Reservoir Simulation

FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR
SIMULATION
Dr. Mai Cao Lan,

GEOPET, HCMUT, Vietnam
Jan, 2014
ABOUT THE COURSE

COURSE OBJECTIVE
COURSE OUTLINE
REFERENCES
16-Jan-2014
Dr. Mai Cao Lan, Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering, HCMUT, Vietnam
Course Objective
To review the background of petroleum reservoir

simulation with an intensive focus on what and how
things are done in reservoir simulations
To provide guidelines for hands-on practices with

Microsoft Excel
16-Jan-2014
COURSE OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
FLOW EQUATIONS FOR PETROLEUM RESERVOIRS
FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD & NUMERICAL SOLUTION FOR
FLOW EQUATIONS
SINGLE-PHASE FLOW SIMULATION
MULTIPHASE FLOW SIMULATION
References
T. Eterkin et al., 2001. Basic Applied Reservoir Simulation,

SPE, Texas
J.H. Abou-Kassem et al., 2005. Petroleum Reservoir
Simulation A Basic Approach, Gulf Publishing Company,

Houston, Texas.
C.Mattax & R. Dalton, 1990. Reservoir Simulation, SPE,

Texas.
16-Jan-2014
Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT
INTRODUCTION
NUMERICAL SIMULATION AN OVERVIEW
COMPONENTS OF A RESERVOIR SIMULATOR

RESERVOIR SIMULATION BASICS
16-Jan-2014
Numerical Simulation An Overview
16-Jan-2014
Mathematical Formulation
16-Jan-2014
Numerical Methods for PDEs
16-Jan-2014
Numerical Methods for Linear Equations
16-Jan-2014
10
Components of a Reservoir Simulator

Computer Code
Physical Model
Reservoir
Simulator
Mathematical Model
16-Jan-2014
Numerical Model
11
What is Reservoir Simulation?
A powerful tool for evaluating reservoir performance

with the purpose of establishing a sound field
development plan
A helpful tool for investigating problems associated with

the petroleum recovery process and searching for
appropriate solutions to the problems
16-Jan-2014
12
Reservoir Simulation Basics

The reservoir is divided into a number of cells
Basic data is provided for each cell

Wells are positioned within the cells
The required well production rates are specified as a
function of time
The equations are solved to give the pressure and
saturations for each block as well as the production of

each phase from each well.
16-Jan-2014
13
Simulating Flow in Reservoirs

Flow from one grid block to the next
Flow from a grid block to the well completion
Flow within the wells (and surface networks)
Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference
Geometry &
Properties
16-Jan-2014
Fluid
Properties
Well
Production
14
SINGLE-PHASE FLOW
EQUATIONS
ESSENTIAL PHYSICS
CONTINUITY EQUATION
MOMENTUM EQUATION
CONSTITUTIVE EQUATION
GENERAL 3D SINGLE-PHASE FLOW EQUATION
BOUNDARY & INITIAL CONDITIONS
16-Jan-2014
15
Essential Physics
The basic differential equations are derived from the
following essential laws:
Mass conservation law
Momentum conservation law
Material behavior principles
16-Jan-2014
16
Conservation of Mass
Mass conservation may be formulated across a control element with one fluid
of density r, flowing through it at a velocity u:
u
r
Dx
Mass into the Mass out of the Rate of change of mass
element
at
x
element
at
x
+
Dx
inside
the
element
16-Jan-2014
17
Continuity Equation
Based on the mass conservation law, the continuity equation can be
expressed as follow:
Ar u A r
x
t
For constant cross section area, one has:
r u r
x
t
16-Jan-2014
18
Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of momentum for fluid flow in porous materials
is governed by the semi-empirical Darcy's equation, which for
one dimensional, horizontal flow is:
k P
u
x
16-Jan-2014
19
Equation Governing Material Behaviors

The behaviors of rock and fluid during the production
phase of a reservoir are governed by the constitutive
equations or also known as the equations of state.

