Strength of Materials Courseware by A.A Jimoh

1.
COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Course : CVE 363-Strength of Materials (2 Credits-Compulsory)
Course Duration : Two hours per week for 15 weeks (30 hours), As taught in
2010/2011
2. LECTURER DETAILS:
Lecturer:
Dr. A.A. Jimoh

B.Eng., M.Eng, Ph.D., Civil Engineering
E-mail address: jimlahi@unilorin.edu.ng
Block 8 ground floor (8G25)
Consultation hours: 10 am -2 pm Monday-Friday every week
3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.1 Course Content
Generalized stress-strain relationship, Biaxial and triaxial state of stress. Stress
transformation. Mohrs circle, failure theories. Theories of bending of beams,.
Unsymmetrical bending and shear centre. Strain Energy application. Torsion of
non-circular and thin-walled hollow members.
3.2 Course Description
Generalized stress-strain relationship, Biaxial and triaxial state of stress. Stress
transformation, Mohrs circle, failure theories-Give stress-strain relationship of
Youngs modulus = stress/strain, apply stress to beam section of rectangular
and T- section. Maximum and minimum stress.
Theories of bending of beams- explain various equations and patterns.
Unsymmetrical bending and shear centre- apply this to T and rectangular
sections.
Strain Energy application- Apply to beams and trusses
Torsion of non-circular and thin-walled hollow members- explain circular

hollow members and torsion expressions and angle of twist.
3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse for stress imposed on

materials before construction is important and will reduce failures
3.4 Course Objectives
Aims and objectives : At the end of the course the students are expected to understand the
following
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Understand stress Strain relationship , derivation of expression for young modulus (E).
Stress at a point, Stress transformation and application
Be able to understand uniaxial, biaxial and triaxial state of stress using analytical method
Understand above using graphical method
Understand failure theories and theory of bending of beams
Computation in unsymmetrical bending for circular, hat and channel sections
Computation for point of shear centre for channels, hat section
Strain energy application to beam and trusses
Torsion of non-circular and thin-walled hollow material.
3.5 Course Requirements: A student is expected to scored not less than 30 in

GET 252
3.6 Methods of Grading
Courses shall be graded using continuous assessment (CA) -30% and exam (70
%). The CA shall include the following : take home assignment, test and Quiz
3.7 Course Delivery Strategies and Practical Schedules: The course shall be
delivered by giving notes , extract from relevant text books code of practice
and showing practical examples and so on, solving problems in the class giving
out problem to solve by students themselves and giving reference books as
reading and problem exercise.
4.0 LECTURE CONTENT:
Week 1 : Stress- strain curves of mild steel high yield steel, rubber, E derivation from curve.
Application of Youngs Modulus E
Week 2 : Plane stress computation : Determination of stress at any arbitrary plane computation for
principal Stress and Sketch.
Week 3 : Application of Mohrs circles to the above.

Week 4: Failures theories types in beams, Columns Slabs and foundations
Week 5:Theories of bending of beams
Week6: Unsymmetrical bending
Week 7: Shear centre.
Week 8 : Strain energy application.
Week 9: Torsion of non-circular and thin walled hollowed members
Week 10-15: Revision test and examination.
5.0 GENERAL READING LIST

