er f n

DI
t,

r an
condities,
' 1estederijke
hetverrevsndigen
1,"'il:l]il::i::::::::;;lili:i:il::::::i:
: l'Itrrten he taa nd r agenv aneenoplos s ing

inc r e a . s i n g d i s s i p a t i o n o f 'p u b l i c s p a c e . T l r i s r e q L r i r e s
il
4l

t ll
liii

ll,j::;lT::l::-::lo*t"g

vandeop",,l unexible,
r,any-,ia"a
un.rdy,ar'icprosr:i,'rne

,r'ischprogru_,o
u,,ol j,"J.tl,",jffi:,;
l;: i:;*;.;: X;t ** ::::,,:1
'-irnte rondom het gebouw
""ru",,*;
krijgt
ate surrorrndings
li door goede overgu"g""

-""t-d"

'pt"i,l"
li.""t"

and aro*,'gJ a public

charactertu
n".nrn" part of the buildin.g.
unifbrmity has beer.r

47

:
d1a,tr1z1er
u sr ..(1roaql lsprurp sa8u1ir,t,3osuorlrpuoc {aozrapuo 1a11'doroo.,r.spoa}s ftqrctq }uu}s }re}.r.nu
eql olur qf,Juasag .(lrnurluoc aaliru;en8 o1 sr lurod -Iluor uBA uarepueru8 ]eH 'uapnoqaq slaapualo.r8
ureru aql arurs trraql surular dlleraue8
I ua praa s-{leuea8 r1frlarl.ra,rlpuup uern}cnr}s
'sarnlcn;1s
1nq
lsrn
aJnlJa] alercos ua ar1ft1apa1s
epuuelsaq rnnlcalrrlcJu azap
IBrf,ospup uuqrn Surlsrxa sesf,leuef,1a.rr1oe
DlnqryJo poq}alu aq} ol ra.{suu u3 sv ur uapJolr{ oporltaur-DsoJOlnqol ap do p.roo,rluz s1y
-rqrrP srr{} 'DSOL

-{Yti=+!=}Jt!ijsal+ -iH*-ii; *\=

TYi+= :+= + St:s*Sil =::':::..:::=r.:

'ualdaJuoc alanaru JooA lunds8uu8lrn
sIe alrurnJ al?rcJaruuoc op lslnIuauau
aJapuv'uouorp

