Case Study Of Metropolitan Planning

In India.
(Pune And Delhi)

Subject: City And Metropolitan Planning

Anupama
Barch/1021/2011
Sem-VIIITH

CASE STUDY OF PUNE CITY, INDIA

I. INTRODUCTION
The Challenges of Urbanization in India are unprecedented in scale and significance. It can
be better understood by the proportion of population in India and the lack of social and
physical infrastructure required to cater the needs of the target. The increasing number of
slum pockets revels the imbalance effectively. In order to ensure competitiveness of
our cities and ensure basic services to our citizens, urgent steps are required to harness the
opportunity of scale of urbanization presents.
Also, the efforts should be taken to avoid urban decay. The fast growing metropolitan cities in
India has contributed negatively in the development process through different issues.
Lopsided pattern of urbanisation and inadequate investments has led to serious deficiencies in
urban infrastructure and services like housing, transport, water supply, sanitation and social
infrastructure especially in small and medium size cities. This paper concentrates on one of
such issues of land use. For the same, one of the fast developing Metro cities, Pune has been
taken for case study. The future growth of any city normally extends towards fringe areas and
it incorporates haphazardly developed areas into the city area.
Also, the radial growing pattern of land use of the city and the supporting transport systems
raises the problem of the Ineffective Land Use Pattern for the sustainable development of
the city. The radial current research work, use of the spatial data parameters is considered as
base for the development of Pune.
Pune is predominantly ruled and developed by Maratha emperor as their capital and the city
had commercial importance from those decades and further it has turned to be Educational
and Cultural Centre for the country. Proximity to the commercial centre of India i.e.
Mumbai has ultimately forced the Pune city to IT hub centre for the country. While this
transformation, the haphazard development of the city radial in all directions created
immense pressure on the provision of infrastructure. Several research works done in this area
has given recommendations through different policies for the land use pattern through land
reservations. But these recommendations feasibility with rapid growth of population needs to
be analysed.

II. AREA OF STUDY: PUNE CITY

Pune is the 8th largest metropolitan city of India and one of the most fast growing
cities in India.
From being known as a military cantonment, Pune has gradually evolved into a
dynamic city of academic, cultural and economic importance, and to a business centre
with a burgeoning software industry.
Pune (180 31' N, 730 51' E) is a plateau city situated near the western margin of the
Deccan plateau.
It lays on the leeward side of the Sahyadri i.e. the Western Ghats and is hardly 50 km
from the crest of the Ghat country. It is 100 km east from the Konkan i.e. the west
coast. It is almost 160 kms southeast of Mumbai, by road.

It is situated at a height of 560m above the mean sea level, near the confluence of
Mula and Mutha rivers.
Two more rivers, Pavana and Indrayani transverse the northwestern outskirts of
the urban area.
Mula-Mutha later empty into the Bhima River. In a sense, the city is located in the
upper Bhima basin. The city is surrounded by hills on the east and the south. The
Sinhagad-Katraj-Dive ghat range is the southern boundary of the urban area.
With the rapid urbanization, the city is facing lots of problems of social as well as
physical infrastructure. The development pattern in the city is creating many
problems for the future expansions.
.
III. LANDUSE WITH GROWING POPULATION
Population Growth Trend and Spatial Distribution:
The population of Pune city as per provisional figures of Census India, 2011 is more
than 3 million.
There is a growth of more than six times in the citys population in the last 60 years,
from 0.48 million in 1951 to 3.11 million in 2011; the decadal population and growth
rate are given in the following table.

Table I: Demographic projections of the Pune city.

Source: Census of India & Provisional figures of Census India, 2011

The graph of demographic growth trend of Pune city is showing steep decline from
50.08% decadal growth rate in 1991-2001 to 22.73% decadal growth rate in 2001-11
which may be due to the development of Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal corporation
(PCMC) as an industrial centre; Pimpri-Chinchwad may be considered as an
emerging counter magnet to Pune city.

The average decadal growth rate from 1951 to 2011 is 36.54%. Rapid growth of the
city is mainly attributed to industrialization of PMC/PCMC after 1960 and expansion
of information technology (IT) industry in the last decade.