William A.N. & CEN STORGESS, 1977 Schaum,s outline of Theory and Problems of Strength of
Materials Second Edition MCGrawhill, Newyork.
W.T. Marshall & H.M Nelson 1975 Structures Low-Priced Edition English Language Brok society and
pitman London.
J.D. Todd 1982 Structural Theory and Analysis Macmillan, London.
6.0 LEGEND/ Tutorial questions / Exercise
Q1 (a) A bar of cross sectional area 850 mm2 is acted upon by an axial tensile force of 60
kN, applied at each end of the bar , determine ,
a) the normal and shearing stresses on a plane inclined at 30 to the direction of loading
(15 mks)
b) the maximum shearing stress in the bar (5 mks)
Q2 At a point in a body, stresses are as shown in Fig Q2
Determine ,
(a) the normal and tangential stresses on the plane that makes an angle of 45o with the
horizontal (10 mks)
(b) the principal stresses and the planes where they are acting (10 mks)
Q3a
Fig Q3ai presents the stresses at a point in a structural element and Fig Q3aii is the Mohrs
circle of centre C describing the stresses at the point. Use the Mohrs circle to determine the
following:
(a) the stresses on the vertical and the horizontal planes at the point (V and H on the circle)
(5 mks)
(b) the principal stresses at the point and the planes where they are acting (5 mks)
Q3b
(a) What is unsymmetric bending and what causes it? (5 mks)
(b) Show the shear centre of the beam sections in Fig Q3b (no calculation is required) (5
mks)
Q4 Fig Q4 is a section of a simply supported beam of span 5 m. The beam section is acted
upon by a bending moment of 100 kNm applied on a plane inclined at an angle of 30o to
the vertical . The vertical and horizontal axis in the section are y-y and x-x respectively and
z-z axis passes through the longitudinal centroidal axis of the beam . From the figure,
determine the following
(i) the values of the moment about each of the three axis (i.e Mx-x, My-y and Mz-z) (10
mks)
(ii) the values of maximum tensile and compressive stresses (10 mks)
Q5 Compute the total strain energy stored in the truss in Fig Q5 in terms of E and A (E and A
are constant) (20 mks)
50 Mpa
60MPa
60
450
25
Mpa
50 Mpa
Fig Q2
+t
A-A(60,20)
200
0
30
-s
O(0,0
+s
C (40, 0)
)+t
A
V
Fig Q3aii
Fig Q3ai
-t
Fig Q3b beam sections T- section
channel section
rectangular section
Z- section
50
kN
50
kN
100 kNm
30o
4m
100 mm
40 mm
3m
Z
Fig Q4 The beam section with the applied
moment
3m
3m
3m
Fig Q5 A loaded truss
Q1. A bar of cross section 850 mm2 is acted upon by an axial tensile force of 60 kN applied at each
end of the bar . Determine
c) the normal and shearing stresses on a plane inclined at 30 to the direction of loading ,
d) the maximum shearing stress in the bar , and,
e) if the capacity of this bar is such that the maximum normal tensile stress is 150 N/mm2 and the
maximum shearing stress is 60 N/mm2, , what is the maximum axial tensile load the bar can take
without exceeding these values and in what plane is the failure going to occur?
Q2. At a point in a body, stresses are as shown in Fig Q2 .
60 MPa
120 MPa
45
60 MPa
40 MPa
55 MPa
80 MPa
o
35
75
60 MPa
120 MPa
(i)
(ii)
Fig Q2 Stress at a point diagrams
(iii)
Use the analytical method or the derived equations to determine on the inclined planes in the
figures (Fig Q2) ,
(a) the normal and the shearing stresses , and,
(b) the principal stresses .
Q3. Use the Mohrs circle to determine the normal and the shearing stresses on the inclined planes
for the three figures in Fig Q2.
Q4. (a) What is unsymmetric bending and what causes it?

(b) Determine the shear centre of the channel section shown in Fig Q4. The thickness is constant.
20
20
100
20
50
Fig Q4 A Channel section
Q5. For each section in Fig Q5, plane A-A is the plane of load. Show with letters and lines, the
positions of the peak tensile and the peak compressive stresses and the approximate neutral axis
positions (no calculation is required). What are the components of moment about the X and Y axis
for each figure.
40 kNm
60 kNm
25o
50o
35 kNm
75o
A
Y
(i)
Fig Q5
Y
(ii)
(iii)
Structural section diagrams
1-27 Specifications for the timber block of Fig. P1-27 require that the stresses not exceed the
following: shear parallel to the grain 0.75 MPa compression perpendicular to the
grain 1.20 MPa. Determine the maximum value of the axial load p that can be
applied without exceeding the given requirement.
1-28 Solve Prob 1-27 with the following data changes: dimensions of block 80mm deepx130 mm
widex250 mm long; slope of grain 5 horizontal to 12 vertical; specified stresses 0.80
MPa shear and 1.40 MPa compression.
1-29 Because of internal pressure in a boiler, the stresses at a particular point in the boiler plate
were found to be as shown in the stress picture of Fig.P1-29 dertermine the normer
stress at this point on the inclind plan shown.
1-30 At a point in a stressed body , there are normal stresses of 120 MPa C on a vertical plane and 60
MPa T on a horizontal plane. The
1. COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Course : CVE 366-Structural Analysis II (2 Credits-Compulsory)
2010/2011
Lecturer:
Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.1 Course Content
Theory and problems in indeterminate structures. Static and kinematic
indeterminacy, classical methods of analysis , virtual work and energy
methods, slope deflection method and moment distribution method.
Influence line for statically indeterminate structures.
Theory and problems in indeterminate structures-explain determinate and
indeterminate structures and how to identify an indeterminate structure.
Static and kinematic indeterminacy, classical methods of analysis discuss
stability and meaning of Static and kinematic and discuss relevant equations
with respect to beams frames and trusses.
virtual work and energy methods-explain this and apply to solving structural
problems.
slope deflection method and moment distribution method- explain differences

