UAE History and Overview

18/10/2014
United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
United Arab Emirates

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The United Arab Emirates i /junatd rb mrts/

(Arabic:
Dawlat al-Imrt
al-Arabiyyah al-Muttaidah), sometimes simply called
the Emirates or the UAE,[note 1] is a country located in
the southeast end of the Arabian Peninsula on the Persian
Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the
south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar and Iran.
In 2013, UAE's total population was 9.2 million; 1.4
million Emirati citizens and 7.8 million expatriates.[6][7]
United Arab Emirates

Dawlat al-Imrt al-Arabiyyah alMuttaidah
Established on 2 December 1971, the country is a

federation of seven emirates (equivalent to
principalities). Each emirate is governed by a hereditary
emir who jointly form the Federal Supreme Council, the
highest legislative and executive body in the country.
One of the emirs is selected as the President of the
United Arab Emirates. The constituent emirates are Abu
Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah,
Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. Abu Dhabi is the capital
of UAE. Islam is the official religion of the UAE, and
Arabic is the official language.[8] Sharia Law is a main
source of its legislation.
Flag
Emblem
Anthem: "Ishy Bilady"

"Long Live My Nation"
0:00
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In 1962, Abu Dhabi became the first of the emirates to

begin exporting oil. The late Sheikh Zayed, ruler of Abu
Dhabi and the first president of the UAE, oversaw the
development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues
into healthcare, education and infrastructure.[9] Today,
Emirates oil reserves is ranked as the seventh-largest in
the world,[10] along with the world's seventeenth largest
natural gas reserves.[11] Emirates has a high income
economy, which ranks as the world's nineteenth highest
in terms of GDP per capita (nominal), and also enjoys a
sizable annual trade surplus. Its most populous city,
Dubai, has emerged as a business hub.[12]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Saudi rule (17441891)
1.2 British rule (18921971)
1.3 Independence (1971)
2 Geography
Capital
2428N 5422E
2.1 Flora and fauna

2.2 Climate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates
Abu Dhabi
Largest city
Dubai
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3 Government and politics

3.1 Law
3.2 Human rights
3.3 Foreign relations
Official languages
Arabic
Other languages[1]
English Arabic
Ethnic groups
(2009[1][2])
16.6% Emirati (citizenry)

23% other Arabs
3.4 Military
42.3% South Asiana
3.5 Political divisions
12.1% other Asianb
4 Economy
5 Expo 2020
6 Tourism
6.0% other expatriates

Demonym
Emirati [1]
Emirian
Emiri
Government
Federal hereditary absolute

monarchy
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
Mohammed bin Rashid Al
Maktoum
7 Demographics
7.1 Religion
7.2 Largest cities
7.3 Languages
- President
- Prime Minister
8 Culture
8.1 Food
Legislature
Federal National Council
8.2 Sports
Independence
- from the United
Kingdom
2 December 1971
9 Education
10 Health
11 See also
Area
- Total
12 Notes
13 References
- Water (%)
14 External links
Population
- 2013 estimate
History
The earliest known human habitation in the UAE dated
from 5500 BC. At this early stage, there is proof of
interaction with the outside world, particularly with
civilizations to the northwest in Mesopotamia. These
contacts persisted and became wide-ranging, probably
motivated by trade in copper from the Hajar Mountains,
which commenced around 3000 BC.[13] In 637, Julfar
(today Ra's al-Khaimah) was used as a staging post for
the Islamic invasion of Sasanian Iran.[14]
- 2005 census
- Density
GDP (PPP)
- Total
- Per capita
GDP (nominal)
- Total
- Per capita
9,205,651 [3] (93rd)

4,106,427
99/km2 (110th)
256/sq mi
2014 estimate
$288.211 billion[4] (48th)
$30,984[4] (32nd)
2013 estimate
$412.350 billion[4] (28th)
$44,330[4] (19th)
Gini (2008)
36
medium
HDI (2013)
0.827[5]
very high 40th
Currency
UAE dirham (AED)
Time zone
- Summer (DST)
GST (UTC+4)
not observed (UTC+4)
Date format
dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on the
right
Calling code
+971
Saudi rule (17441891)

Between 1744 and 1891, the western region of Abu
Dhabi; today known as Al Gharbia was officially part of
the First Saudi State, and after the OttomanSaudi War,
was officially part of the Second Saudi State. Fearing
vulnerability and territorial enroachment by the Saudis
and Qataris, the ruler of Abu Dhabi Sheikh Zayed bin
Khalifa Al Nahyan launched border wars with Qatar and
83,600d km2 (116th)

32,278 sq mi
negligible
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the Second Saudi State during the 1880s that secured the
western and southern borders of Abu Dhabi. He was
successful and captured Sila, Liwa, Ruwais and
Ghayathi.[15] He also united with Omani forces to drive
Saudi troops from the Buraimi area in 1870. This left the
forts defending the Buraimi Oasis in permanent control
of Abu Dhabi and forced the Saudis to abandon their
designs on Oman. Abu Dhabi's influence and control
over this area steadily grew afterwards.[16] Sheikh Zayed
was a strong leader and all tribes along his Emirates
treated him with respect. The borders of Abu Dhabi were
extended three times, to reach near Qatar in the west and
to touch the Rub' Al Khali in the south.
ISO 3166 code
AE
Internet TLD
.ae
.
a.
Predominantly Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people.
b.
Predominantly Chinese, Filipino, Thai, Iranian, South Korean and Afghani

(Pashtun) people.
c.
Seven emirates and one advisory body.
d.
The country's exact size is unknown because of disputed claims to several

islands in the Persian Gulf, the lack of precise information on the size of
many of these islands and that most of its land boundaries, especially those
with Saudi Arabia, remain un-demarcated.
United Arab Emirates portal
As a result, the town of Abu Dhabi maintained its independence; and after 1880, still had control over Al Ain.
However, the Saudis still controlled some parts of Al Gharbia, mostly in the south. The modern day emirates
of Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, Fujairah and Umm al-Quwain were never a part of the First
Saudi State or the Second Saudi State. Not only could each Emirati sheikhdom negotiate treaties with outside
powers if they wanted to, they also had their own militias and navies.[17]
After the Ottoman-Saudi War in 1818 which led to the collapse of the first Saudi state, the British eventually
got the upper hand, but the region was known to the British as the "Pirate Coast", as raiders based there
harassed the shipping industry despite both European and Omani navies patrolling the area from the 17th
century into the 19th.[18] British expeditions to protect the Indian trade from raiders at Ras al-Khaimah led to
campaigns against that headquarters and other harbours along the coast in 1819. The following year, Britain
and local rulers signed a treaty to combat piracy along the Persian-Gulf coast. Yet according to the local
Qawassim version, the piracy issue was a pretext. The British Empire tried to further establish itself in the
Persian Gulf region and to secure it from any other European influence, particularly from France and Russia,
not from local raiders. This version has been particularly well articulated by the current emir of Sharjah in his
1986 book 'The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf'. From this, and from later agreements, the area became
known as the Trucial Coast. Raids continued intermittently until 1835, when the sheikhs agreed not to engage
in hostilities at sea. In 1853, they signed a treaty with the British, under which the sheikhs (the "Trucial
Sheikhdoms") agreed to a "perpetual maritime truce." It was enforced by the United Kingdom, and disputes
among sheikhs were referred to the British for settlement. The Battle of Mulayda in 1891 marked the formal
end of the second Saudi state.[19]
British rule (18921971)

