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Advanced
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CPE624
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INTRODUCTION
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Batch Reactor
Mass
Balance
Constant density system
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Ideal
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CHAPTER 1
CATALYTIC REACTORS AND
MASS TRANSFER
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=A_PhvIktMOw&feature=endscreen
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Example of Catalysis
Gaseous H2 and O2 are inert at room temperature.
They react rapidly when exposed to Pt catalyst.
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Theory of Catalysis
Activated complex formation theory:
Catalysts generally react with one or more reactants
to form intermediates that subsequently give the
final reaction product, in the process regenerating
the catalyst. The following is a typical reaction
scheme, where C represents the catalyst, X and Y
are reactants, and Z is the product of the reaction of
X and Y:
X + C XC (1)
Y + XC XYC (2)
XYC CZ (3)
CZ C + Z (4)
X+YZ
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Theory of Catalysis
Adsorption theory (Old): The
reactants
in
gaseous
state
or
in
solu0ons,
are
adsorbed
on
the
surface
of
the
solid
catalyst.
The
increase
in
concentra0on
of
the
reactants
on
the
surface
increases
the
rate
of
reac0on.
Adsorp0on
being
an
exothermic
process,
the
heat
of
adsorp0on
is
u0lised
in
enhancing
the
rate
of
the
reac0on.
Adsorption theory (Modern):
The
modern
adsorp0on
theory
is
the
combina0on
of
intermediate
compound
forma0on
theory
and
the
old
adsorp0on
theory.
The
mechanism
involves
ve
steps:
(1)
Diusion
of
reactants
to
the
surface
of
the
catalyst.
(2)
Adsorp0on
of
reactant
molecules
on
the
surface
of
the
catalyst.
(3)
Occurrence
of
chemical
reac0on
on
the
catalysts
surface
through
forma0on
of
an
intermediate
(Figure
depicted
below).
(4)
Desorp0on
of
reac0on
products
from
the
catalyst
surface,
and
thereby,
OF CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
making
the
surface
available
again
for
more
FACULTY
reac0on
to
occur.
(5)
Diusion
of
reac0on
products
away
from
the
catalysts
surface.
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Theory of Catalysis
Adsorption theory
H
Pt
H
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
O
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
Pt
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What
is
adsorp1on?
Adsorption is a physical or chemical phenomenon by which
the molecules present in a liquid or a gas attach to the
surface of a solid.
Surface
means
both
external
and
internal
surface.
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Physical
Adsorp1on
Physical
adsorp1on
(Physisorp1on)
Physical
adsorp1on
is
a
phenomenon
which
takes
place
purely
due
to
the
van
der
Waals
forces
of
aBrac1on.
-
It
is
a
reversible
phenomenon.
-
Because
of
very
week
force
of
aBrac1on,
the
physical
adsorp1on
can
not
bring
to
any
change
of
chemical
structure
of
the
adsorbent
and
adsorbate.
-
It
can
be
compared
with
the
condensa1on
of
vapour
of
liquids.
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Chemical
Adsorp1on
Chemical
adsorp1on
(Chemisorp1on)
Chemical
adsorp1on
is
adsorp1on
which
results
from
chemical
bond
forma1on
(strong
interac1on)
between
the
adsorbent
and
the
adsorbate
in
a
monolayer
on
the
surface.
Example:
Organic
compound
get
adsorbed
on
the
solid
surface
with
chemical
bond
forma1on.
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Adsorbate
Adsorbent
Adsorbate
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V = V fluid + V catalyst
Void
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reactions:
r=
Heterogeneous
moles
volume time
reactions:
moles
r =
area time
''
moles
r =
mass time
'
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Pseudo-homogeneous rate
r
Surface
area of catalyst
r = s g c (1 )r"
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Space time,
volume of fluid in a reactor
=
volumetric flow rate passes through the reactor
Homogeneous
Reactors:
Heterogeneous
V fluid = V
volume of reactor
inlet volumetric flow rate
Reactors
=
V
0
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molecule
Monolithic
catalyst
can
be
either
porous
or
non-porous
Supported
catalyst
-
consist
of
par1cles
of
an
ac1ve
material
dispersed
over
a
less
ac1ve
substance.
Unsupported
catalyst
Promoters
small
amount
of
ac1ve
ingredients
Deac1va1on
of
catalyst
-
Aging
-
Poisoning
-
Fouling
or
coking
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Catalyst Properties
Porous
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Catalyst Properties
Deactivation
of catalyst
Aging
Poisoning
Fouling
Catalytic
or coking
reaction involved:
Physical
adsorption
Chemical adsorption
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Porous catalyst
Why
silica
High area aluminas
Zeolites/aluminosilicates
Carbon
Supported noble metal catalysts (Pt, Pd, Ag,
Rh, Ni etc)
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Catalytic Reactors
Packed
Bed Reactor
Slurry reactor
Fluidized bed reactor
Riser reactor
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Catalytic Reactors
Packed
bed Reactor
Assume
no mixing
Mass balance:
dC j
dz
= jr
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Catalytic Reactors
Slurry
Assume
well mixed
Mass Balance:
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1 Tutorial 1
Example 7-1 (Schmidt) page 277
Problem 7-2 pg 318