and apply on beams and frames.
Influence line for statically indeterminate structures-explain and apply to solve
problems in beams and trusses.
3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse for forces in structures is
important and prerequisite to design.
Aims and objectives : The students are expected to understand the following ;
B e able to compute for member reactions, forces, moments and strains in indeterminate structures
using virtual work and energy methods. Solving indeterminate trusses using energy method and
frames using slope deflection and moment distribution methods and application of influence lines
to indeterminate structures
3.5 Course Requirements: A student is expected to have scored not less than
30 in CVE 365.
3.7 Course Delivery Strategies and Practical Schedules: The course shall be
delivered by giving note , extract from text books code of practice and showing
practical examples and so on, solving problems in the class and giving out
problem to solve by students themselves , giving reference books as reading
and problem exercise.
Week 1 Indeterminate simple beams analysis for state c and kinematic indeterminancy
Week 2 Solving indeterminate simple beams
Week 3 Solving continouse beams of n spams
Week 4 Solving indeterminate trusses
Week 5 Solving using slope deflection method
Week 6 Solving using moment distribution method
Week 7 Influence line analysis and applications

Week 8-15 Revision, test and examination
Text books :
pitman London.
6.0 LEGEND
Exercise/tutorial Questions
Q1 For each of the structures shown in Fig Q1 ( i to v )
(a) State whether stable or not and give reasons for your answers (10 marks).
(b) Determine the degree of static and kinematic indeterminacy (10 marks).
(c) For any of the structures that is unstable, draw the stable form (5 marks).
ii
iii
iv
Fig Q1 ( i to vi) Structural elements
Q2 (a) State the Castiglianos second energy theorem and its usefulness (5 marks)
(b) Using the theorem or otherwise to determine the support reactions in the frame shown in
Fig Q2 (20 marks)
80 kN
3m
4m
3.5m
D
Fig Q2 A Frame
Q3 Fig Q3 is a pin jointed truss. Determine the degree of indeterminacy and member forces. Let the
redundant be member BD (25 marks)
C
B
50 kN
3m
D
A
4m
Fig Q3 A truss
Q4 (a)Differentiate between moment distribution method and slope deflection equation method (5
marks).
(b) Use either of the two methods to determine the end moments in the Continuous beam
shown in Fig Q4 (20 marks).
50 kN
40 kN/m
B
2m
C
2m
3m
Fig Q4 A Continuous beam
Q5 (a) Define an influence line diagram (5 marks)

(b) A vehicle traverses a bridge from support A to B as shown in Fig Q5. The bridge is 20 m long
and the front axle load of the car is 60 kN while the rear axle load is 45 kN. For the position of
the front axle on the bridge and the rear wheels are just on the left support A, determine,
(i) the total reaction at each of the supports A and B (10 marks), and
(ii) the shear force and the bending moment at the centre of the bridge (10 marks).
2m
Front axle
Rear axle
45 kN
60 kN
A
20 m
Moving axle loads
Fig Q5 Bridge span and moving loads
1.0 COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Course : CVE 562- Design of structures (3 Credits-Compulsory)
Course Duration : Three hours per week for 15 weeks (45 hours), As taught in
2010/2011
Lecturer:
Dr. A.A. Jimoh


3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.1 Course Content
Analysis and Design of Multi-storey buildings , pre-stressed concrete, hydraulic
structures, water and earth retaining structures, culverts, composite
constructions, design considerations for bridges ,. Standards and codes of
practice , methods of construction.
Analysis and Design of Multi-storey buildings refer to timber, concrete and
steel structures.
pre-stressed concrete- what is pretension and post tension and apply this to
beams
hydraulic structures, water and earth retaining structures-= On this
discussion will be on retaining walls- gravity, cantilever counter-fort, concrete
tanks and towers.
Culverts- rectangular and ring culverts . Load determination.
composite constructions and design considerations for bridges -Describe
composite with respect to bridges etc
Standards and codes of practice BS 5950, 8110 etc
Methods of construction- explain this with respect to various equipment on
concrete , excavation, scaffolding etc.
3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse and design building before
construction is important and will reduce failures
At the end of semester, students are expected to know how to design for
buildings.
CVE 466 and CVE 362.
3.7 Course Delivery Strategies and Practical Schedules: Course shall be
delivered by giving notes , extracts from the text books code of practice and
showing practical examples and so on, solving problems in the class giving out
Week 1 : Analysis of multi-storey a reinforced concrete building
Week 2 : Analysis of steel structures
Week 3: Design of prestressed concrete structures
Week 4 Design of water retaining structures water tank above and below ground surface
Basement
Week 5: Design of earth retaining Structures chanticleer, counter fort and gravity
Week 6: Design of culverts
Week 7 Design of bridges
Week8 : Composite construction
Week 9-15: Revision ,Test and Exam