In general, these equations express the relationships
between rock & fluid properties with respect to the
reservoir pressure.
16-Jan-2014
20
Constitutive Equation of Rock

The behavior of reservoir rock corresponding to the
pressure declines can be expressed by the definition of the
formation compaction
1
cf
P T
For isothermal processes, the constitutive equation of rock
becomes
d
c f
dP
16-Jan-2014
21
Constitutive Equation of Fluids

The behavior of reservoir fluids corresponding to the
pressure declines can be expressed by the definition of fluid
compressibility (for liquid)
1 V
cl
, l o, w, g
V P T
For natural gas, the well-known equation of state is used:
PV nZRT
16-Jan-2014
22
Single-Phase Fluid System

Normally, in single-phase reservoir simulation, we would
deal with one of the following fluids:
Fluid System
One Phase Gas
16-Jan-2014
One Phase Water
One Phase Oil
23
Single-Phase Gas
The gas must be single phase in the reservoir, which means
that crossing of the dew point line is not permitted in order
to avoid condensate fall-out in the pores. Gas behavior is
governed by:
r gs
constant
rg
Bg
Bg
16-Jan-2014
24
Single-Phase Water
One phase water, which strictly speaking means that the
reservoir pressure is higher than the saturation pressure of
the water in case gas is dissolved in it, has a density
described by:
r ws constant
rw
Bw
Bw
16-Jan-2014
25
Single-Phase Oil
In order for the oil to be single phase in the reservoir, it
must be undersaturated, which means that the reservoir
pressure is higher than the bubble point pressure. In the
Black Oil fluid model, oil density is described by:
ro
16-Jan-2014
r oS r gS Rso
Bo
26
Single-Phase Fluid Model

For all three fluid systems, the one phase density or
constitutive equation can be expressed as:
constant
r
B
16-Jan-2014
27
Single-Phase Flow Equation

The continuity equation for a one phase, one-dimensional system of
constant cross-sectional area is:
ru r
x
t
The conservation of
momentum for 1D,
horizontal flow is:
k P
u
x
The fluid model:
constant
r
B
Substituting the momentum equation and the fluid model into the
continuity equation, and including a source/sink term, we obtain the
single phase flow in a 1D porous medium:
k P qsc

x B x Vb t B
16-Jan-2014
28
Single-Phase Flow Equation for Slightly

Compressible Fluids
c f d (1/ B) P
k P qsc

t
x B x Vb
B
dP
Based on the fluid model, compressibility can now be defined in terms of

the formation volume factor as:
d (1/ B)
cl B
, l o, g , w
dP
Then, an alternative form of the flow equation is:
k P qsc
P ct P
c f cl
x B x Vb B
t
B t
16-Jan-2014
29
Single-Phase Flow Equation for Compressible

Fluids
k P qsc

x B x Vb t B
16-Jan-2014
30
Boundary Conditions (BCs)

Mathematically, there are two types of boundary conditions:
Dirichlet BCs: Values of the unknown at the boundaries

are specified or given.
Neumann BCs: The values of the first derivative of the
unknown are specified or given.
16-Jan-2014
31
Boundary Conditions (BCs)

From the reservoir engineering point of view:
Dirichlet BCs: Pressure values at the boundaries are

specified as known constraints.
Neumann BCs: The flow rates are specified as the known
constraints.
16-Jan-2014
32
Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

For the one-dimension single phase flow, the Dirichlet boundary
conditions are the pressure the pressures at the reservoir boundaries,
such as follows:
Px 0, t 0 PL
Px L, t 0 PR
A pressure condition will normally be specified as a bottom-hole

pressure of a production or injection well, at some position of the
reservoir.
16-Jan-2014
33
Newmann Boundary Conditions

In Neumann boundary conditions, the flow rates at the end faces of the
system are specified. Using Darcy's equation, the conditions become:
kA P
Q0
x x 0
kA P
QL
x x L
For reservoir flow, a rate condition may be specified as a production or

injection rate of a well, at some position of the reservoir, or it is
specified as a zero-rate across a sealed boundary or fault, or between
non-communicating layers.
16-Jan-2014
34
General 3D Single-Phase Flow Equations

The general equation for 3D single-phase flow in field units (customary
units) is as follows:
Ax k x
Ay k y
Dy
c
Dx c
x
B x
y
B y
Vb
Az k z
c