The following year after the formal collapse of the second Saudi state, and primarily in reaction to the
ambitions of other European countries, the United Kingdom and the Trucial Sheikhdoms established closer
bonds in an 1892 treaty, similar to treaties entered into by Britain with other principalities in the Persian Gulf.
The sheikhs agreed not to dispose of any territory except to Britain and not to enter into relationships with
any foreign government other than the United Kingdom without its consent. In return, the British promised to
protect the Trucial Coast from all aggression by sea and to help in case of land attack.[20] British suppression
of piracy meant that pearling fleets could operate in relative security. However, the British prohibition of the
slave trade meant an important source of income was lost to some sheikhs and merchants.[21]
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the pearling industry thrived in the relatively calm sea, providing
both income and employment to the people of the Persian Gulf. It began to become a good economic resource
for the local people. Then the First World War had a severe impact on the pearl fishery, but it was the
economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s, coupled with the Japanese invention of the cultured
pearl, that all but destroyed it. The industry eventually faded away shortly after the Second World War, when
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the newly independent Government of India imposed heavy taxation on pearls imported from the Arab states
of the Persian Gulf. The decline of pearling resulted in a very difficult era, with little opportunity to build any
infrastructure.[22]
Oil was first discovered in the 1950s. At the beginning of the 1960s,
the first oil company teams carried out preliminary surveys and the
first cargo of crude was exported from Abu Dhabi in 1962. As oil
revenues increased, the ruler of Abu Dhabi, Zayed bin Sultan Al
Nahyan, undertook a massive construction program, building schools,
housing, hospitals and roads. When Dubai's oil exports commenced in
1969, Sheikh Rashid bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the de facto ruler of
Dubai, was also able to use oil revenues to improve the quality of life
of his people.[23]
In 1955, the United Kingdom sided with Abu Dhabi in the latter's
dispute with Oman over the Buraimi Oasis, another territory to the
south.[24] A 1974 agreement between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia
would have settled the Abu Dhabi-Saudi border dispute; however, the
agreement has yet to be ratified by the UAE government and is not
recognised by the Saudi government. The border with Oman also
remains officially unsettled, but the two governments agreed to delineate the border in May 1999.[25]
Dubai in the mid-20th century; the
area in this photo now corresponds to
the Al Ras and Al Shindagha
localities of present-day Dubai.
The British had set up a development office that helped in some small developments in the emirates. The
seven sheikhs of the emirates then decided to form a council to coordinate matters between them and took
over the development office. In 1952, they formed the Trucial States Council,[26] and appointed Adi Bitar,
Sheikh Rashid's legal advisor, as Secretary General and Legal Advisor to the Council. The council was
terminated once the United Arab Emirates was formed.[27] The development of the oil industry in the 1960s,
encouraged unification of the sheikdoms. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan became ruler of Abu Dhabi in
1966 and the British started losing their oil investments and contracts to U.S. oil companies.[28]
Independence (1971)
By 1966 it had become clear the British government could no longer afford to
administer and protect what is now the United Arab Emirates. British MPs
debated the preparedness of the Royal Navy to defend the trucial sheikhdoms.
Secretary of State for Defence Denis Healey reported that the British Armed
Forces were seriously overstretched and in some respects dangerously underequipped to defend the trucial sheikhdoms. On 24 January 1968, British Prime
Minister Harold Wilson announced the government's decision, reaffirmed in
March 1971 by Prime Minister Edward Heath to end the treaty relationships
with the seven Trucial sheikhdoms that had been, together with Bahrain and
Qatar, under British protection. Days after the announcement, the ruler of Abu
Dhabi Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, fearing vulnerability, tried to
persuade the British to honour the protection treaties by offering to pay the
full costs of keeping the British Armed Forces in the Emirates. The British
Labour government rejected the offer.[29] After Labour MP Goronwy Roberts
informed Sheikh Zayed of the news of British withdrawal, the nine Gulf
sheikhdoms attempted to form a union of Arab emirates, but by mid-1971
they were still unable to agree on terms of union even though the British
treaty relationship was to expire in December of that year.[30]
Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

was the first President of
UAE.
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Bahrain became independent in August, and Qatar in September 1971. When the British-Trucial Sheikhdoms
treaty expired on 1 December 1971, they became fully independent.[31] The rulers of Abu Dhabi and Dubai
decided to form a union between their two emirates independently, prepare a constitution, then call the rulers
of the other five emirates to a meeting and offer them the opportunity to join. It was also agreed between the
two that the constitution be written by 2 December 1971.[32] On that date, at the Dubai Guesthouse Palace,
four other emirates agreed to enter into a union called the United Arab Emirates. Bahrain and Qatar declined
their invitations to join the union. Ras al-Khaimah joined later, in early 1972.[33][34] In February 1972, the
Federal National Council (FNC) was created; it was a 40 member consultative body appointed by the seven
rulers.The UAE joined the Arab League in 1971. It was a founding member of the Gulf Cooperation Council
in May 1981, with Abu Dhabi hosting the first summit. UAE forces joined the allies against Iraq after the
invasion of Kuwait in 1990.
The UAE supported military operations from the US and other
Coalition nations that are engaged in the war against the Taliban in
Afghanistan (2001) and Saddam Hussein in Iraq (2003) as well as
operations supporting the Global War on Terror for the Horn of Africa
at Al Dhafra Air Base located outside of Abu Dhabi. The air base also
supported Allied operations during the 1991 Persian Gulf War and
Operation Northern Watch. The country had already signed a military
defense agreement with the U.S. in 1994 and one with France in
1995.[35][36] In January 2008, France and the UAE signed a deal
allowing France to set up a permanent military base in the emirate of
Abu Dhabi.[37] The UAE joined international military operations in
Libya in March 2011.
View of Sharjah city
On 2 November 2004, the UAE's first president, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, died. His eldest son,
Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, succeeded as Emir of Abu Dhabi. In accordance with the constitution,
the UAE's Supreme Council of Rulers elected Khalifa as president. Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
succeeded Khalifa as Crown Prince of Abu Dhabi.[38] In January 2006, Sheikh Maktoum bin Rashid Al
Maktoum, the prime minister of the UAE and the ruler of Dubai, died, and the crown prince Sheikh
Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum assumed both roles.
The first-ever national elections were held in the UAE on 16 December 2006. A small number of hand-picked
voters chose half of the members of the Federal National Councilwhich is an advisory body. Largely
unaffected by the Arab Spring turmoil, the government has nonetheless clamped down on Internet
activism.[39] In April 2011, five activists who signed an online petition calling for reforms were imprisoned.
They were pardoned and released in November. Since March 2012 more than 60 activists (later showed
evidence of being moved by Iran to create chaos) have been detained without charge (at the time) some of
them supporters of the Islah Islamic group. A member of the ruling family in Ras al-Khaimah was put under
house arrest in April 2012 after calling for political openness. Mindful of the protests in nearby Bahrain, in
November 2012 the UAE outlawed online mockery of its own government or attempts to organise public
protests through social media.[9]
Geography
The United Arab Emirates is situated in Southwest Asia, bordering the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf,
between Oman and Saudi Arabia; it is in a strategic location along southern approaches to the Strait of
Hormuz, a vital transit point for world crude oil.[40]
The UAE lies between 2230' and 2610' north latitude and between 51 and 5625 east longitude. It shares a
530-kilometer border with Saudi Arabia on the west, south, and southeast, and a 450-kilometer border with
Oman on the southeast and northeast. The land border with Qatar in the Khawr al Udayd area is about
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nineteen kilometers (12 miles) in the northwest; however, it is a source of ongoing dispute.[41] Following
Britain's military departure from UAE in 1971, and its establishment as a new state, the UAE laid claim to
islands resulting in disputes with Iran that remain unresolved. UAE also disputes claim on other islands
against the neighboring state of Qatar.[42] The largest emirate, Abu Dhabi, accounts for 87% of the UAE's
total area (67,340 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi)). The smallest emirate, Ajman, encompasses only
259 km2 (100 sq mi)(see figure).
The UAE coast
stretches for more
than 650 km
(404 mi) along the
southern shore of
the Persian Gulf.
Most of the coast
consists of salt
pans that extend
far inland. The
A view of the desert landscape on the
largest natural
outskirts of Dubai
harbor is at Dubai,
Map of the United Arab Emirates
although other
ports have been dredged at Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, and
elsewhere. Numerous islands are found in the Persian Gulf, and the ownership of some of them has been the
subject of international disputes with both Iran and Qatar. The smaller islands, as well as many coral reefs and
shifting sandbars, are a menace to navigation. Strong tides and occasional windstorms further complicate ship
movements near the shore. The UAE also has a stretch of the Al Binah coast of the Gulf of Oman, although
the Musandam Peninsula, the very tip of Arabia by the Strait of Hormuz is an exclave of Oman separated by
the UAE.
South and west of Abu Dhabi, vast, rolling sand dunes merge into the Rub al-Khali (Empty Quarter) of Saudi
Arabia. The desert area of Abu Dhabi includes two important oases with adequate underground water for
permanent settlements and cultivation.[43] The extensive Liwa Oasis is in the south near the undefined border
with Saudi Arabia. About 100 km (62 mi) to the northeast of Liwa is the Al-Buraimi oasis, which extends on
both sides of the Abu Dhabi-Oman border. Lake Zakher is a man-made lake near the border with Oman.
Prior to withdrawing from the area in 1971, Britain delineated the internal borders among the seven emirates
in order to preempt territorial disputes that might hamper formation of the federation. In general, the rulers of
the emirates accepted the British intervention, but in the case of boundary disputes between Abu Dhabi and
Dubai, and also between Dubai and Sharjah, conflicting claims were not resolved until after the UAE became
independent. The most complicated borders were in the Al-Hajar al-Gharbi Mountains, where five of the
emirates contested jurisdiction over more than a dozen enclaves.
Flora and fauna