pitman London.
J.F. Woodward (1975) Quantitative methods in Construction Management and Design Macmillan,
London.
T.B BOFFEY Graph Theory in Operatives Research 1982, Macmillan London.
W.H. Mosley and J.H. Bungey 1990 Reinforcement Concrete Design Fourth Edition Macmillan
London.
BS5950 Part 1 1990 Code for steel Design.
BS8110 Part 1,2, and 3 for structural use of concrete.
T.J. MacGinley & T.C Ang 1999 Structural Steel work Design to limit state Theory Second Edition
Butter worth Heinemann.
pitman London.

Question 1
Figure 1 shows a frame of a residential building . The frames are at 3 m centres

and braced against lateral forces . The floor loads and data are as follow:
Slab thickness = 120 mm, finishes and partitions = 1 kN/m2 , live load = 2.5 kN/m2 ,
fcu = 25 N/mm2 ; fy = 460 N/mm2, concrete unit weight 24 kN/m3 , concrete cover =
25 mm , beam size 300 wide by 400 deep and column size 300 mm by 300 mm. Use
16 mm diameter bars for beams, 12 mm diameter bars for slabs and 8 mm diameter
bars for stirrups .
Required : For the beam ABC in Fig 1, determine the following:

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
the minimum and maximum load on the slab (5 marks);

the bending moments in the slab (15 marks);
the longitudinal reinforcement required (15 marks); and ,
the slab structural detail (5 marks) .
Question 2 (a) Write briefly on the following :- Gravity , Cantilever and Counterfort
retaining walls.
(9 marks)
(2b) Fig 2 is a cantilever retaining wall of height 3.5 m and base thickness 200 mm and
width 2.6 m. Check for the stability of the retaining wall against sliding and
overturning and design for only the wall reinforcement . Soil unit weight =
2000 kg/m3 and the concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 . The coefficient of active
pressure, ka , is 0.33 , the coefficient of passive pressure kp , is 3 and the coefficient
of friction , , between the retaining wall base and the soil is 0.5. Fcu = 30 N/mm2 ,
fy = 460 N/mm2 and the soil bearing pressure = 100 N/mm2 (11 marks).
Question 3 Figure 3 is a water retaining structure . Using ultimate limit state
determine the maximum moments at the wall and the base and determine their
corresponding reinforcement detail.
Fcu = 35 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 , concrete cover = 40 mm, bar diameter = 12 mm
and the water unit weight = 1000 kg/m3 (20 marks).
Question 4 (a)Write short notes on the following : (i) HA loading , (ii) HB loading , (iii)
Types of failures in bridges. (9 marks)
(b) Sketch and write short notes on the following (i) truss bridge, (ii) cable stayed
bridge, (iii) suspension bridge, (iv) arch bridge and (v) girder bridge.
(11 marks)
Question 5(a) Discuss the following : (i) Prestress concrete (ii) Pretensioned concrete (iii) Post
tensioned concrete (8 marks)
(c)
Wall 150mm thick