Dz qsc
z
B z
c t B
p Z
cr g
16-Jan-2014
Z: Elevation, positive in downward direction

c, c, c: Unit conversion factors
35
3D Single-Phase Flow Equations for

Horizontal Reservoirs
The equation for 3D single-phase flow in field units for horizontal
reservoir is as follow:
Ax k x p
Ay k y p
Dy
c
Dx c
x
B x
y
B y
Vb
Az k z p
c

Dz qsc
z
B z
c t B
16-Jan-2014
36
1D Single-Phase Flow Equation with

Depth Gradient
Vb
Ax k x p
c
Dx qsc

x
B x
c t B
Ax k x Z
Dx
c
x
B x
16-Jan-2014
37
Quantities in Flow Equations
16-Jan-2014
38
Quantities in Flow Equations
16-Jan-2014
39
FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD &

NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF SINGLE-PHASE
FLOW EQUATIONS
FUNDAMENTALS OF FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD
FDM SOLUTION OF THE SINGLE-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
16-Jan-2014
40
Numerical Solution of Flow Equations

The equations describing flui flows in reservoirs are of
partial differential equations (PDEs)

Finite difference method (FDM) is traditionally used for
the numerical solution of the flow equations
16-Jan-2014
41
Fundamentals of FDM
In FDM, derivatives are replaced by a proper difference formula based on
the Taylor series expansions of a function:
(Dx)1 f
(Dx) 2 2 f
f ( x Dx) f ( x)
1! x x
2! x 2
(Dx)3 3 f
3
3!
x
x
(Dx) 4 4 f
4
4!
x
x
The first derivative can be written by re-arranging the terms:
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x) Dx 2 f
x x
Dx
2! x 2
(Dx) 2 3 f
3
3!
x
x
Denoting all except the first terms by O (Dx) yields
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x)
O(Dx)
x x
Dx
The difference formula above is of order 1 with the truncation error being
proportional to Dx
16-Jan-2014
42
Fundamentals of FDM (cont.)

To obtain higher order difference formula for the first derivative, Taylor series
expansion of the function is used from both side of x
(Dx)1 f
(Dx) 2 2 f
f ( x Dx) f ( x)
1! x x
2! x 2
(Dx)1 f
(Dx) 2 2 f
f ( x Dx) f ( x)
1! x x
2! x 2
(Dx)3 3 f
3
3!
x
x
(Dx) 4 4 f
4
4!
x
x
(Dx)3 3 f
3
3!
x
x
(Dx) 4 4 f
4
4!
x
x
Subtracting the second from the first equation yields
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x Dx) (Dx) 2 3 f
x x
2Dx
3! x3
The difference formula above is of order 2 with the truncation error being
proportional to (Dx)2
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx 2 )
x x
2Dx
16-Jan-2014
43
Typical Difference Formulas

Forward difference for first derivatives (1D)
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x)
O(Dx)
x x
Dx
or in space index form
fi 1 fi
f
O(Dx)
x i
Dx
i-1
i+1
Dx
16-Jan-2014
44

Backward difference for first derivatives (1D)
f
f ( x) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx)
x x
Dx
fi fi 1
f
O(Dx)
x i
Dx
i-1
i+1
Dx
16-Jan-2014
45

Centered difference for first derivatives (1D)
f
f ( x Dx) f ( x Dx)
O(Dx 2 )
x x
2Dx
f f
f
i 1 i 1 O(Dx 2 )
x i
2Dx
i-1
i+1
Dx
16-Jan-2014
46

Centered difference for second derivatives (1D)
2 f
x 2
f ( x Dx) 2 f ( x) f ( x Dx)
2
O
(
D
x
)
2
Dx
fi 1 2 fi fi 1
2 f
2
O
(
D
x
)
2
2
x i
Dx
i-1
i+1
Dx
16-Jan-2014
47

Forward difference for first derivatives (2D)
f
f ( x, y Dy ) f ( x, y )
O(Dy )
y ( x , y )
Dy
fi , j 1 fi , j
f
O(Dy )
y (i , j )
Dy
i,j+1
i-1,j
i,j
i+1,j
i,j-1
16-Jan-2014
48

Backward difference for first derivatives (2D)
f
f ( x, y ) f ( x, y Dy )
O(Dy )
y ( x , y )
Dy
fi , j fi , j 1
f
O(Dy )
y (i , j )
Dy
i,j+1
i-1,j
i,j
i+1,j
i,j-1
16-Jan-2014
49