The oases grow date palms, acacia and eucalyptus trees. In the desert the flora is very sparse and consists of
grasses and thorn bushes. The indigenous fauna had come close to extinction because of intensive hunting,
which has led to a conservation program on Bani Yas Island initiated by Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
in the 1970s, resulting in the survival of, for example, Arabian oryx and leopards. Coastal fish and mammals
consist mainly of mackerel, perch and tuna, as well as sharks and whales.
Climate
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The climate of the U.A.E is subtropical-arid with hot summers and

warm winters. The hottest months are July and August, when average
maximum temperatures reach above 45 C (113 F) on the coastal
plain. In the Al Hajar Mountains, temperatures are considerably lower,
a result of increased elevation.[44] Average minimum temperatures in
January and February are between 10 and 14 C (50 and 57 F).[45]
During the late summer months, a humid southeastern wind known as
Sharqi (i.e. "Easterner") makes the coastal region especially
unpleasant. The average annual rainfall in the coastal area is less than
120 mm (4.7 in), but in some mountainous areas annual rainfall often
Acacia trees growing in desert
reaches 350 mm (13.8 in). Rain in the coastal region falls in short,
suburbs near Fujairah
torrential bursts during the summer months, sometimes resulting in
floods in ordinarily dry wadi beds.[46] The region is prone to
occasional, violent dust storms, which can severely reduce visibility. The Jebel Jais mountain cluster in Ras
al-Khaimah has experienced snow only twice since records began.[47]
Government and politics