IV. SPATIAL GROWTH PATTERN OF THE CITY

Development of Pune as a city commenced from 1818, with the city area being just 5
sq. km.
In 1987 (when the last Development Plan was prepared), the area of Pune city was
146.11 sq.km; with the addition of adjacent villages in 1997, the current area of PMC
jurisdiction is 243.96 sq km.
The old Development Plan was revised in 1987. For the newly added areas, the PMC
has prepared a separate new Development Plan.
From a small area around Kasba Peth, Pune has grown dramatically; in 1958, small
pockets of land in parts of the villages of Katraj, Dhankavadi, Lohagaon, Dapodi, etc.
were added increasing the area within PMCs jurisdiction.
The last such annexation took place in 1997 wherein 23 villages with an area of 97.84
sq. km. were added to Pune city.
As a result, the PMC area increased from 146 sq.km. to 430 sq.km.
The new PMC area is now more than double the Chennai Municipal Corporations
area. The chronological increase in the Pune Municipal Area has been given in table.

Table No. II Chronological Development of the area.

Source:Pune Development Plan Report.

Map No I: Chronological Development of Pune from 1820 -2011

Source: Town Planning Department, Pune- 2011
Above map shows the chronological development of the city from 5.0 m2 to 430 m2 of the
Pune city.

V. LAND UTILIZATION AND LAND USE OF THE CITY AS PER PLANNING

POLICIES

The first town planning scheme was prepared for Shivaji Nagar in 1918 and a Master
plan was prepared in 1952 for the Pune city.
The first Development Plan (DP), for PMC was prepared in 1966 (10 year horizon till
1976) in accordance with the new legislation that is the Maharashtra Town and
Country Planning Act, 1966.
Revision was made in 1982 which was sanctioned by the Government of
Maharashtra in 1987.
The second DP was prepared for horizon of 20 year (to be valid till 2007) for PMC
area of 138.36 sq. km. In 2001, PMC jurisdiction was extended by merging 23
neighbouring villages (in parts) and DP was exclusively prepared for this fringe area
for a horizon of 20 years (valid till 2021).
The combined percentage distribution for various land utilization categories is
presented in the following Figure.

Fig. III : Land Utilization - PMC (1987 DP

+2001 DP)
As per the development plan prepared in 2001,
the residential land use has increased to 50%.
Considering the growing demand of housing,
the newly added areas have been utilized for
residential use. Following chart shows the land
use classification of PMC as per development
plan 2001.
Fig. II : Land use Distribution Pune City
Source: DP 1987; City sanitation plan, PMC
With this increased pressure on the land use
characteristic of the city, the city is facing
different types of threats for the
future development.

VI. PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR PUNE CITY

To overcome all the problems encountered in development process, several fields are
identified as follows:

Lack of proper planning increases encroachments on hill tops and slopes and illegal
construction onagricultural land.
Driving forces such as economic activities, guiding and controlling future
development of the city.
Identification of potential areas for undertaking urban redevelopment projects.

Population pressure due to migration has led to the haphazard development and varied
infrastructure growth.
Physical development and growth, both, in residential and industrial areas, is
haphazard and uncontrolled.
Fringe areas need to be developed to avoid ill organised growth.
IT development in the city is not matching the rapid residential development, with
increased migrants for education and employment to the city; demand for rental
housing is high.
Congested core area with limited scope of land reservation and population density in
the core areas is very high.
Unequal distribution of social infrastructure and land allocation.
Increase in traffic congestion, speed reduction, environmental pollution and
degradation in the quality of life, urban congestion due to unprecedented growth in
motorized vehicles which is further aggravated by the interstate truck movement that
cuts through the Pune City.
With all these issues, there are other numbers of issues which are inter-related to the
above stated problems in the effective land use pattern.

VII. RECOMMENDATION
With all the above stated issues, the Pune city is having a potential to be a World class city
which can play a major role in the economic development of the country. For the same,
following recommendations can be implemented.

Developing compatible and integrated land use plan.

Variable FSI in city limits average up to 3FSI.
Equitable social infrastructure.
Redevelopment/renewal of core city by framework of impact analysis and reporting
when applying for building or redevelopment permission.
Providing zones & policies for informal sector commercial activities.
Integrate land use and transport planning.
Effective traffic and transportation system.
Effective planning and management of water demand system.
Good co-ordination between PMC and public partnership development like township
project.

VIII. CONCLUSION
For the survival of Pune as a Metropolitan city, the sustainable development of the city
through the effective land use pattern is really a challenge in front of the governing and
implementation systems. The complete balanced development in the physical and social
infrastructure of the city will be further a great help for increasing the economic base of the
city. Also, provision of potable water supply, solid waste management, sanitation, mass
transportation system should be the priorities for the planning agencies.