2.2 m
300
Beam
1.5 m
Roof
1st floor
5m
1.5 m
Fig 3. A water retaining
P
3
3
G. F.
Q
6
Fig 1a Cross-section
Continuous at this edge
Span of floor
3
m
A
3
m
Continuous at this edge
B
Fig 1 Frame and floor plan of a residential
6m
4m
Fig 1b Floor plan
3.5 m
Soil
0.2
m
0.8
0.2
1.6
Fig 2. A cantilever retaining
wall
Question 1
Figure 1 shows a frame of a residential building . The frames are at 3 m centres and braced
against lateral forces . The floor loads and data are as follow: Slab thickness = 120 mm :
Finishes and partitions = 1 kN/m2 :Live load = 2.5 kN/m2 : Fcu = 25 N/mm2 ; fy = 460 N/mm2
: Concrete unit weight 24 kN/m3 ; Beam size 300 wide by 400 deep , column size 300 mm
by 300 mm , Use 16 mm diameter high yield steel bars for beams and 8 mm diameter bars
for the stirrups. Concrete cover = 25 mm
Required : (a) Analyse, design and prepare structural detail for beam ABC in Fig 1 (25) : (b)
Prepare a typical reinforcement detail for a foundation and a typical detail for a column .
Show plans and sections for each of them.(25)
Question 2
Q (2a)
Write briefly on the following retaining walls :- Gravity (3 marks) , Cantilever (3 marks) and
Counterfort . (3 marks)
Q(2b)
Fig 2 is a cantilever retaining wall of wall height 3.5 m and base width 2.6 m. Soil unit
weight = 2000 kg/m3 , concrete unit weight = 24 kN/m3 , The coefficient of active pressure,
ka , is 0.33 , the coefficient of passive pressure, kp , is 3 , The coefficient of friction , ,
between the retaining wall base and the soil is 0.5, fcu = 30 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 , soil
bearing pressure = 100 N/mm2 .
(i) Calculate the maximum horizontal force on the wall (6 marks) (ii) the maximum moment at
the base of the wall (4 marks) (iii) Prepare a typical reinforcement detail for an earth retaining
wall structure.(6 marks)
Question 3
Figure 3 is a water retaining structure . with fcu = 35 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 ,
concrete cover = 40 mm, bar diameter = Y12 mm , water unit weight = 1000 kg/m3
(a) What is the maximum moment at the wall base when the water tank is full and when
empty (12 marks) :
(b) What number of bars per meter length are required in the wall (6 marks)
(c) Prepare a typical detail for a water retaining structure (7 marks)
Question 4
Q (4a)
Write short notes on the following : (i) HA loading , (ii) HB loading , (iii) Types of failures in
bridges. (12 marks)
Q(4b)
Sketch with labels the following types of bridges, stating the appropriate materials and
sections required for each of their structural elements. (i) An Arch bridge (ii) A suspension
bridge (iii) A girder bridge (iv) deck of bridges (8 marks),
Q(4c)
Prepare a typical reinforcement detail for a box culvert (5 marks)
Roof
P
3
1st floor
G. F.
3
6m
4m
Span of floor
3
m
A
3
m
6m
Fig 1a Cross-section
4m
3.5 m
0.2
m
0.8
0.2
1.6
Fig 2 A cantilever retaining wall

Course : CVE 565- Structural Analysis IV (2 Credits-Compulsory)
Course Duration : Three hours per week for 15 weeks (30 hours), As taught in
2010/2011
Lecturer:
Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.1 Course Content
Approximate method of analysis for frame structures, yield line analysis of slabs. Structural Forms.
Plastic analysis of multi-bay and multi-storey frame buildings.

Approximate method of analysis for frame structures, to be applied on portal , multibay frames
yield line analysis of slabs- apply on concrete slabs circular, rectangular and triangular yield patterns,
collapse load
Structural Forms-consider various structural forms for timber steel and reinforced concrete
structures
Plastic analysis of multi-bay and multi-storey frame buildings. Consider various collapse mechanisms,
collapse loads hinge formations etc.
3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse structures before

construction is important and will reduce failures

At the end of semester, students are expected to know how to design for
buildings.
CVE 466 and CVE 362.
delivered by giving notes , extracts from the text books code of practice and
showing practical examples and so on, solving problems in the class giving out

At the end of this course ,the students are expected to know how to carryout the following analysis:
Duration: 15 weeks
Week i: (i-v) Differentiate between approximate method and exact method of Analysis.
Week (vi-viii): Analyse indeterminate trusses, evaluate forces in members assuming that the
diagonals are to be designed such that they are equally capable of carrying compressive and
tensile forces.
Week (ix-x): Analyse buildings using Cantilever and Portal method of analysis.
Week (xi-xii) : Analyse using yield line theories , yield line pattern for a triangular, circular
reinforced and a rectangular concrete slabs.
Week (xiii-xv): Analyse using plastic method of analysis and compare with the elastic
method and derive the expression for collapse loads in term of plastic moment Mp .
Revision tests and examinations.
pitman London.
J.F. Woodward (1975) Quantitative methods in Construction Management and Design Macmillan,
London.
T.B BOFFEY Graph Theory in Operatives Research 1982, Macmillan London.
W.H. Mosley and J.H. Bungey 1990 Reinforcement Concrete Design Fourth Edition Macmillan
London.
BS5950 Part 1 1990 Code for steel Design.
BS8110 Part 1,2, and 3 for structural use of concrete.
T.J. MacGinley & T.C Ang 1999 Structural Steel work Design to limit state Theory Second Edition
Butter worth Heinemann.
pitman London.
Course - CVE 565 : Structural Analysis IV; Time 3 hrs : Answer all
questions (Each 20 marks)
3m
Fig 1 A loaded Truss
(Q1) For the truss shown in Fig 1,