The United Arab Emirates is a federation of hereditary
absolute monarchies. It is governed by a Federal
Supreme Council made up of the seven emirs of Abu
Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, Ras alKhaimah and Umm al-Qaiwain. All responsibilities not
granted to the national government are reserved to the
emirates.[48] A percentage of revenues from each
emirate is allocated to the UAE's central budget.[49]
Although elected by the Supreme Council, the
presidency and prime ministership are essentially
Khalifa bin Zayed Al
Mohammed bin Rashid
hereditary: The emir of Abu Dhabi holds the presidency,
Nahyan
is
the
President
Al Maktoum is the Prime
and the emir of Dubai is prime minister. All prime
of the UAE and Ruler of Minister of UAE and
ministers but one have served concurrently as vice
Abu Dhabi
Ruler of Dubai
president. Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan was the
UAE's president from the nation's founding until his
death on 2 November 2004. On the following day the Federal Supreme Council elected his son, Sheikh
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, to the post. Abu Dhabi's crown prince, Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, is
the heir apparent.[50]
The UAE convened a half-elected Federal National Council in 2006. The FNC consists of 40 members drawn
from all the emirates. Half are appointed by the rulers of the constituent emirates, and the other half are
indirectly elected to serve two-year terms. However, the FNC is restricted to a largely consultative role.[51]
The UAE eGovernment is the extension of the UAE Federal Government in its electronic form.[52]
Law
The UAE's judicial system is derived from the civil law system and Sharia law. The court system consists of
civil courts and Sharia courts. According to Human Rights Watch, UAE's civil and criminal courts apply
elements of Sharia law, codified into its criminal code and family law, in a way which discriminates against
women.[53] Flogging and stoning are legal punishments in the UAE.
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Flogging is a legal punishment for criminal offences such as adultery, premarital sex and prostitution.[54] In
most emirates, floggings are frequent with sentences ranging from 80 to 200 lashes.[55][56] Between 2007 and
2013, many people were sentenced to 100 lashes.[57][58][59][60][61][62][54][63] Moreover in 2010 and 2012,
several Muslims were sentenced to 80 lashes for alcohol consumption.[64][65] Under UAE law, premarital sex
is punishable by 100 lashes.[66]
Stoning is a legal form of judicial punishment in the UAE. In 2006, an expatriate was sentenced to death by
stoning for committing adultery.[67] Between 2009 and 2013, several people were sentenced to death by
stoning.[60][68][69] In May 2014, an Asian housemaid was sentenced to death by stoning in Abu
Dhabi.[70][71][72]
Sharia law dictates the personal status law, which regulate matters such as marriage, divorce and child
custody. The Sharia-based personal status law is applied to Muslims and sometimes non-Muslims.[73] NonMuslim expatriates are liable to Sharia rulings on marriage, divorce and child custody.[73] Sharia courts have
exclusive jurisdiction to hear family disputes, including matters involving divorce, inheritances, child
custody, child abuse and guardianship of minors. Sharia courts may also hear appeals of certain criminal
cases including rape, robbery, driving under the influence of alcohol and related crimes.[74]
Apostasy is a crime punishable by death in the UAE. UAE incorporates hudud crimes of Sharia into its Penal
Code - apostasy being one of them.[75] Article 1 and Article 66 of UAE's Penal Code requires hudud crimes to
be punished with the death penalty,[75][76] therefore apostasy is punishable by death in the UAE.
Emirati women must receive permission from male guardian to remarry.[77] The requirement is derived from
Sharia, and has been federal law since 2005.[77] In all emirates, it is illegal for Muslim women to marry nonMuslims.[78] In the UAE, a marriage union between a Muslim woman and non-Muslim man is punishable by
law, since it is considered a form of "fornication".[78]
Homosexuality is illegal: the death penalty is one of the punishments for homosexuality. Article 80 of the
Abu Dhabi Penal Code makes sodomy punishable with imprisonment of up to 14 years, while article 177 of
the Penal Code of Dubai imposes imprisonment of up to 10 years on consensual sodomy.[79]
Kissing in public is strictly illegal and can result in deportation, kissing in public is a crime punishable by
deportation.[80] Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.[81][82][83]
Article 1 of the Federal Penal Code states that "provisions of the Islamic Law shall apply to the crimes of
doctrinal punishment, punitive punishment and blood money."[84] The Federal Penal Code repealed only
those provisions within the penal codes of individual emirates which are contradictory to the Federal Penal
Code. Hence, both are enforceable simultaneously.[85]
During the month of Ramadan, it is illegal to publicly eat, drink, or smoke between sunrise and sunset.
Exceptions are made for pregnant women and children. The law applies to both Muslims and non-Muslims,
and failure to comply may result in arrest.[86]
The Constitution of the United Arab Emirates confers equality, liberty, rule of law, presumption of innocence
in legal procedures, inviolability of the home, freedom of movement, freedom of opinion and speech, freedom
of communication, freedom of religion, freedom of council and association, freedom of occupation, freedom
to be elected to office and others onto all citizens, within the limit of the law.[87]
Human rights
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The treatment of migrant workers in the UAE has been likened to "modern-day slavery".[88] Migrant workers
are excluded from the UAE's collective labour rights, hence migrants are vulnerable to forced labour. Migrant
workers are banned from going on strike.[89] Dozens of workers were deported in 2014 for going on strike.[90]
The International Trade Union Confederation has called on the United Nations to investigate evidence that
thousands of migrant workers in the UAE are treated as slave labour.[91]
Human Rights Watch have drawn attention to the mistreatment of migrant workers who have been turned into
debt-ridden de facto indentured servants[92] following their arrival in the UAE. Confiscation of passports,
although illegal, occurs on a large scale, primarily from unskilled or semi-skilled employees.[93] Labourers
often toil in intense heat with temperatures reaching 4050 degrees Celsius in the cities in August. Although
attempts have been made since 2009 to enforce a midday break rule, these are frequently flouted. Those
labourers who do receive a midday break often have no suitable place to rest and tend to seek relief in bus or
taxi stands and gardens.[94] Initiatives taken have brought about a huge impact on the conditions of the
laborers. According to Human Rights Watch, migrant workers in Dubai live in "inhumane" conditions.
Flogging and stoning are legal punishments in the UAE. The UAE has not ratified the UN Convention on the
elimination of cruel, degrading and inhuman torture. Some laws continue to discriminate Emirati women.
Emirati women must receive permission from "male guardian" to re-marry.[77] The requirement is derived
from Sharia law, and has been federal law since 2005.[77] Some women in UAE are victims of Sharia-derived
judicial punishments such as flogging and stoning.
In 2007, the UAE government attempted to cover up information on the rape of Alexandre Robert, a 15 year
old French-Swiss national, by three Emirati locals, one of whose HIV-positive status was hidden by Emirati
authorities for several months [95]
In April 2009, a video tape of torture smuggled out of the UAE showed Sheikh Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
torturing a man with whips, electric cattle prods, wooden planks with protruding nails and running him over
repeatedly with a car.[96] In December 2009 Issa appeared in court and claimed he was innocent.[97] The trial
ended on 10 January 2010, when Issa was cleared of the torture and rape of Mohammed Shah Poor.[98]
Human Rights Watch criticised the trial and called on the government to establish an independent body to
investigate allegations of abuse by UAE security personnel and other persons of authority.[99] The US state
department has expressed concern over the verdict and said all members of Emirati society "must stand equal
before the law" and called for a careful review of the decision to ensure that the demands of justice are fully
met in this case.[100]
Rape victims are often criminalized in the UAE.[101] The Emirates Center for Human Rights expressed
concern over Dubai's criminalization of rape victims.[102] In Dubai, a woman who reports being raped can be
sentenced to over a year of time in prison for "engaging in extramarital relations" if there is no evidence that
she was raped.[102] The Emirates Center for Human Rights states that "Until laws are reformed, victims of
sexual violence in the UAE will continue to suffer," referring to a case in July 2013 in which a 24 year old
Norwegian woman reported an alleged rape to the police and received a prison sentence for "perjury,
consensual extramarital sex and alcohol consumption".[102][103][104]
In 2012, Dubai police subjected three British citizens to beatings and electric shocks after arresting them on
drugs charges.[105] The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, expressed concern over the case and raised
it with the UAE President, Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, during his 2013 state visit to the UK.[106]
The three men Grant Cameron, Suneet Jeerh, and Karl Williams were pardoned and released in July
2013.[107]
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The annual Freedom House report on Freedom in the World has listed the United Arab Emirates as "Not
Free" every year since 1999 (the first year for which records are available on their website).[108] Freedom
House have also condemned the UAE for imprisoning human rights defenders.[109] In their 2013 Annual
Report, Amnesty International drew attention to the United Arab Emirates' poor record on a number of human
rights issues. They highlighted the government's restrictive approach to freedom of speech and assembly,
their use of arbitrary arrest and torture, and UAE's significant use of the death penalty.[110]
In July 2013, a video was uploaded onto YouTube, depicting a local driver hitting an expatriate worker,
following a road related incident. Using part of his head gear, the local driver whips the expatriate and also
taunts him, before other passers-by intervene. A short while later, Dubai police announced that the person
who filmed the video had been taken into custody. It was also revealed that the local driver was a senior UAE
government official.[111] Later in 2013, police arrested a US citizen and some UAE citizens, in connection
with a YouTube parody video which allegedly portrayed Dubai and its residents in a bad light.[112] The video
was shot in areas of Satwa, Dubai and featured gangs learning how to fight using simple weapons, including
shoes, the aghal, etc.
Kissing in public is strictly illegal and can result in deportation, kissing in public is a crime punishable by
deportation.[113] Expats in Dubai have been deported for kissing in public.[114][115][116]
UAE has organizations promoting human rights, such as the Dubai Women's and Children's Foundation,
Ewaa in Abu Dhabi, Human Rights Care Department in Dubai and the Social Support Centre in Abu Dhabi
.[117] The issue of sexual abuse among female domestic servants is another area of concern, particularly given
that domestic servants are not covered by the UAE labour law of 1980 or the draft labour law of 2007.[118]
Worker protests have been suppressed and protesters imprisoned without due process.[119] Dubai police
opened designated departments in all emirate police stations that are mandated to protect the human rights of
victims and perpetrators of crime.[120]
UAE has escaped most of the effects of the Arab Spring; however, many UAE citizens were jailed and/or
tortured because they heavily criticized the government system.[121][122] There were also foreign nationals
who had their residency in the country revoked.[123] Human Rights Watch criticized the forced exile of UAE
activist Ahmed Abdul Khaleq, calling the action an "unlawful expulsion" motivated by the government's
desire to stifle dissent.[124] Amnesty International issued a statement that "Ahmed Abdul Khaleq should never
have been forced to leave the country and this event sets alarm bells ringing regarding the fate of others held
in the UAE in connection with alleged plots against state security".[125]
Foreign relations
The UAE has extensive diplomatic and commercial relations with
other countries. It plays a significant role in OPEC and the UN, and is
one of the founding members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
The Emirates has long maintained close relations with Egypt and
remains the biggest investor in that country from the rest of the Arab
world.[126] Pakistan had been first country to formally recognize the
UAE upon its formation and continues to be one of its major
economic and trading partners; about 400,000 Pakistani expatriates
are employed in the UAE.[127][128]
Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan with