REFERENCES

Tanvi Kulkarni [2008] JNNURM: Works, Achievements and Problems in Pune.

PMC [2013] Draft Development Plan for Old Pune City.
Revised Action Plan For Control Of Air Pollution In Pune (PDF). Census of India,
Government of India (2001) Maharashtra Pollution Control Board, Retrieved on
2008-12-29.
Census of India, (2011) http://www.censusindia.net.
Prenzel, B. (2004) Remote sensing-based quantification of land-cover and land-use
change for planning Progress in Planning, v.61, pp.281 299.
Sulochana Shekhar. Changing Space of Pune A GIS perspective GIS@
development Map World Form, Hyderabad, India. Paper Ref NO: MWF PN 116.
Vaidya, C., (2009) URBAN ISSUES, REFORMS AND WAY FORWARD IN
INDIA 2009-DEA

B.CASE STUDY OF DELHI

I.HISTORY
Delhi remains one of the oldest surviving cities in the world today. In fact, it is an amalgam
of eight cities, each built in a different era on a different site each era leaving its mark, and
adding character to it and each ruler leaving a personal layer of architectural identity. It has
evolved into a culturally secular city absorbing different religions, diverse cultures, both
foreign and indigenous, and yet functioning as one organic entity. Mir Taqi Mir, a poet from
Delhi, wrote: "The streets of Delhi are not mere streets; They are like the album of a painter"
The first city of Delhi was Indraprastha founded by the Pandavas at the time of Mahabharata.
Much later, the Tomar Rajputs, who ruled over Delhi, founded Dhillika; Alauddin Khilji built
Siri; Tughlaqs added Tughlaqabad, Jahanpanah and Firozabad. Humayun constructed his
capital city Din Panah. His grandson Shahjahan built Shahjahanabad and almost a century
and a half later Lutyen designed New Delhi the Imperial capital of the British Raj. New
Delhi was inaugurated in 1931. Today Delhi spills into the adjoining states of Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh still thriving in different eras of its rich history and in step also with the rest
of the world.

II.THE MAKING OF MODERN DELHI

Delhi assumed its modern form when in 1912 the imperial capital of British India was
shifted from Calcutta to Delhi. Since then it has undergone 3 distinct phases of City Planning.

i.
ii.
iii.

The building of New Delhi by a team of British town- planners and architects
led by Lutyens (1912-1935)
The setting up of the Delhi Improvement Trust and the efforts at renovation of
Old Delhi (1936-1950) and then in the post-independence period.
The setting up of the Delhi Development Authority and its combined task of
developing new areas and improving old ones 1950 onwards.

Phase 1

In 1912 the government decided to build a new capital city at Delhi separate from the
existing city of Delhi. The Delhi Town Planning Committee consisted of the architect
Edwin L Lutyens, captain G S Swinton (chairman of the London County Council, an
eloquent champion of city improvement) and John A Brodie (city engineer of
Liverpool who had recently gained notice for the scheme for a parkway around that
city).
The new city was planned as a garden city (as was fashionable in European town
planning then) with conscious symbolisation of British imperial power in India. Vast
stretches of land were to separate the New city from the old city.
Lutyens also planned the residential area for the government officials and the rajas
etc assisting the British Raj. But in this whole process almost no attention was paid to
the problems of Old Delhi which suffered a lot in the times to come.
Due to the creation of New Delhi, Old Delhi experienced a 28% surge in population
from 1916-1926 resulting in the spilling over of the population from inside the
walled city to the Paharganj area, whose restructuring was later abandoned by
Lutyens due to resource constraints.
Also, no provision of housing was premeditated for the large no. of skilled and
unskilled workers which immigrated in for the construction work of New Delhi. This
negligence of the planners towards Old Delhi resulted in its transformation to a large
slum area through deterioration and dilapidation.