Centered difference for first derivatives (2D)
f
y
( x, y )
f ( x, y Dy ) f ( x, y Dy )
O(Dy 2 )
2Dy

i,j+1
fi , j 1 fi , j 1
f
O(Dy 2 )
y (i , j )
2Dy
i-1,j
i,j
i+1,j
i,j-1
16-Jan-2014
50

Centered difference for second derivatives (2D)
2 f
y 2
( x, y )
f ( x, y Dy ) 2 f ( x, y ) f ( x, y Dy )
2
O
(
D
y
)
2
Dy

i,j+1
2 f
y 2
(i , j )
fi , j 1 2 fi , j fi , j 1
Dy
O(Dy 2 )
i-1,j
i,j
i+1,j
i,j-1
16-Jan-2014
51
Solving time-independent PDEs

Divide the computational domain into subdomains
Derive the difference formulation for the given PDE by replacing all
derivatives with corresponding difference formulas
Apply boundary conditions to the points on the domain boundaries

Apply the difference formulation to every inner points of the
computational domain
Solve the resulting algebraic system of equations
16-Jan-2014
52
Exercise 1
Solve the following Poisson equation:
2 p
2
16
sin(4 x)
2
x
0 x 1
subject to the boundary conditions:
p=2 at x=0 and x=1
16-Jan-2014
53
Exercise 2
2u sin( x)sin( y )
0 x 1, 0 y 1
u 0 along the boundaries x 0, x 1, y 0, y 1
16-Jan-2014
54
Boundary Condition Implementation

Newmann BCs:
p
C
x b
p1 p0
p
C
x 11/2 x1 x0
pnx 1 pnx
p
C
x nx 1/2 xnx 1 xnx
p0 p1 C Dx1
pnx 1 pnx C Dxnx
16-Jan-2014
55
Boundary Condition Implementation

Dirichlet BCs:
pb C
1 p1 p2 C
Dx1
Dx1 Dx2
16-Jan-2014
1 pn
pnx 1 C
Dxnx
Dxnx Dxnx 1
56
Exercise 3
2u ( 2 2 ) exp( x y )
0 x 1, 0 y 1, 2, 3
u exp( x y); y 0, y 1
u
exp( x y ); x 0, x 1
x
16-Jan-2014
57
Solving time-dependent PDEs

Divide the computational domain into subdomains
Derive the difference formulation for the given PDE by replacing all
derivatives with corresponding difference formulas in both space
and time dimensions
Apply the initial condition
Apply boundary conditions to the points on the domain boundaries
Apply the difference formulation to every inner points of the
computational domain
Solve the resulting algebraic system of equations
16-Jan-2014
58
Exercise 4
Solve the following diffusion equation:
u 2u
2 , 0 x 1.0, t 0
t x
subject to the following initial and boundary conditions:
u( x 0, t ) u( x 1, t ) 0, t 0
u( x, t 0) sin( x),0 x 1
Hints: Use explicit scheme for time discretization
16-Jan-2014
59
Explicit Scheme
The difference formulation of the original PDE in Exercise 4 is:
uin1 uin uin1 2uin uin1
Dt
(Dx)2
where
n=0,NT: Time step
i =1,NX: Grid point index
16-Jan-2014
60
Implicit Scheme
The difference formulation for the original PDE in Exercise 4
n 1
i
n 1
i 1
u
u
Dt
n
i
n 1
i
2
n 1
i 1
2u u
(Dx)
where
n=0,NT: Time step
16-Jan-2014
61
Semi-Implicit Scheme
Semi-Implicit Scheme for the Diffusion Equation in Exercise 4 is
uin1 uin
uin11 2uin1 uin11
uin1 2uin uin1
(1 )
2
Dt
(Dx)
(Dx)2
where
01
n=0,NT: Time step
When =0.5, we have Crank-Nicolson scheme
16-Jan-2014
62
Discretization in Conservative Form

P
f ( x)
x
x
i-1
i+1
Dx
P
P
f
(
x
)
f
(
x
)