Russian president Vladimir Putin
Trade between the Arabian peninsula and Indian sub-continent,

together with shared British history, has over the centuries evolved into current close political, economic and
cultural ties between the UAE and India. The largest expatriate presence in the Emirates is Indian.[129][130]
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Following British withdrawal from the UAE in 1971 and the establishment of the UAE as a state, the UAE
disputed rights to a number of islands in the Persian Gulf against Iran. The UAE went so far as to bring the
matter to the United Nations, but the case was dismissed.[131] The dispute has not significantly impacted
relations because of the large Iranian community presence and strong economic ties.[132]
In its dispute with the USA and Israel, Iran has repeatedly threatened to close the strait at the mouth of the
Persian Gulf, a vital oil-trade route.[9] Therefore, in July 2012, the UAE began operating a key overland oil
pipeline which bypasses the Strait of Hormuz in order to mitigate any consequences of an Iranian shut-off.
Commercially, the UK and Germany are the UAE's largest export markets and bilateral relations have long
been close as a large number of their nationals reside in the UAE.[133][134]
Diplomatic relations between UAE and Japan were established as early as UAE's independence in December
1971.[135] The two countries had always enjoyed friendly ties and trade between each other. Exports from the
UAE to Japan include crude oil and natural gas and imports from Japan to UAE include cars and electric
items.[135]
The UAE has continuously been a major contributor of emergency relief to regions affected by conflict and
natural disasters in the developing world.[132] The main UAE governmental agency for foreign aid is the Abu
Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD) which was established in 1971. Since its establishment, the ADFD has
provided over Dh12.6 billion (US$3.45 billion) in soft loans and grants to countries mainly in Africa.[136]
Military
France and the United States have played the most strategically
significant roles with defense cooperation agreements and military
material provision.[137] The UAE discussed with France the possibility
of a purchase of 60 Rafale fighter aircraft in January 2013.[138] The
UAE helped the U.S. launch its first air offensive against Islamic State
targets in Syria.[139]
Political divisions
The United Arab Emirates is divided into seven emirates. Dubai is the
most populated Emirate with 35.6% of the UAE population. The
Emirate of Abu Dhabi has a further 31.2%, meaning that over twothirds of the UAE population live in either Abu Dhabi or Dubai.
United Arab Emirates Air Force F-16

Block 60 taking off from the
Lockheed Martin plant in Fort
Worth, Texas
Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square

kilometres (26,000 square miles), which
is 86.7% of the country's total area,
excluding the islands. It has a coastline
extending for more than 400 km (249 mi)
and is divided for administrative
purposes into three major regions. The
Emirate of Dubai extends along the
Persian Gulf coast of the UAE for
approximately 72 km (45 mi). Dubai has
The smaller Emirates north-east
Location of the Emirates
an area of 3,885 square kilometres (1,500
of Abu Dhabi
square miles), which is equivalent to 5%
of the country's total area, excluding the
islands. The Emirate of Sharjah extends along approximately 16 km (10 mi) of the UAE's Persian Gulf
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coastline and for more than 80 km (50 mi) into the interior. The northern emirates which include Fujairah,
Ajman, Ras al-Khaimah, and Umm al-Qaiwain all have a total area of 3,881 km2. There are two areas under
joint control. One is jointly controlled by Oman and Ajman, the other by Fujairah and Sharjah.
There is an Omani exclave surrounded by UAE territory, known as Wadi Madha. It is located halfway
between the Musandam peninsula and the rest of Oman in the Emirate of Sharjah. It covers approximately 75
square kilometres (29 square miles) and the boundary was settled in 1589. The north-east corner of Madha is
closest to the Khor Fakkan-Fujairah road, barely 10 metres (33 ft) away. Within the Omani exclave of Madha,
is a UAE exclave called Nahwa, also belonging to the Emirate of Sharjah. It is about 8 kilometres (5 mi) on a
dirt track west of the town of New Madha. It consists of about forty houses with its own clinic and telephone
exchange.
%
of
total
area
Capital Population[140]
% of total
population
Area
(km)[140]
Area
(mi)
Abu Dhabi
Abu
Dhabi
1,548,655
31.2%
67,340
26,000 86.7%
25
Ajman
Ajman
372,923
7.5%
259
100
0.3%
996
Dubai
Dubai
1,770,533
35.6%
3,885
1,500
5.0%
336
Fujairah
Fujairah 137,940
2.9%
1,165
450
1.5%
109
Ras alKhaimah
Ras al171,903
Khaimah
3.4%
1,684
650
2.2%
122
Sharjah
Sharjah
18.0%
2,590
1,000
3.3%
262
Umm alQuwain
Umm al69,936
Qaiwain
1.4%
777
300
0.9%
88
UAE
Abu
Dhabi
100%
77,700
30,000 100%
56
Flag Emirate
895,252
4,967,142
Density
Economy
UAE has the second largest economy in the Arab
world (after Saudi Arabia),[141] with a gross
domestic product (GDP) of $377 billion
(AED1.38 trillion) in 2012.[142] A third of the
GDP is from oil revenues. The economy was
expected to grow between 44.5% in 2013,
compared to 2.33.5% over the past five years.
Since independence in 1971, UAE's economy has
grown by nearly 231 times to AED1.45 trillion in
2013.The non-oil trade has grown to AED1.2
trillion, a growth by around 28 times from 1981
to 2012.[141]
The UAE has a relatively high Human
Development Index among the Asian continent,
ranking forty-first globally.[143] In 2011, UAE is
Burj Khalifa
Towers in Abu Dhabi.
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ranked as the 14th best nation in the world for doing business based on its economy and regulatory
environment, ranked by the Doing Business 2011 Report published by the World Bank Group[144]
The GDP growth rate for 2010 was 3.20%.[145] Consumer price index inflation in the April 2008 April
2009 year was 1.9%.[146] The national debt as of June 2009 was $142 billion.[147] In 2009, its GDP, as
measured by purchasing power parity, stood at US$ 400.4 billion.[1] With a population of just under 900,000
Abu Dhabi was labeled "The richest city in the world" by a CNN article.[148]
Petroleum and natural gas exports play an important role in the economy, especially in Abu Dhabi. More than
85% of the UAE's economy was based on the exports of natural resources in 2009.[1][149] The UAE has tried
to reduce its dependency on oil exports by diversifying the economy, particularly in the financial, tourism and
construction sectors. While Abu Dhabi remained relatively conservative in its approach, Dubai, which has far
smaller oil reserves, was bolder in its diversification policy.[9]
Left is the Dubai Marina and a oil well on the right. UAE is one of
the world's largest exporters of oil.
UAE law does not allow trade unions to

exist.[150] The right to collective bargaining
and the right to strike are not recognised,
and the Ministry of Labour has the power to
force workers to go back to work. Migrant
workers who participate in a strike can have
their work permits cancelled and be
deported.[150] Consequently, there are very
few anti-discrimination laws in relation to
labour issues, with Emiratis other GCC
Arabs getting preference when it comes to
employment, even though they show scant
regard for work and learning on the job.[151]