Phase 2

In 1936, the declining public health of the Old Delhi led to the appointment of AP
Hume, an officer on special duty, to suggest measures for relieving congestion in
Delhi.
In his Report on Relief of Congestion in Delhi (1936) Hume wrote "the city contains
numerous welldefined slum areas of the meanest type and abounds in insanitary lanes
and dwellings of constituting a menace to the public health of the whole urban area
of Delhi." The report Edwin L Lutyens Urban Planning in India suggested the setting
up of an Improvement Trust, a social body equipped with statutory authority for
planning and executing a programme for decongestion of the city along with
administration of public lands.
This led to the setting up of the Delhi Improvement Trust in March 1937. The stated
purpose, however, was primarily administrative and only secondarily to deal with
public health. However the slum clearance schemes prepared by the DIT could not
get under way for the first three years because it had not provided for re-housing of

the inmates of the slum to be cleared! The government refused to sanction the
schemes. On this ground and it was only then that re-housing of the displaced was
planned. When it was eventually executed, fewer than 300 families were all could be
re-housed over almost 13 years.
Phase 3

Post-independence Delhi was immediately overwhelmed by a deluge of refugee

immigrants from west Pakistan as a result of partition.
Many colonies were setup in the south and west like Kailash Colony, Kalkaji,
Malaviya Nagar, Moti Nagar and Kirti Nagar to provide for this huge Punjabi
population influx. In the 1950s, it was realised that if the development of Delhi was
to be a controlled and channelized process, then it was necessary to provide a
Planning Body which could have a broad perspective and take decisions after
conducting proper surveys of the area.
There was political will behind it to develop the modern capital city of independent
India. In December 1957 the Delhi Development Authority was constituted through
an act of parliament. It evolved a draft plan in June 1960 and submitted it to the
public for objections and suggestions.
With due changes the final master plan was ready in November 1961 and in 1962 it
was made law. The plan was basically a land-management plan. It took into
consideration the increase in Delhi's employment potential in government, trade and
industry.
On that basis it projected an increase in population up to 50 lakhs by 1981 (which has
proved to be very low) and set 'urbanisable limits which were to be enclosed by a 1
km wide 'green belt' to restrict further urbanisation and prevent surrounding urban
areas from merging with Delhi.
The plan basically marked out commercial areas, residential areas, industrial and
educational areas, etc. (Zonal Approach). Urban renewal rather than mere slum
clearance was set as the approach to planning for redevelopment of the existing city.
Detailed prototype plans were then prepared for the 'renewal' of different types of
areas.
Urban Planning in India Schemes for slum clearance were executed and 27
resettlement colonies were laid out relocating 1.2 lakh squatter households from
squatter clusters near the heart of the city to its periphery.
The squatter resettlement colonies were developed with metalled roads, public parks,
water supply, public lavatories, street lighting, drains, shops, schools, dispensaries
and community centres. Small-scale industrial units were located close to these
colonies to ensure employment in the neighbourhood. This was done to ensure it was
a 'resettlement' and not just 're-housing'.

III.PLANNING

Rehabilitation plan itself was not successful as no significant attention was paid to the
needs and requirements of the colonies and hence gradually the rehabilitation colonies
themselves turned into planned slums and cholera epidemic occurred in them in 1988.

The lowering of standard for housing plot size, for the quality and quantity of basic
amenities such as latrines, drainage and water supply was the chief reason behind this
problem.

If citizens have to fight for the basic needs of life like a decent water supply and a
clean latrine, it is nothing but an illusion to expect them to be happy by open spaces,
roads and non-functional community centres. Thus the residents of the resettlement
colonies live crowded into small accommodation, with a absence of basic, everyday
requirements such as a safe water supply, facilities for defecation and bathing, an
adequate drainage system to remove rain water, etc, in the midst of wide roads and
lanes, parks converted into reservoirs for the rain water, nonfunctional or underutilised facilities such as the community centre. Distinctly separated from the betteroff residential areas into large environmentally degraded expanses, these colonies are
'slums' if 'lack of sanitation' and 'an environment detrimental to health' are some of the
basic characteristics of slums.

The plans adopted were all based on dominant city planning practices of that time,
that is, on models developed in the west, probably suited to their conditions. These
models had to be imitated seemingly to give the citizens of this country, the best, to
become developed. But in this approach the city planners forgot to take into account
the fact that the conditions social, economic and political as well as the infrastructural
base of Indian cities had a stark difference from the west.
The outcome of this planned development can be seen as a few obvious trends(a) Public health was one of the major goals of town planning.
(b) Over the years, however, public health was replaced by real estate as the major
issue.
(c) The state, which began town planning partly as a means of discharging its
responsibility towards the health of the citizens, became the monopolist real
estate agent of Delhi.
(d) The DDA master plan was basically a 'land use plan' Urban Planning in India
marking out commercial, industrial and residential areas and deciding upon the
density per acre in residential areas.
(e) The DDA under- took large-scale acquisition of land in order to control future
development of Delhi, and to make its own task of development economical.
(f) Thus, it acquired almost sole monopoly on land available for development in
Delhi. The acquisition, development and disposal of land became the major
preoccupation of the DDA and considerations of social development, public
health, progressive planning for the poor got left further behind.
(g) Slum clearance was 'necessary' in order to 'make better use' of the commercially
valuable land available after clearance and not to rehabilitate the evicted.