P
x i 1/2
x i 1/2
2
f
(
x
)
O
D
x
x
x i
Dxi
Pi 1 Pi
P
1
O(Dx)

x
(
D
x
D
x
)
i 1/2 2
i
i 1

P
f ( x)
x
x i
16-Jan-2014
2 f ( x)i 1/2
Pi Pi 1
P
O(Dx)

1
x i 1/2 2 (Dxi Dxi 1 )
( Pi 1 Pi )
( Pi Pi 1 )
2 f ( x)i 1/2
(Dxi 1 Dxi )
(Dxi Dxi 1 )
O(Dx)
Dxi
64
FDM for Flow Equations

FD Spatial Discretization
FD Temporal Discretization
16-Jan-2014
65
Single-Phase Flow Equations

For slightly compressible fluids (Oil)
Vb ct p
Ax k x p
c
Dx qsc
x
B x
c B t
For compressible fluids (Gas)
Vb
Ax k x p
c
Dx qsc
x
B x
c t B
16-Jan-2014
66
FDM for Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow

Equations
16-Jan-2014
67
FD Spatial Discretization of the LHS

Discretization of the left side term

P
f
(
x
)
x
x i
where
P
P
f ( x )i 1 f ( x )i 1
2
2
x i 1
x i 1
Ak
f ( x) c x x
B
Dxi
O(Dx)
( Pi 1 Pi )
( Pi Pi 1 )
P
P

1
(Dxi 1 Dxi ) / 2 x i 1 (Dxi 1 Dxi ) / 2
x i
2
The discretization of the left side term is then
Ax k x
Ax k x
Ax k x p
D
x
(
P
P
)
i 1
i
c
i c
c
( Pi Pi 1 )
x
B x i
BDx i 12
BDx i 12
16-Jan-2014
68
Transmissibility
Define transmissibility as the coefficient in front of the
pressure difference:
Tx
i 1
2
Ax k x 1
c

Dx i 1 B i 1
16-Jan-2014
69
The left side term of the 1D single-phase flow equation is
now discritized as follow:
Ax k x P
c
Dxi Txi 12 ( Pi 1 Pi ) Txi 12 ( Pi 1 Pi )
x
B x i
16-Jan-2014
70
Transmissibility
Tx
i 1
2
Ax k x 1
c
1
Dx i B i
16-Jan-2014
71
Transmissibility (contd)
1
Ax k x
c
1
D
x
1
1
1 Ax k x
Ax k x
c
c

2
Dx i 1
Dx i
or
Ax k x i 1 Ax k x i
Ax k x
c Dx 1 2 c A k Dx A k
x x i i 1 x x i 1 Dxi
i
2
16-Jan-2014
72
Weighted Average of Mobility
1
2
i 1
16-Jan-2014
Dxi 1i 1 Dxi i
Dxi 1 Dxi
Dxi 1i 1 Dxi i
Dxi 1 Dxi
73
Discretized Transmissibility
Tx
i 1
2
Ax k x 1
c

Dx i 1 B i 1
Tx
1
2
Ax k x i 1 Ax k x i
2 c
Ax k x i Dxi 1 Ax k x i 1 Dxi
Dxi 1 Dxi
16-Jan-2014
1
1
Dxi 1
D
x
i
i 1
74
Explicit Method
Txni1/2 pin1 pin Txni1/2 pin pin1 qsc i

Implicit Method
n 1
n
Vb ct pi pi
Dt
c B i
Txni1/21 pin11 pin 1 Txni1/21 pin 1 pin11 qsc i

Semi-implicit Method
0 1
n 1
n
p
p
Vb ct i
i
Dt
c B i
qsc i Txni1/21 pin11 pin 1 Txni1/21 pin 1 pin11
n 1
n
p
p
Vb ct i
i
n
n
n
n
n
n
1 Txi1/2 pi 1 pi Txi1/2 pi pi 1
B
Dt
c i
16-Jan-2014
75
Exercise 5
For the 1D, block-centered grid shown on the screen,
determine the pressure distribution during the first year of

production. The initial reservoir pressure is 6000 psia. The
rock and fluid properties for this problem are:
Dx 1000ft; Dy 1000ft; Dz 75ft