(a) determine the degree of indeterminacy (2 marks) and (b) evaluate approximately
forces in members assuming that the diagonals are to be designed such that they are
equally capable of carrying compressive and tensile forces (18 marks).
Q2 (a) Differentiate between Cantilever and Portal methods of analysis (5 marks).
(b) For the Portal Frame shown in Fig 2, determine using approximate method of analysis,
the reactions at the supports assuming that hinges are formed at the middle point of the
girder and columns (15 marks).
20 kN
3m
4m
Fig 2 A Portal frame
Q3 (a) List the yield line theories (5 marks)and sketch the yield line pattern for a circular
reinforced concrete slab and a rectangular slab simply supported at their edges (4 marks).
(b) The slab shown in Fig 3 is isotropically reinforced and is required to carry an ultimate
design load of 12 kN/m2. If the ultimate moment of resistance of the reinforcement is m per
unit width of slab in the directions shown, calculate the value of m for the given yield line
pattern (11 marks).
4m
4m
Fig 3 Isotropicaly reinforced concrete slab with yield line pattern shown
(4) What are the differences between plastic method of analysis and elastic method (5
marks) and derive the expression for collapse load W in term of plastic moment Mp and
length L for the simply supported beam shown in Fig 4 (15 marks).
L/2
L/2
Fig 4 A simply supported beam
Q5 (a) What are the assumptions made in the approximate method of analysis of a frame
subjected to vertical loads only (4 marks). (b) Analyse the building frame shown in Fig 5 for
vertical loads using the approximate methods to compute the vertical loads and bending
moments in columns. What is the maximum bending moment in the beams (16 marks).
4 kN/m
F
5m
8 kN/m
B
H
E
5m
D
6m
6m
Fig 5 A building frame

Course : CVE 464 Structural Analysis III (2 Credits-Compulsory)
2010/2011
Lecturer:
Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.1 Course Content
Matrix methods of structural analysis. Flexibility and stiffness methods. Elastic instability.
Introduction to plastic theory of bending. Collapse loads.

3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse for stress imposed on
materials before construction is important and will reduce failures
Aims and objectives : At the end of the course the students are expected to understand the
following
Matrix methods of structural analysis. Introduction to matrix
Flexibility and stiffness methods. Discuss on simple beam and continuous beams, trusses
Elastic instability. On columns / beams
Introduction to plastic theory of bending. Collapse loads. Discuss on beams , frames and yield line
analysis of slabs.

At the end of semester, Students are expected to understand the following:Matrix methods of structural analysis. Flexibility and stiffness methods on simple beam and
continuous beams, trusses , Elastic instability analysis on columns / beams ,plastic analysis on beams
, frames and yield line analysis of slabs.
3.5 Course Requirements: A student is expected to score not less than 30 in

CVE 366
delivered by giving note , extract from text books code of practice and showing
practical examples and so on, solving problems in the class giving out problem
to solve by students themselves , giving reference books as reading and
problem exercise.
Week i Matrix methods of structural analysis. Introduction to matrix
Week ii-v Flexibility and stiffness methods. Discuss on simple beam and continuous beams, trusses
Week vi-ix Elastic instability. On columns / beams
Week x-xiii Introduction to plastic theory of bending. Collapse loads. Discuss on beams , frames and
yield line analysis of slabs.
Week iv-v Revision Test and Examination

(1) P-=
1
3
2
4
, Q-=
1
5
1 0
(2) identity matrix I= 0 1
0 0
2
, determine PQ and QP
6
0
0
1
(3) Determine from (1) above P-1 and Q-1.

(4) Figure below shows the load cases required to produce unit lateral
displacements alternately at joints 1 and 2 in a vertical cantilever beam. If the
positive direction for the displacements is as shown , construct the ;lateral
stiffnesss matrix for the cantilever and calculate THE FORCE REQUIRED at the
joints to produce displacements of 0.5 units at joints 1 and 2.0 units at joint 2.
3
1
10
Answer
1 10 3 0.5
)=(
)( )
2 3 2 2.0
L1= -1.0, L2= 2.5
1
EXAMPLE 17.1 Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the deflection
of node 2 and the forces in the members of the truss shown in Fig. 17.4. The product
AE is constant for all members.
We see from Fig. 17.4 that the nodes 1 and 3 are pinned to the foundation and are
therefore not displaced. Hence, referring to the global coordinate system shown,
w 1 = v1 = w 3 = v3 = 0
450
X
L
W
FIGURE 17.4 Truss of Ex. 17.1
The external forces are applied at node 2 such that Fx,2 =0, Fy,2=W; the nodal
forces at 1 and 3 are then unknown reactions.
The first step in the solution is to assemble the stiffness matrix for the complete framework
by writing down the member stiffness matrices referred to the global axes using
Eq. (17.23). The direction cosines and take different values for each of the three
members; therefore, remembering that the angle is measured anticlockwise from
the positive direction of the x axis we have the following:
See the reference book (2) below , for the rest computation
THEOREMS OF PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis is governed by three fundamental theorems which are valid for elastoplastic
structures in which the displacements are small such that the geometry of the
displaced structure does not affect the applied loading system.
THE UNIQUENESS THEOREM