The UAE's economy, particularly that of Dubai, was badly hit by the financial crisis of 20072010.[152] In
2009, the country's economy shrank by 4.00% and the property sector and construction went into decline.
However, tourism, trade and the retail sector have remained buoyant and the UAE's overseas investments are
expected to support its full economic recovery.[145] Concern remains about the property sector. Property
prices in Dubai fell dramatically when Dubai World, the government construction company, sought to delay a
debt payment. The economy is depending on foreign labour force and Emerisation is only showing few
positive effects which was found out in studies from Paul Dyer and Natasha Ridge from Dubai School of
Government, Ingo Forstenlechner from United Arab Emirates University, Kasim Randaree from the British
University of Dubai and Paul Knoglinger from the FHWien.[153]
The UAE has been spending billions of dollars on infrastructure. These developments are particularly evident
in the larger emirates of Abu Dhabi and Dubai. The northern emirates are rapidly following suit, providing
major incentives for developers of residential and commercial property.[154]
Dubai International Airport was the Busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic from
January to May 2013, overtaking London Heathrow.[155][156] As roads in the western and southern regions are
still relatively undeveloped, residents prevalently use airplanes as the main or alternative mode of
transportation.[157] A 1,200 km (750 mi) country-wide national railway is under construction which will
connect all the major cities and ports.[158] The Dubai Metro is the first urban train network in the Arabian
Peninsula.[159] The major ports of the United Arab Emirates are Khalifa Port, Zayed Port, Port Jebel Ali, Port
Rashid, Port Khalid, Port Saeed, and Port Khor Fakkan.[160]
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The UAE has signed peaceful nuclear agreements with France, United States, and South Korea, and a
memorandum of understanding with the United Kingdom.[161]
The UAE is served by two telecommunications operators, Etisalat and Emirates Integrated
Telecommunications Company ("du"). Etisalat operated a monopoly until du launched mobile services in
February 2007.[162] Internet subscribers are expected to increase from 0.904 million in 2007 to 2.66 million in
2012.[163] The authorities filter websites for religious, political and sexual content.[164]
Expo 2020
UAE launched a successful bid for Expo 2020 with Dubai.[165][166] The win is unprecedented in to the
region.[167] World Expos are a meeting point for the global community to share innovations and make
progress on issues such as the global economy, sustainable development and improved quality of life. World
Expos can be a catalyst for economic, cultural and social transformation and generates legacies for the host
city and nation.[168]
The awarding of Expo 2020 to Dubai may reflect the confidence of the international community in the UAE's
stability. Receiving at least 200 nationalities and cultures, UAE is a big international tourism destination with
more than 95,000 hotel rooms and 11 million tourists recorded in 2012. It is a home to 63 business councils
and a financial center for 18 of the worlds top 25 international banks, 6 of the top 10 law firms and 6 of the
top 10 insurance companies. As Reem bint Ibrahim Al Hashemi, Minister of State and Managing Director of
the Expo 2020 Executive Body, stated, Expo 2020 will provide 277,000 new job opportunities and have a
positive and comprehensive economic impact on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) since they constitute
about 95 percent of all registered companies in the UAE.[169] Ahead of Expo 2020, the UAE government will
keep spending on infrastructure. Expo 2020 may facilitate economic diversification. In 2013 construction and
infrastructure projects announced and underway in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries accounted
for $2 trillion while UAEs share accounts for 49%. UAE continues to remain the largest projects market,
with around $1 trillion worth of projects that have been under execution.[166]
Expo 2020 may be a step in the UAEs development, under the theme 'Connecting Minds, Creating the
Future.' Hind Al Shamsi the official spokesperson said that the Expo 2020 represents a qualitative shift to the
UAE and whole region, citing that gaining 114 votes was not accidental, thanks to historic status of the UAE.
Tourism
Tourism acts as a growth sector for the entire UAE economy. It is
ranked as one of the world's most sustainable sectors, according to the
World Economic Forum's annual Travel ui& Tourism
Competitiveness Report. [170]
Travel & tourism sector's contribution to the UAE's gross domestic
product (GDP) is said to reach up to 8.5 per cent during the year of
2014 with a 4.5 per cent year-on-year rise to AED 122.6 billion.
UAEs travel and tourism sector is also expected to create 245,000
Skyscraper of Dubai
jobs directly by 2023, registering an annual growth rate of 4.1 per
cent, according to the latest research analysis released by the Dubai
Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Analyses found have said there would be a rise in capital investment
annually by an average of 4.5 per cent to reach AED 143.4 billion in 2023. This would further increase travel
and tourisms share of the UAEs total private investments to about 23.2 per cent, up from 22.8 per cent in
2013. Growth is happening in this region.[171]
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UAE is ranked as the 28th among 139 countries and first in the Middle East in the World Economic Forums
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013. Whereas, Dubai here plays a leading role, holding up to
66 per cent share of the UAEs tourism economy, with Abu Dhabi having 16 per cent and Sharjah 10 per
cent. Dubai, for example, had welcomed 10 million visitors in 2013 and keeps growing, with its ambitious
plan to welcome 20 million visitors by 2020. This growth means investment, which allows innovation in
building hotels, innovation in service, international mix and diversity. This level of growth is unique in the
world and it happened despite the volatility experienced in certain parts of the region. UAE's tourism
infrastructure is dedicated to developing low-impact, eco-friendly tourism across the country throughout. [172]
Tourist arrivals in the UAE are estimated to grow up to a compound annual growth rate of 5.3 per cent
between 2012 and 2022, with hotel supply also expected to increase from the current 96,992 hotel rooms in
Dubai and Abu Dhabi, to a total of 125,383 hotel rooms in 2016.[173]
Demographics
The demographics of the UAE are extremely diverse. In
2010, the UAE's population was estimated to be
8,264,070,[174] of whom only 13% were UAE nationals or
Emiratis,[176] while the majority of the population were
expatriates.[177] The country's net migration rate stands at
21.71, the world's highest.[178] Under Article 8 of UAE
Jumeirah Lakes Towers Free Zone
Federal Law no. 17, an expatriate can apply for UAE
citizenship after residing in the country for 20 years,
Historical population
providing that person has never been convicted of a crime and can
[179]
speak fluent Arabic.
Year
Pop.
%
1963
95,000
There are 1.4 million Emirati citizens.[6] The United Arab Emirates'
1968
180,226
+89.7%
population is ethnically diverse. According to the CIA, 19% of
1975
557,887
+209.5%
residents were Emirati, 23% were other Arab and Iranian, 50% were
1980
1,042,099
+86.8%
South Asian, and 8% were other expatriates, including Westerners
1985
1,379,303
+32.4%
and East Asians (1982 est.).[1]
1995
2,411,041
+74.8%
1999
2,938,000
+21.9%
With a male/female sex ratio of 2.2 for the total population and 2.75
2005
4,106,427
+39.8%
for the 1565 age group, the UAE's gender imbalance is second
2010
8,264,070
+101.2%
highest in the world after Qatar.[180]
[174][175]
Sources:
In 2009, Emirati citizens accounted for 16.5% of the total population;

South Asian (Indian, Sri Lankan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi) constituted the largest group, making up 58.4% of
the total; other Asians made up 16.7% while Western expatriates were 8.4% of the total population.[181]
There is a growing presence of Europeans especially in multi-cultural cities such as Dubai [182] Western
expatriates, from Europe, Australia, Northern America and Latin America make up 500,000 of the UAE
population.[181] The UAE has also attracted a small number of expatriates from countries in Europe, North
America, Asia, and Oceania.[183] More than 100,000 British nationals live in the country.[184] The rest of the
population were from other Arab states.[1][185]
The average life expectancy is 76.7 years (2012), higher than for any other Arab country.[186][187]
About 88% of the population of the United Arab Emirates is urban.[188]
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Religion
Islam is the largest and the official state religion of the UAE.
The government follows a policy of tolerance toward other
religions and rarely interferes in the activities of nonMuslims.[78] By the same token, non-Muslims are expected
to avoid interfering in Islamic religious matters or the Islamic
upbringing of Muslims.
The government imposes restrictions on spreading other
religions through any form of media as it is considered a
form of proselytizing. There are approximately 31 churches
throughout the country, one Hindu temple in the region of
Bur Dubai,[191] one Sikh Gurudwara in Jebel Ali and also a
Buddhist temple in Al Garhoud.
Religions in UAE (Pew Research)[189][190]

Religion
Muslim
Catholic
Hindu
Buddhist
Protestant
Orthodox
Other
None
Percent
77%
10%
7%
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Based on the Ministry of Economy census in 2005, 76% of the total population was Muslim, 9% Christian,
and 15% other (mainly Hindu).[78] Census figures do not take into account the many "temporary" visitors and
workers while also counting Baha'is and Druze as Muslim.[78] Among Emirati citizens, 85% are Sunni
Muslim, while Shi'a Muslims are 15%, mostly concentrated in the emirates of Sharjah and Dubai.[78] Omani
immigrants are mostly Ibadi, while Sufi influences exist too.[192]
People of all faiths or no faith are given equal protection under the country's constitution and laws.[193]
Largest cities
Largest cities or towns of the United Arab Emirates
2008 Calculation (some figures up to 2012)
Rank Name Emirate
Dubai
Abu Dhabi
Pop.
Rank Name Emirate Pop.