ua]co]rqoJe

uauun{ 3ur,,r.a1uaurus
ap JooA ruJoJ

'sldacuoc -1u1d s1u arp uad.ra,rnluo al ualrurn.r aqarlqnd ap

,{\auJoJlurod 8ur1.ru1saq] se acudsIzrclaturuoc 3urr1e1 -raar8alula8 pao8 ua ar1frlarluu8ao] uaerapar JooA
ur palselaJuraJe slJalrqcJEJJqIO'surroJleldlenos se ruo uarz {""} unq sIu }aq ua}3a}rqcru I"}uuE uao }up
rlras uec qrrq.r\ puu {ll? ol elqrssarcesacedscrlqnd pa uapal arp uro sI laH'Uoaq laru roolrarr{ pla8 1aq
-1er8a1ur-11a.n
u8rsap o1
rraq} sB aas s}calrqrre Sarttladurrs az uerze8uee'ua1o1sa31rn r1n.rqa8 uz,,r.
lr
{se}
JouuEc uoaloru s1 8up11o,Laqap uul Iaap ]oorF uog .seJuc
Jo raqrunu E lEril uosar srql roJ sr u ']r pro.+Je
daql ruqr uosea.reldurrsaq] ro.] '.asaq]Sursn uror3 ua sluuJnulsal 'uJluocle{ur.,ta }rn }uelsaq a}rurnJ
palua,r.a.rd
dlalerpourur sr uorlelndod aql3o lred a5.re1 a4aryqnd alarcrarrruror aq'praardorla8 oz
4lryra11a1
pue sluBJnElsa.r'sa.r1uacSurddoqs3o sJSrsuo:)uapals asaurqJ oraural{ Iaa^ ur sr ua ad,,(1o1o.rd
V 's.aJeJ
laq
acudscrlqnd
sarlrc aseurqJ;a11eus dueur uelrarq sr (ralaru oo9 ftq 08s) aparrl aslaruaH ap
IErJJaruruoJ
ur pardoc.{11e"ra1r1
uaaq suq qorq.r\'ecuad dlua.teag u"^ urald ]eH 'rlayds;[r1q"ra,rs1eu[rz uadro.,ra]uo ]aru
3o orunbg sarla{u oo9 {q 088 oql sr srq}.}oaddlolord alp uaulaldaruJoua ruo laq leu8 Ie,ta8 als.raa 1aq u1
aql 'ul urnofos o1 saculdse pau8rsap ]ou are,,'tleql 'alrurnr a4a11qndalarcJaruruoc ue alrurnJ arlarlqnd
sarenbs snourJouaJouorlsanb p sr ]r asucJoruJoJ o{oI}IIod uessn} ua{uru a} preqcsrapuo 4lrlaprnp
aql uI 'acedscrlqnd lercraurruor pu? acudscrlqnd 1ec uee Iaaluaruoru sr ururellarul"saq'sacords8urrl[r1
-r1r1oduaa.,w1aq
apuraq dlluerrnc uEJ uor]rurlsrp -apalsre^ ellauspuazur loq roop Surraddrus.ra,,laral
realc e'ssa1aq1ra.i.a51
uorlezrueqrn;o ssacord prdur -oJF spaals uao uaarua8lz laq ur luu8.rapuo alrurnJ
ar{}Jo llnsar e se paluaur8er;,(lSursuarcurSururocaq arequado aq'urauop e4arlqnd ]eq uu^ po1qa8 1aq
sr le.reua8ur acedsorlqnd 'ureruop crlqnd aqlJo uar? do ual;aoqaq a.4anorurloo sfr,llraqcsr3o1 uezlsluo
aql ur paluaJcSuraq osle aJ spaau l\au ]eql 1ecr3o1 'uapro,rrl .rar1lrr8uelaq spaa]s ual.rods ua uala{ur,4a
sr 1r 'luelrodurr aJourpue arour SururocaqaJe lJods 'pftr afu,r urrzz^A. [rdduqcsleeur apuerapuural
pue Surddoqs 'arnsral qrrq,tt ur'dlarcos Sur8uuqc Ieus uaa uI'6L6r uI puel ]eq ue^ 8ur11a1suedoap
,{iprder u u1 'lue}.rodurreiuecaq acedscrlqnd leq} uu Suelaq u"e lqca sud uo.4aalrurnr arequado
61.6I ul .{rlunoc aqlJo dn Suruado aq} raUE dluo se,tr luuur 'ao1 Jue.4dsrlal&uaurald ua uarl.rud Ieluue laq
paapur sa.renbspuu s1.rud3oraqunu aql uruu 6tr6r ur r1a11qnde.rs{Io1 asaurq3 ap uu,,r.3u1}
111nq
"'uarS
'6,t6I ul Eun{JJo crlqndag s.a1doa4aq}Jo luaunisrl -qcrrdo ap u1q '8ur,ra8ruo alcarrp unq ua uelerls
-qplsa oq] ralgy's8urpunorrns alerpauur lreq] puu ]In 8e^aladurs puolsaq alrurnr a.ruquado ep :pels
slaarls.]o palsrsuor.(ldurrs acudscrlqnd 1d1rcasaurq3 asaurqJ aleuorlrPurl ap u"A al{e?ur}rn Iaaprapuo
Iuuorlrperl aLIlJo lJEd Jalau sul\ 1r se Suraas'eurq3 lloou laq uarza8vee'du8a q Srpunrl,nno quepals
ur ldacuoc uuqJn .r\aud1a,rr1e1er
u sr acedsrr1qn4 slu
JoIluIoJ uuIrIJ uI sr alrurnJ aruquadg
^anaru

;.i::--.:l*l j

:i .i=
:..= = i-..=
i=:i ==ii :l ts

: i {*ti -- d

',r,r,noqa8
lar1 Joop ua ur sal
-noJ JooA ]r{cupu?? al"rcads ur.ruup }aru pu}s uaa ur
pels uaa roo,^,l{eerue8slueld lgaaq praq8rurro,A.uao
'Surppnq aq1 q8norql pue ur salnor ol ag ',r,rnoqa8laq u"^ uo{eu}rn ua}ul a}
IaepJapuo
a.ruquado }oq ua uaraaJJ a1 Sur,ra8uro

uorlual]u Ierf,adsqlr.,lrdlrc aq1 ur f,1n e .(q pacelda.r Jol{eru{

i I

lilllinrr'umLlrlp,,.,,,,
^
(l i l i l i l t1 l l tu Ni i.," .:
\ 1111
lL i ll

llf,lllllllrrt'
rll iri "-'.

il n(lllt lt

!{

.I

_ -a
rrr

.\.;ila--.

