PAPER 2 ESSAY COMPONENTS (EXTENDED RESPONSE)

1.

Discuss the benefits and dangers of immunization against bacterial and viral infections.
(Total 8 marks)

2.

Define the terms active, passive, natural and artificial immunity.

(Total 4 marks)

3.

Explain the role of antibody production with regard to vaccinations.

(Total 8 marks)

4.

Describe how human skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens.
(Total 4 marks)

5.

Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccination.

(Total 8 marks)

6.

Outline the process of immunization.

(Total 6 marks)

PAPER 2 STRUCTURED FACTUAL RECALL

7.

(a)

State the difference between an antigen and an antibody.

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(1)

(b)

Explain antibody production.

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1

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(3)

(c)

State two other substances, apart from antibodies, transported by the blood.
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(1)
(Total 5 marks)

8.

(a)

Explain how the skin and mucous membranes prevent entry of pathogens into the body.
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(3)

(b)

Explain why antibiotics are used to treat bacterial but not viral diseases.
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(2)
(Total 5 marks)

PAPER 1 MULTIPLE CHOICE

SL/HL
1.

What name is given to the molecules that bind to foreign proteins that enter the body?
A.

Antigens

B.

Antibodies

C.

Allergens

D.

Antibiotics
(Total 1 mark)

2.

Which factors related to mucous membranes protect the body against microbes?
I.

Production of lysozyme

II.

Secretion of alkaline solutions

III.

Trapping of microbes

A.

I and II only

B.

II and III only

C.

I and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

3.

How do skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to infection?

Skin

Mucous membranes

A.

Skin is tough and forms an effective

physical barrier.

Mucous membranes are thick and

elastic so pathogens are repelled.

B.

Phagocytes on the skin surface trap

pathogens.

Mucus is moved out of the body

by the beating of hair-like cilia.

C.

Skin is tough and forms an effective

physical barrier.

Pathogens are trapped by sticky

mucus.

D.

Phagocytes on the skin surface trap

pathogens.

The acidity of mucus kills harmful

bacteria.
(Total 1 mark)

4.

How do phagocytic leucocytes help to protect against disease?

A.

They secrete bacterial toxins by exocytosis.

B.

They ingest pathogens by endocytosis.

C.

They produce antigens to destroy pathogens.

D.

They produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.

(Total 1 mark)

5.

Which sequence of events correctly describes the destruction of pathogens in body tissues by
phagocytic leucocytes?
A.

Amoeboid motion endocytosis chemical recognition enzymatic digestion

B.

Chemical recognition amoeboid motion enzymatic digestion endocytosis

C.

Amoeboid motion chemical recognition enzymatic digestion endocytosis

D.

Chemical recognition amoeboid motion endocytosis enzymatic digestion

(Total 1 mark)

6.

Why are there many different types of lymphocyte in the body?

A.

Each type can recognize one specific antibody and produces a specific antigen against it.

B.

Each type can recognize one specific antigen and produces a specific antibody against it.

C.

Each type can recognize one antigen and engulf it by phagocytosis.

D.

Each type can recognize one antibody and engulf it by phagocytosis.

(Total 1 mark)

7.

Which of the following best describes antibodies?

A.

Made by phagocytes and specific to one antigen

B.

Made by lymphocytes and specific to one antigen

C.

Made by leucocytes and non-specific

D.

Made by phagocytes and non-specific

(Total 1 mark)

8.

Why are antibiotics ineffective against viruses?

A.

Viruses do not have metabolic pathways for the antibiotic to target.

B.

Viruses have developed resistance to antibiotics.

C.

Viruses destroy T-lymphocytes before the antibiotic can work.

D.

Viruses mutate quickly when challenged by an antibiotic.

(Total 1 mark)

9.

What is a pathogen?
A.

A virus that causes a disease.

B.

Any organism or virus that causes a disease.

C.

A disease caused by bacteria or viruses.

D.

Any organism transmitted from humans to humans.

(Total 1 mark)

HL ONLY
10.

Which is not true of active immunity?

A.

It can be produced by exposure to a disease causing organism.

B.

It can be produced artificially.

C.

It can be produced by a virus.

D.

It can be transferred via the colostrum.

(Total 1 mark)

11.

Colostrum, the first milk produced by the mother after giving birth, also contains antibodies that
can be absorbed into the babys blood. What type of immunity is the baby acquiring from its
mother?
A.

Passive

B.

Antigen

C.

Active

D.

Artificial
(Total 1 mark)

12.

What is the correct order in the production of monoclonal antibodies?

5

A.

Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody inject antigens into animal fuse B-cells
with tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.

B.

Inject antigens into animal isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells
with tumour cells harvest monoclonal antibodies.

C.

Isolate B-cells producing specific antibody fuse B-cells with tumour cells inject
antigens into animal harvest monoclonal antibodies.

D.

Inject antigens into animal fuse cultured B-cells with tumour cells isolate B-cells
producing specific antibody harvest monoclonal antibodies.
(Total 1 mark)

13.

Some infectious diseases are treated by injecting the patient with antibodies after they have been
exposed to the disease.
What type of immunity is this?
A.

Artificial and active

B.

Artificial and passive

C.

Natural and passive

D.

Natural and active

(Total 1 mark)

14.

Which of the following explains clonal selection?

A.

Memory cells are present at birth.

B.

Antigens activate specific immune responses.

C.

The body selects which antigens it will respond to.

D.

People with similar genes respond to antigens in a similar way.

(Total 1 mark)

15.

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding
to a bacterial infection?
I.

Antigen presentation by macrophages

II.

Activation of B-cells

III.

Activation of helper T-cells

A.

I, II, III

B.

I, III, II

C.

III, II, I

D.

II, III, I
(Total 1 mark)

16.

Which of the following is/are necessary to produce monoclonal antibodies?

I.

Tumour cells

II.

Plasma (B) cells

III.

Macrophages

A.

II only

B.

I and II only

C.

II and III only

D.

I, II and III
(Total 1 mark)

17.

A blood clot contains a network of protein. What is the protein?

A.

Fibrin

B.

Fibrinogen

C.

Hemoglobin

D.

Thrombin
(1)

18.
Which curve shows the response of the immune system to a vaccine, followed by an
infection?
A .

B .

L evel of
a n tib o d y

L evel of
a n tib o d y

T im e
V

T im e

C .

D .

L evel of
a n tib o d y

L evel of
a n tib o d y

T im e
V
V = V a c c in a tio n

19.

T im e
V

I = In fe c tio n

(Total 1 mark)

Why do antibiotics kill bacteria but not viruses?

A.

Antibiotics stimulate the immune system against bacteria but not viruses

B.

Viruses have a way of blocking antibiotics

C.

Viruses are too small to be affected by antibiotics

D.

Viruses do not have a metabolism

(Total 1 mark)

20.

Which types of cells in the immune system destroy body cells that have been infected by
viruses?
A.

Activated B-cells

B.

Cytotoxic T-cells

C.

Phagocytic macrophages

D.

Plasma cells formed by clonal selection

(Total 1 mark)
8

21.

Which type of cell is responsible for secondary immune responses to a pathogen?

A.

Cytotoxic T-cells

B.

Phagocytes

C.

Macrophages

D.

Memory cells
(Total 1 mark)

22.

What is required to form a blood clot?

I.

Platelets

II.

Clotting factors

III.

Antibodies

IV.

Fibrinogen

A.

I and II only

B.

I, II and III only

C.

I, II and IV only

D.

I, II, III and IV

(Total 1 mark)