B 1RB/STB; =10cp;
k x =15md; =0.18; c t =3.5 10 6 psi -1;
Use time step sizes of =10, 15, and 30 days.
Assume B is unchanged within the pressure range
of interest.
16-Jan-2014
76
Exercise 5 (contd)
1000 ft
p
0
x
qsc 150 STB/D

p
0
x
75 ft
1000 ft
16-Jan-2014
77
Exercise 6

B 1RB/STB; =10cp;
k x =15md; =0.18; c t =3.5 106 psi -1;
Use time step sizes of =10, 15, and 30 days.
Assume B is unchanged within the pressure range
of interest.
16-Jan-2014
78
Exercise 6 (contd)
1000
ft
p 6000psia
16-Jan-2014
p
0
x
qsc 150 STB/D
75
ft
1000
ft
79
FDM for Slightly Compressible Fluid Flow

Equations
16-Jan-2014
80
FD Spatial Discretization of the LHS for

Compressible Fluids
Same as that for slightly compressible fluids
Ax k x p
c
Dxi Txi 12 ( pi 1 pi ) Txi 12 ( pi 1 pi )
x
B x i
16-Jan-2014
80
Transmissibility
Tx
i 1
2
Ax k x 1
c

Dx i 1 B i 1
16-Jan-2014
82
Upstream Average of Mobility

1
16-Jan-2014
1
2
i 1
if pi 1 pi
if pi 1 pi
82
FD Spatial Discretization of the RHS for

Compressible Fluids
Vb

c t B i
n 1
n
Vb
c Dt B
i
ref 1 c f p p ref
16-Jan-2014
83
Exercise 7


k x =15md; =0.18; ct =3.5 106 psi -1
Use time step sizes of =10 days.
16-Jan-2014
85
Exercise 7 (contd)
PVT data table:
p (psia)
16-Jan-2014
(cp)
B (bbl/STB)
5000
0.675
1.292
4500
0.656
1.299
4000
0.637
1.306
3500
0.619
1.313
3000
0.600
1.321
2500
0.581
1.330
2200
0.570
1.335
2100
0.567
1.337
2000
0.563
1.339
1900
0.560
1.341
1800
0.557
1.343
86
Exercise 7 (contd)
1000 ft
p
0
x
qsc 150 STB/D

p
0
x
1
75 ft
1000 ft
16-Jan-2014
87
MULTIPHASE FLOW SIMULATION

MULTIPHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
FINITE DIFFERENCE APPROXIMATION TO MULTIPHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE MULTIPHASE FLOW EQUATIONS
16-Jan-2014
88
Multiphase Flow Equations

Continuity equation for each fluid flowing phase:
Arl ul A rl Sl
x
t
l o, w, g
Momentum equation for each fluid flowing phase:
kkrl Pl
ul
l x
l o, w, g
16-Jan-2014
Pcow Po Pw
Pcog Pg Po
l o, w, g
89
Oil-Water Flow Equations

Considering the fluid phases of oil and water only, the
flow equations for the two phases are as follows:
k ro Po
Vb So

Z
qosc
o
Dx
c k x Ax
x
o Bo x
x
c t Bo
k rw Pw
Vb S w

Z
qwsc
w
Dx
c k x Ax
x
w Bw x
x
c t Bw
So S w 1
16-Jan-2014
Pw Po Pcow
90
Oil-Water Flow Equations
k ro Po
Vb 1 S w

Z
qosc
o
Dx
c k x Ax
x
o Bo x
x
c t Bo
k rw Po Pcow
Vb S w

Z
qwsc
Dx
c k x Ax
x
w Bw x
x
x
c t Bw
16-Jan-2014
91
Discretization of the Flow Equation

Left side flow terms
kro Po

Z
o
Dxi
c k x Ax
x
o Bo x
x i
Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i ) Txo i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i )
2
krw Po Pcow

Z
Dxi
c k x Ax
x
w Bw x
x
x i
Txw i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i ) Txw i 1 ( Po i 1 Po i )
2
16-Jan-2014
92
Phase Mobility
k ro
o
o Bo
k rw
w
w Bw
16-Jan-2014
93
Averaging of Phase Mobility