IV.CRITICISM BY SIR PATRICK GEDDES

To take in view the ideas of Sir Patrick Geddes, we have a look at his chief guiding
principles can be interpreted from the large number of reports and plans he had drawn up.
These include
(a) To start from a given situation and let the plan evolve itself.
(b) To make best use of resources existing within the setting.
(c) To understand social, economic and cultural conditions through direct contact and to plan
accordingly. The residents' physical, social and psychological needs to be taken into account.
(d) To take the residents along by use of cultural symbols which will be supported by the
positive beneficial results they will themselves perceive because of the appropriate planning
and solid action taken.
(e) To conserve and promote the good in local tradition, without any emotionalism about
'tradition'.
(f) To take a humanistic approach considering people's life as a whole and not just, say
sanitation.
(g) Special attention to be given to the poor but basic principles to be applied to all. Geddes
came to India in 1915 and produced many town planning studies. He expressed his
unambiguous disagreement with Lutyens' plan for New Delhi.
For example, Geddes' method of decongestion was a 'conservative' survey. Intensive, on-thespot surveying led to working out the minimum number of the most dilapidated houses to be
pulled down in a manner such that open spaces were created within the congested areas
allowing ventilation for each surrounding house. The fewer families displaced can then be
resettled in to a developed area with a basic standard of housing and environmental hygiene.
The new open spaces would be used for tree planting, as community squares, as a little green
patch for kitchen-gardening, etc. The DDA master plan incorporated a lot of his ideasdetailed surveys to know the existing situation and project into the future, a comprehensive
plan, an attempt at categorising areas meant for conservation, rehabilitation or clearance, the
'mohalla' concept for residential areas. By this time, the civic survey and preparation of
master plans had become Urban Planning in India accepted ingredients in the 'science' of
town planning though without really acknowledging Geddes. Many components of the DDA
plans show that the stream of thought was of Geddes. Prototype plans prepared for
redevelopment of different types of slums, the concept of village clusters within the city, the
experimentation with local tube- wells and piped water system in resettlement colonies all
reflect the Geddesian approach at work. However, what one finds in implementation is that
those parts of this approach which applied to the poor were either not implemented.

V. PRESENT DAY SCENARIO AND FUTURE PLANNING

However, even to the present date there are multiple problems that still exist in delhi and the
ncr region. The new delhi area is still the only region that is a bit devoid of problems and
congestion that the rest of the Delhi faces. The biggest problem that modern day Delhi faces
is the Transport Problem. The Plan of Lutyens to make the central New Delhi area a nonresidential area and separating it completely from the residential zone itself has led to long
daily commuting hours for the large workforce. And apart from the Government offices, there
are many private corporate firms which have their offices in that area, so the no. of
commuters multiplies manifold.
The Bus service run by Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) has always been inadequate to
bear such great no. of commuters and if all the citizens were to use private vehicles for
commuting, there would not be an inch of space left on the 6-lane roads of Delhi. Even
though the construction of the Ring Road and the Outer Ring road has helped to divert the
heavy long distance traffic away from the central area, still the no. of commuters is a gigantic
figure. The city of Delhi with a population of round 12 (16.2) million should have had a Mass
Rapid Transit System (MRTS) network of at least 100 (300) km by this time.
The Delhi Metro project scheduled to have been completed fully by 2021 is aimed to cover
whole of Delhi and provide for the commuting needs of the people. Apart from this, a monorail transport system is also expected to kick off. The primary goal of DDA and planning
authorities presently is to deflect the rising population of Delhi outwards to the NCR region
chiefly Noida, Gurgaon and Ghaziabad. The development of these areas has been through the
Sectoral approach which comprises development of the urban region in sets of small self
sufficient units providing all basic civic amenities to its residents. This has been more or less
a successful effort but still due to political pressures some villages and rural land could not be
acquired(Lal dora regions) which have been surrounded by city from all sides and now serve
as a slum region and a source of crime.
Also, no logical pattern has been followed in naming numbering these sectors, which is a
pain for visitors in the city in locating an address.