The following conditions must be satisfied simultaneously by a structure in its collapsed
state:
The equilibrium condition states that the bending moments must be in equilibrium with
the applied loads.
The yield condition states that the bending moment at any point in the structure must
not exceed the plastic moment at that point.
592
18.2 Plastic Analysis of Beams 593
The mechanism condition states that sufficient plastic hinges must have formed so that
all, or part of, the structure is a mechanism.
THE LOWER BOUND, OR SAFE, THEOREM

If a distribution of moments can be found which satisfies the above equilibrium and
yield conditions the structure is either safe or just on the point of collapse.
THE UPPER BOUND, OR UNSAFE, THEOREM

If a loading is found which causes a collapse mechanism to form then the loading must
be equal to or greater than the actual collapse load.
Generally, in plastic analysis, the upper bound theorem is used. Possible collapse
mechanisms are formulated and the corresponding collapse loads calculated. From the
upper bound theorem we know that all mechanisms must give a value of collapse load
which is greater than or equal to the true collapse load so that the critical mechanism
is the one giving the lowest load. It is possible that a mechanism, which would give a
lower value of collapse load, has been missed. A check must therefore be carried out
by applying the lower bound theorem.
YIELD LINE THEORY

There are two approaches to the calculation of the ultimate load-carrying capacity of
a reinforced concrete slab involving yield line theory. One is an energy method which
uses the principle of virtual work and the other, an equilibrium method, studies the
equilibrium of the various parts of the slab formed by the yield lines; we shall restrict the
analysis to the use of the principle of virtual work since this was applied in Chapter 18
to the calculation of collapse loads of beams and frames.
YIELD LINES
Aslab is assumed to collapse at its ultimate load through a system of nearly straight lines
which are called yield lines. These yield lines divide the slab into a number of panels and
this pattern of yield lines and panels is termed the collapse mechanism; a typical collapse
mechanism for a simply supported rectangular slab carrying a uniformly distributed
load is shown in Fig. 19.1(a).
The panels formed by the supports and yield lines are assumed to be plane (at fracture
elastic deformations are small compared with plastic deformations and are ignored)
625
626 Chapter 19 / Yield Line Analysis of Slabs
and therefore must possess a geometric compatibility; the section AA in Fig. 19.1(b)
shows a cross section of the collapsed slab. It is further assumed that the bending
moment along all yield lines is constant and equal to the value corresponding to the
yielding of the steel reinforcement. Also, the panels rotate about axes along the supported
edges and, in a slab supported on columns, the axes of rotation pass through
the columns, see Fig. 19.2(b). Finally, the yield lines on the sides of two adjacent panels
pass through the point of intersection of their axes of rotation. Examples of yield
line patterns are shown in Fig. 19.2. Note the conventions for the representation of
different support conditions.
In the collapse mechanisms of Figs 19.1(a) and 19.2(b) the supports are simple supports
so that the slab is free to rotate along its supported edges. In Fig. 19.2(a) the left-hand
edge of the slab is built in and not free to rotate. At collapse, therefore, a yield line
will develop along this edge as shown. Along this yield line the bending moment will
be hogging, i.e. negative, and the reinforcing steel will be positioned in the upper
region of the slab; where the bending moment is sagging the reinforcing steel will be
positioned in the lower region.
Structural Instability
So far, in considering the behaviour of structural members under load, we have been
concerned with their ability to withstand different forms of stress. Their strength,
therefore, has depended upon the strength properties of the material from which they
are fabricated. However, structural members subjected to axial compressive loads
may fail in a manner that depends upon their geometrical properties rather than
their material properties. It is common experience, for example, that a long slender
structural member will suddenly bow with large lateral displacements when subjected to an axial compressive
load . This phenomenon is known as instability and the member is said to buckle. If the member
is exceptionally long and slender it may regain its initial straight shape when the load
is removed.
Structural members subjected to axial compressive loads are known as columns or
struts, although the former term is usually applied to the relatively heavy vertical
members that are used to support beams and slabs; struts are compression members
in frames and trusses.
It is clear from the above discussion that the design of compression members must
take into account not only the material strength of the member but also its stability
against buckling. Obviously the shorter a member is in relation to its cross-sectional
dimensions, the more likely it is that failure will be a failure in compression of the
material rather than one due to instability. It follows that in some intermediate range
a failure will be a combination of both.
We shall investigate the buckling of long slender columns and derive expressions for
the buckling or critical load;
21.1 EULER THEORY FOR SLENDER COLUMNS