Upstream:
i i
o
1
2
Qw
weighted average:
o i
1
2
Dxi o i Dxi 1o i 1
Dxi Dxi 1
OIL
Sw
1-Swir
exact
average
upstream
Swir
x
16-Jan-2014
94
Upstream Average of Mobility
wi
oi
16-Jan-2014
1
2
1
2
wi 1 if Pwi 1 Pwi
wi if Pwi 1 Pwi
oi 1 if Poi 1 Poi
oi if Poi 1 Poi
95
Discretization of Multiphase Flow

Equation
Left side flow terms
kro Po

Z
o
c k x Ax
Dxi
x
o Bo x
x i
Txo 1 ( Po i1 Po i ) Txo 1 ( Po i1 Po i )
i
krw Po Pcow

Z
w
c k x Ax
Dxi
x
w Bw x
x
x i
Txw 1 ( Po i1 Po i ) Txw 1 ( Po i1 Po i )
i
16-Jan-2014
96
Discretization of the Oil-Phase Equation

Right side flow terms
S o S o

So
t Bo Bo t
t Bo
The second term:
i So
So
t Bo i
Dt
cr d (1 / Bo) n1
n
(
P
P
o
oi
i )
Bo
dPo i
The first term:

n 1
So 1 Sw
16-Jan-2014
S o
Bo t i
i
Boi Dti
( S wni1 Swin )
97
Discretization of Oil-phase RHS

So
Cpooi ( Poni 1 Poin ) Cswoi ( Swin1 Swin )

t Bo i
Where:
and
16-Jan-2014
Cpooi
i (1 Swi ) cr
Cswoi
Dt
d (1 / Bo)
Bo dPo
i
i
Boi Dti
98
Discretization of Water-Phase Equation

Right side flow terms
S w S w

S w
t Bw Bw t
t Bw

Pw
Po Pcow

t Bw Pw Bw t
Pw Bw t
t
Pcow dPcow S w
t
dSw t
16-Jan-2014
99
Discretization of Water-phase RHS

S w
Cpowi ( Poni 1 Poin ) Cswwi ( Swin1 Swin )

t Bw i
Where:
Cpowi
i Swi cr
d (1 / Bw )
Dt Bw
dPw i
and
Cswwi
16-Jan-2014
dPcow
Cpowi
Bwi Dti dSw i
100
Fully Discrete Oil-Water Flow Equations
Txoi 1 Poni1 1 Poni Txoi 1 Poni1 1 Poni Cpooi Poni 1 Poin

2
Cswoi
n 1
wi
Swin
osci
n
n
n 1
n
n
n
Txwi 1 Poni1 1 Poni Pcow
T
xw
P
P
1
cow
o
o
cow
cow
i 2
i 1
i
i 1
i
i 1
i
2
C powi Poni 1 Poin Cswwi
n 1
wi
Swin qwsci
i 1,..., N
16-Jan-2014
101
IMPES Solution of Oil-Water Flow Equations

First, the pressure is found by solving the following equation:
xo
n
i 12
iTxwin 1
n 1
oi 1
Poni 1 Txo in 1 iTxwin 1
n 1
oi 1
n
n
n
n
n
iTxwin 1 Pcow
T
xw
P
P
cowi
i
cowi 1
cowi
i 1
i 1
Cpooin i Cswoin Poni 1 Poin qosci i qwsci
Cswwin
i
Cswoin
16-Jan-2014
Poni 1
102
IMPES Pressure Solution

Wi
Wi
n 1
n 1
n 1
oi 1
n
xo 1
i 2
n 1
n 1
oi
Ci P
Ei
C in 1 Txoin 1 Txoin 1 Cpooin
i Txwin 1 Txwin 1 Cpowin

2
n 1
oi 1
Ei P
n 1
n
xw
i
i 12
n 1
n
xo 1
i 2
n 1
gi
iT
n
xw 1
i 2
n
swwi
n
swoi
C
i
C
g in1 (Cpooin i Cpowin ) Poin qosci i qwsci

iTxwin 1 ( Pcowin1 Pcowin ) iTxwin 1 ( Pcowin1 Pcowin )
2
16-Jan-2014
103
IMPES Water Saturation

Once the oil pressures have been found, water saturations
can be obtained by either the oil-phase equation or the
water-phase equation.
n
n 1
n 1
n
n 1
n 1
1 Txoi 12 Poi1 Poi Txoi 12 Poi1 Poi

n 1
n
S wi Swi
n
Cswoi qosc Cpooin Pon1 Poin
i
i
i 1,..., N
16-Jan-2014
104
Exercise 8
A homogeneous, 1D horizontal oil reservoir is 1,000 ft long
with a cross-sectional area of 10,000 ft2. It is discretized into
four equal gridblocks. The initial water saturation is 0.160
and the initial reservoir pressure is 5,000 psi everywhere.