:irriclr

l, .,._-.
re\\'concepti
nchi na,asi sthepreser'ati onofthe

r e la r ie tilla g e s

catalyse
thepreser'ationo{-ord
factorysites,fbr
: r , I : ;1;r 1r1;\\
e. rrer ,.11i.1"^

i T" . : ::
-d \ an0,,'

ik ! , "

{ilnllllllll||illillh,rn,

-:.:t-

:iI::'"',::1',1"::::::Jil,:l:**l
:,.,. =: ;":i:Hi"
r

:il::T:::ljirnction

, , , , ,i41 ri_ ::r ltL e \.

le m e n in d e ze
*{ i , r , , i , , u m u
. n- 1 1
i ,M
- :..- j_ .a ? r e n so cia r e p r o b r e _
,,,i 'ttrl l l tr,*1 1 ,,,,-1 ," -"I

'

rrrm n rlp", ;,

asconnectinsr
rinksbetrveen

thei rscal eandsc-rci ai probi- - :::-n g e re rr a l s"il''"J"'ii

r' e rb i n - l er' s,the.o-.r,uut"
of
so-cal l ed
Lrrban'
i l l ages
resul ti ngfrom an
- : rn n i e u * . o .,-.." l -.^l ..i l i
-' !' :-,,rh e tg e ' o i g .ti T ::;;:H :j :' processoru' bani ' a-ti on" ,,,,u,raspeci ar

-.-,"

:.:.in.

"i, ' t t

'fhearchi tecturaroffi c
ror

j"t'.i:l]':;T;:i:::l
,nstance
rourneighbo.
. - " '. ': " " . t l r r n e n z l ) e n 'o n e

of
ofchi
c hna,s
i n ai's
l s f.c
f t .rt__^_,.:.^" r t g . J *: i

...- .. ,,;'*:,i;,:;::,H.""T
h,un
,,ilnn,r;,,,,
:f:,::::$;i;:"::;]:ii;,]i,;19tt|'",,
i l l u n l rl r i l r,i .-'-i t:.t:f,'c.r .anChina- fnr or o
I an china'
rrrsi l i l si !,,N
-.. :.:
r ir

, r i ,r

rn

1978

^'
^;_ ^l25y
- " v r"ul
r c r :r ar Lc ol ) ol l i c Z onej nl g7gandi n
only
u.,
,h"

" r r r tr " .',

tu dtr u
(rirr
j]jI::T::"1* in-.].,]:,,ootoan
r(
un,,ificili:::li:iT:,:i,,Tl"'
l r ( ) r n c r acl o u n t o i 't D o r e
:t ...: , : "
i,ruril
ilili "" **:t.,.,"..1.',,t
Ec onom is c he Zone
tjtan

*',"rrsr,,
,, {,- ,. : : ." .r..h;;;;;
"i
.H:r .i.--:r,.
, ,,,,,,ii,,,,i,,,
, "; : niljoen.
: ; ; j: : ": ' r ^'
- : : :t ad"#:::
'i'--:rrienr
Des
rr I rri " i'r'
.::- ir inm iddels t ient all"r ,
fl rrrllrlltu'''lr
rir i : I rp'lglsn
die ziinbliiven

ten.million.
, "a
In its urgc iirr erParsro,
the citr
int h e r n e a 'r t i '''" . ', ; , . , , , " , i , . , 1 , , , i n r , , , , . , . , r . r . i 1lras
au...

t hes , , " , , ; . . ; - ^ , . ; ; _ . , - - " " " '" . t r i r t l o z r t s c i l 'i l l a g e s ';

, , t t "s u r v i 'i n g 'ias
l l aagre'strit
e p a r t s h a 'e . a p i d l . r 'r - , " . u r r l "
"1'n't'' "tt"t'"nt t.tt".r rr,,
t:t:T::::Y

diezijnblijven,r,"i.u..","r.;;;;;:-;1";:]::::ff::j;i
,il;l, .l' ,:' j .::;:,"ten
,,,,,,,,
', { r}i-:: !itr,ct,j:i,T:;j|"T:: j::::l:u,,t".",i'.r,,,ii,,g.',,,,i,,*.0,,,,.ri.ci,trrese
1' l r611r1hs< e

d e n servp,,pur" " ,r.u;;;;:,.rr1rrl Lgra1rr\

;,, ; , , , . : ' , . : ; :::,T :l ,l :" :::::i l "
gt'vernrn"ntt"nntlttt']"tt":]::;1,:i:::t]]ff]:"
r'
rl ' r , - :r ber otking,
waaronder ,uroti'"
n'|s'
,,,,,.

'] : -:- ::i'jar'erijkeomstandigher;;;:.t

; - - :::r ,lez e n ijk en, die

in China
i r.--rn.als zeerproblematisch
u r{ i l l l i i , r ,* i " " : : r e r d $.ijtr e n .

"":il:;:ii#:j]]ghl-v

p']'cibtcr',,'.
"',..i','",,i,