The first significant contribution to the theory of the buckling of columns was made in
the 18th century by Euler. His classical approach is still valid for long slender columns
possessing a variety of end restraints. Before presenting the theory, however, we shall
investigate the nature of buckling and the difference between theory and practice.
We have seen that if an increasing axial compressive load is applied to a long slender
column there is a value of load at which the column will suddenly bow or buckle in
some unpredetermined direction. This load is patently the buckling load of the column
or something very close to the buckling load. The fact that the column buckles
in a particular direction implies a degree of asymmetry in the plane of the buckle
caused by geometrical and/or material imperfections of the column and its load. Theoretically,
however, in our analysis we stipulate a perfectly straight, homogeneous
column in which the load is applied precisely along the perfectly straight centroidal
axis. Theoretically, therefore, there can be no sudden bowing or buckling, only axial
compression. Thus we require a precise definition of buckling load which may be used
in the analysis of the perfect column.
If the perfect column is subjected to a compressive load P, only shortening
of the column occurs no matter what the value of P. Clearly if P were to produce a stress
greater than the yield stress of the material of the column, then material failure would
occur. However, if the column is displaced a small amount by a lateral load, F, then, at
values of P below the critical or buckling load, PCR, removal of F results in a return of
the column to its undisturbed position, indicating a state of stable equilibrium. When
P =PCR the displacement does not disappear and the column will, in fact, remain in
any displaced position so long as the displacement is small.
See reference (2) for the rest.

Reference book
(1) K.H.M. Bray, P.C.L. Croxton and L.H. Martin Matrix Analysis of
Structures, Pitman Press, 1976
(2) T.H.G. Megson , Structural and Stress Analysis, Second Edition,
Elsevier,2005, London.

Strength of Materials Courseware by A.A Jimoh

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1.

COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

Torsion of non-circular and thin-walled hollow members- explain circular

3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse for stress imposed on

3.5 Course Requirements: A student is expected to scored not less than 30 in

Week 3 : Application of Mohrs circles to the above.

5.0 GENERAL READING LIST

6.0 LEGEND/ Tutorial questions / Exercise

Fig Q3b beam sections T- section

Fig Q5 A loaded truss

Q2. At a point in a body, stresses are as shown in Fig Q2 .

Fig Q2 Stress at a point diagrams

Q4. (a) What is unsymmetric bending and what causes it?

Fig Q4 A Channel section

Structural section diagrams

1. COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

slope deflection method and moment distribution method- explain differences

Week 7 Influence line analysis and applications

5.0 GENERAL READING LIST

Fig Q1 ( i to vi) Structural elements

Fig Q4 A Continuous beam

Q5 (a) Define an influence line diagram (5 marks)

Moving axle loads

Fig Q5 Bridge span and moving loads

1.0 COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Dr. A.A. Jimoh

E-mail address: jimlahi@unilorin.edu.ng

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

5.0 GENERAL READING LIST

6.0 LEGEND/ Tutorial questions / Exercise

Figure 1 shows a frame of a residential building . The frames are at 3 m centres

Required : For the beam ABC in Fig 1, determine the following:

the minimum and maximum load on the slab (5 marks);

Wall 150mm thick

Fig 3. A water retaining

Continuous at this edge

Continuous at this edge

Fig 1b Floor plan

Figure 3 is a water retaining structure . with fcu = 35 N/mm2 , fy = 460 N/mm2 ,

Prepare a typical reinforcement detail for a box culvert (5 marks)

Fig 2 A cantilever retaining wall

1.0 COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.2 Course Description

3.3 Course Justification: Knowing how to analyse structures before

3.4 Course Objectives

4.0 LECTURE CONTENT:

5.0 GENERAL READING LIST

6.0 LEGEND/ Tutorial questions / Exercise

Fig 1 A loaded Truss

(Q1) For the truss shown in Fig 1,

Fig 5 A building frame

1.0 COURSE NAME & CREDIT LOAD:

Dr. A.A. Jimoh

3.0 COURSE DETAILS:

3.2 Course Description

3.4 Course Objectives

3.5 Course Requirements: A student is expected to score not less than 30 in