Water is injected at the center of cell 1 at a rate of 75 STB/d
and oil is produced at the center of cell 4 at the same rate.
Rock compressibility cr=3.5E-6
psi-1 . The viscosity and
formation volume factor of water are given as w=0.8cp and

Bw=1.02 bbl/STB.
16-Jan-2014
105
Exercise 8 (contd)
The gridblock dimensions and properties are: Dx=250ft,
Dy=250ft,
Dz=40ft,
kx=300md,
=0.20.
PVT
data
including formation volume factor and viscosity of oil is

given as in Table 1 as the functions of pressure. The
saturation functions including relative permeabilities and
capillary pressure.
Using the IMPES solution method with Dt=1 day, find the
pressure and saturation distribution after 100 days of
production.
16-Jan-2014
106
Exercise 8 (contd)
Ax=10,000 ft2
p
0
x
Qo=-75 STB/d
Qw=75 STB/d
4
250 ft
p
0
x
16-Jan-2014
107
Exercise 8 (contd)
The relative permeability data:
Sw
Krw
0.16
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
16-Jan-2014
Kro
0
0.01
0.035
0.06
0.11
0.16
0.24
0.42
1
0.7
0.325
0.15
0.045
0.031
0.015
0
108
The End

Reservoir Simulation

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Reservoir Simulation

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR

Dr. Mai Cao Lan,

ABOUT THE COURSE

To review the background of petroleum reservoir

To provide guidelines for hands-on practices with

T. Eterkin et al., 2001. Basic Applied Reservoir Simulation,

J.H. Abou-Kassem et al., 2005. Petroleum Reservoir

Simulation A Basic Approach, Gulf Publishing Company,

C.Mattax & R. Dalton, 1990. Reservoir Simulation, SPE,

Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT

COMPONENTS OF A RESERVOIR SIMULATOR

Numerical Simulation An Overview

Numerical Methods for PDEs

Numerical Methods for Linear Equations

Components of a Reservoir Simulator

What is Reservoir Simulation?

A powerful tool for evaluating reservoir performance

A helpful tool for investigating problems associated with

Reservoir Simulation Basics

Basic data is provided for each cell

saturations for each block as well as the production of

Simulating Flow in Reservoirs

Mass conservation law

Momentum conservation law

Material behavior principles

Mass into the Mass out of the Rate of change of mass

Equation Governing Material Behaviors

equations or also known as the equations of state.

Constitutive Equation of Rock

Constitutive Equation of Fluids

compressibility (for liquid)

Single-Phase Fluid System

One Phase Gas

One Phase Water

One Phase Oil

Single-Phase Fluid Model

Single-Phase Flow Equation

The fluid model:

Single-Phase Flow Equation for Slightly

Based on the fluid model, compressibility can now be defined in terms of

Single-Phase Flow Equation for Compressible

Boundary Conditions (BCs)

Dirichlet BCs: Values of the unknown at the boundaries

Boundary Conditions (BCs)

Dirichlet BCs: Pressure values at the boundaries are

Dirichlet Boundary Conditions

A pressure condition will normally be specified as a bottom-hole

Newmann Boundary Conditions

For reservoir flow, a rate condition may be specified as a production or

General 3D Single-Phase Flow Equations

Z: Elevation, positive in downward direction

3D Single-Phase Flow Equations for

1D Single-Phase Flow Equation with

Quantities in Flow Equations

Quantities in Flow Equations

FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD &

FDM SOLUTION OF THE SINGLE-PHASE FLOW EQUATIONS

Numerical Solution of Flow Equations

partial differential equations (PDEs)

The first derivative can be written by re-arranging the terms:

Denoting all except the first terms by O (Dx) yields

Fundamentals of FDM (cont.)

Subtracting the second from the first equation yields

Typical Difference Formulas