Al
Abu
2,106,533 11
290,450
Gharbia Dhabi
Dubai
Dubai
Abu
Dhabi
Abu
Dhabi
Sharjah Sharjah 1,332,455
Abu
4 Al Ain
Dhabi
5 Ajman Ajman
Ras Al Ras al
6
Khaimah Khaimah
7 Fujairah Fujairah
Um Al Um Al
8
Quwain Quwain
Khor
9
Sharjah
Fakkan
10 Dibba Fujairah
1,935,234
Sharjah
580,000
403,923
230,903
145,940
Al Ain
72,936
53,635
78,200
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Languages
Arabic is the national language of the United Arab Emirates. The Gulf
dialect of Arabic is spoken natively by the Emirati people.[194] As a
British colony until 1971 and being a hub for commerce, English is
the primary lingua franca in the UAE. As such, a knowledge of the
language is a requirement when applying for most of the jobs in the
UAE. Other widely used languages are Persian, spoken by the Iranian
diaspora, as well as Hindi-Urdu, Balochi spoken by Baloch, Pashto
and Tagalog, spoken by the large Southeast Asian, Pashtun and
Filipino diasporas, respectively. Malayalam, the official language of
Kerala (India) is spoken widely by the Malayali community that forms
a huge majority of the Indian diaspora in the UAE. Additionally, there
are small Somali, Malay, Mandarin and Japanese speaking
communities.
Culture
Arab descendants of the Bani Yas, Al Nahyan and Al Maktoum
families in Abu Dhabi and Dubai represent the Emirati leadership. Al
Qawasim have also played a vital role in the history of the UAE. Most
Emiratis in Dubai are of Persian ancestry.[195][196][197]
A trilingual (Arabic, English, Urdu)

signboard in the UAE
Emirati culture is based on Arabian culture and has been heavily

influenced by Persian culture. Arabian and Persian inspired
architecture is part of the expression of the local Emirati identity.[198]
Persian influence on Emirati culture is noticeably visible in traditional
Emirati architecture and folk arts.[199] For example, the "barjeel" has
become an identifying mark of traditional Emirati architecture and is
A traditional souk in Deira, Dubai
[199]
attributed to Persian influence.
Certain folk dances, such as "alhabban", are originally Persian.[199] Local Emirati culture has also been influenced by the cultures of East
Africa and India.[199]
The United Arab Emirates has a diverse and multicultural society.[200] Major holidays in Dubai include Eid al
Fitr, which marks the end of Ramadan, and National Day (2 December), which marks the formation of the
United Arab Emirates.[201]
Emirati males prefer to wear a kandura, an ankle-length white tunic woven from wool or cotton, and Emirati
women wear an abaya, a black over-garment that covers most parts of the body.[202] The campaign UAE
Dress Code aims to educate the expat population on modest Islamic dressing and its sensitivity to Emirati
population.[203] Each of the seven semiautonomous emirates has its own rules about attire. Dubai is the most
liberal in that regard while Ras al-Khaimah is the most strict.[204]
Ancient Emirati poetry was strongly influenced by the 8th-century Arab scholar Al Khalil bin Ahmed. The
earliest known poet in the UAE is Ibn Majid, born between 1432 and 1437 in Ras Al-Khaimah. The most
famous Emirati writers were Mubarak Al Oqaili (18801954), Salem bin Ali al Owais (18871959) and
Ahmed bin Sulayem (19051976). Three other poets from Sharjah, known as the Hirah group, are observed
to have been heavily influenced by the Apollo and romantic poets.[205] The Sharjah International Book Fair is
the oldest and largest in the country.
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The list of museums in the United Arab Emirates includes some of regional repute, most famously Sharjah
with its Heritage District containing 17 museums,[206] which in 1998 was the Cultural Capital of the Arab
World.[207] In Dubai, the area of Al Quoz has attracted a number of art galleries as well as museums such as
the Salsali Private Museum.[208] Abu Dhabi has established a culture district on Saadiyat Island. There, six
grand projects are planned, including the Guggenheim Abu Dhabi and the Louvre Abu Dhabi.[209] Dubai also
plans to build a Kunsthal museum and a district for galleries and artists.[210]
Emirati culture is a part of the culture of Eastern Arabia. Liwa is a
type of music and dance performed mainly in communities that
contain descendants of Bantu peoples from the African Great Lakes
region.[205] The Dubai Desert Rock Festival is also another major
festival consisting of heavy metal and rock artists.[211] The cinema of
the United Arab Emirates is minimal but expanding.
The Media of the United Arab Emirates plays an important role in the
region. Dubai Media City and twofour54, Abu Dhabi's media zone,
were set up to attract key players. The UAE is home to major panUAE's traditional dance, yowalah
Arab broadcasters, including the Middle East Broadcasting Centre and
Orbit Showtime Network. On 25 September 2007 Sheikh Mohammed
bin Rashid Al Maktoum decreed that journalists can no longer be prosecuted or imprisoned for reasons
relating to their work.[212] At the same time, the UAE has made it illegal to disseminate online material that
can threaten "public order". Criticism of the Royal family or government procedures is not allowed. Prison
terms have been given to those who "deride or damage" the reputation of the state and "display contempt" for
religion.[213] A YouTube user was arrested in Dubai for filming and uploading a video of a UAE local (who
happened to be a Government official) hitting an overseas worker.[111]
Food
The traditional food of the Emirates has always been rice, fish, and meat. The people of the United Arab
Emirates have adopted most of their foods from other West and South Asian countries including Iran, Saudi
Arabia, Pakistan and Oman. Seafood has been the mainstay of the Emirati diet for centuries. Meat and rice are
other staple foods; lamb and mutton are the more favored meats, then goat and beef. Popular beverages are
coffee and tea, which can be complemented with cardamom, saffron, or mint to give them a distinct
flavor.[214] The cosmopolitan nature of the UAE means that food from every continent can be found here.
Fast food has become very popular among youth, to the extent that campaigns are underway to highlight the
dangers of fast food excesses.[215]
Muslims are prohibited from eating pork, so it is not included in Arab menus. Hotels and other establishments
frequently have pork substitutes such as beef sausages and veal rashers on their breakfast menus. If pork is
available, it is clearly labeled as such. Unlike other Muslim countries, it is not against the law to bring pork
products into the country for personal consumption.
Alcohol is generally only served in hotel restaurants and bars (but not in Sharjah). All nightclubs and golf
clubs are permitted to sell alcohol. Specific supermarkets may sell alcohol, but these products are sold in
separate sections. Note that although alcohol may be consumed, it is illegal to be intoxicated in public or
drive a motor vehicle with any trace of alcohol in the blood.[216] Etihad Airways and Emirates airlines, both
owned by the UAE, serve alcohol on their beverage menus too.[217][218]
Sports
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Football is a popular sport in the UAE. Emirati football clubs Al-Ain, Al-Wasl, Al-Shabbab ACD, AlSharjah, Al-Wahda, and Al-Ahli are the most popular teams and enjoy
the reputation of long-time regional champions.[219] The United Arab
Emirates Football Association was first established in 1971 and since
then has dedicated its time and effort to promoting the game,
organizing youth programs and improving the abilities of not only its
players, but of the officials and coaches involved with its regional
teams. The UAE national football team qualified for the FIFA World
Cup in 1990 with Egypt. It was the third consecutive World Cup with
two Arab nations qualifying, after Kuwait and Algeria in 1982, and
Iraq and Algeria again in 1986. The UAE won the Gulf Cup
Dubai Tennis Championships in 2006
Championship two times.They won the first cup in January 2007 held
in Abu Dhabi and has won the recent cup in January 2013 held in
[220]
Bahrain.
Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the UAE, largely because of the expatriate population from the
Indian subcontinent, the United Kingdom, and Australia. The Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium in Sharjah
has hosted 4 international test cricket matches so far.[221] Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium in Abu Dhabi also
hosted international cricket matches. Dubai has two cricket stadiums (Dubai Cricket Ground No.1 and No.2)
with a third, the DSC Cricket Stadium as part of Dubai Sports City. Dubai is also home to the International
Cricket Council.[222] The UAE national cricket team qualified for the 1996 Cricket World Cup and narrowly
missed out on qualification for the 2007 Cricket World Cup.[223]
The country hosted the 2014 Under-17 Basketball World Championship.[224] The senior national team is a
major contender on the Arabian Peninsula in terms of qualification to major international basketball events
such as the Asian Championship.
Formula One is particularly popular in the United Arab Emirates, and is annually held at the picturesque Yas
Marina Circuit. The race is held at evening time, and is the first ever Grand Prix to start in daylight and finish
at night.[225]
Other popular sports include camel racing, falconry, endurance riding, and tennis.[226] The emirate of Dubai is
also home to two major golf courses: The Dubai Golf Club and Emirates Golf Club.
Education
The education system through secondary level is monitored by the
Ministry of Education in all emirates except Abu Dhabi, where it falls
under the authority of the Abu Dhabi Education Council. It consists of
primary schools, middle schools and high schools.[227] The public
schools are government-funded and the curriculum is created to match
the United Arab Emirates development's goals and values. The
medium of instruction in the public school is Arabic with emphasis on
English as a second language. There are also many private schools
which are internationally accredited. Public schools in the country are
free for citizens of the UAE, while the fees for private schools vary.
The higher education system is monitored by the Ministry of Higher
Education. The ministry also is responsible for admitting students to
its undergraduate institutions.[228]
Student center of the American

University of Sharjah.
19/33
18/10/2014
The literacy rate in 2007 was 91%.[229][230] Thousands of nationals are pursuing formal learning at 86 adult
education centres spread across the country.[231]
The UAE has shown a strong interest in improving education and research. Enterprises include the
establishment of the CERT Research Centers and the Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and
Institute for Enterprise Development.[232]
According to the QS Rankings, the top-ranking universities in the country are the United Arab Emirates
University (421-430th worldwide), the American University of Sharjah (431-440th) and University of
Sharjah (3046th).[233]
Health
The life expectancy at birth in the UAE is at 78.5 years.[187]
Cardiovascular disease is the principal cause of death in the UAE,
constituting 28% of total deaths; other major causes are accidents and
injuries, malignancies, and congenital anomalies.[234]
In February 2008, the Ministry of Health unveiled a five-year health
strategy for the public health sector in the northern emirates, which
fall under its purview and which, unlike Abu Dhabi and Dubai, do not
Dubai Healthcare City, specifically
have separate healthcare authorities. The strategy focuses on unifying
designated for clinical and wellness
healthcare policy and improving access to healthcare services at
services
reasonable cost, at the same time reducing dependence on overseas
treatment. The ministry plans to add three hospitals to the current 14,
and 29 primary healthcare centres to the current 86. Nine were scheduled to open in 2008.[235]
The introduction of mandatory health insurance in Abu Dhabi for expatriates and their dependants was a
major driver in reform of healthcare policy. Abu Dhabi nationals were brought under the scheme from 1 June
2008 and Dubai followed for its government employees. Eventually, under federal law, every Emirati and
expatriate in the country will be covered by compulsory health insurance under a unified mandatory
scheme.[236] The country has benefited from medical tourists from all over the Cooperation Council for the
Arab States of the Gulf. The UAE attracts medical tourists seeking plastic surgery and advanced procedures,
cardiac and spinal surgery, and dental treatment, as health services have higher standards than other Arab
countries in the Persian Gulf.[103]
See also
List of United Arab Emirates-related topics
Outline of the United Arab Emirates
Notes
1. ^ Arabic:
Al-Imrt
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External links
United Arab Emirates (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html) entry
at The World Factbook
United Arab Emirates (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/uae.htm) web resources provided
by GovPubs at the University of ColoradoBoulder Libraries
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DMOZ
United Arab Emirates profile (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14703998) from the BBC
News.
United Arab Emirates country profile (http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/world-facts/show/ae/) from
the Lebanese Economy Forum, extracted from the CIA Factbook & Worldbank data.
Wikimedia Atlas of United Arab Emirates
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics United Arab Emirates
(http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/ARE/Year/2011/Summary)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates&oldid=629808989"
Categories: United Arab Emirates Arabian Peninsula Arabic-speaking countries and territories
Federal countries Member states of OPEC Member states of the Arab League
Member states of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf
Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Member states of the United Nations
Middle Eastern countries States and territories established in 1971 Western Asia
Western Asian countries
This page was last modified on 16 October 2014 at 04:25.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered
trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates i /junatd rb mrts/

United Arab Emirates

Established on 2 December 1971, the country is a

Anthem: "Ishy Bilady"

In 1962, Abu Dhabi became the first of the emirates to

2.1 Flora and fauna

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

3 Government and politics

16.6% Emirati (citizenry)

42.3% South Asiana

3.5 Political divisions

12.1% other Asianb

6.0% other expatriates

Federal hereditary absolute

Federal National Council

9,205,651 [3] (93rd)

UAE dirham (AED)

Saudi rule (17441891)

83,600d km2 (116th)

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ISO 3166 code

Predominantly Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi people.

Predominantly Chinese, Filipino, Thai, Iranian, South Korean and Afghani

Seven emirates and one advisory body.

The country's exact size is unknown because of disputed claims to several

United Arab Emirates portal

British rule (18921971)

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

View of Sharjah city

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Flora and fauna

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The climate of the U.A.E is subtropical-arid with hot summers and

Government and politics

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan with

Trade between the Arabian peninsula and Indian sub-continent,

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Arab Emirates Air Force F-16

Abu Dhabi has an area of 67,340 square

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Towers in Abu Dhabi.

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

UAE law does not allow trade unions to

regard for work and learning on the job.[151]

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In 2009, Emirati citizens accounted for 16.5% of the total population;

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Religions in UAE (Pew Research)[189][190]

Rank Name Emirate Pop.

Sharjah Sharjah 1,332,455

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A trilingual (Arabic, English, Urdu)

Emirati culture is based on Arabian culture and has been heavily

United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia