Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Ethernet
Band I
Ronald Dietrich
Industrial
Ethernet
... from the Ofce to the machine
- world wide -
HARTING
The best connections worldwide because quality
connects.
HARTING was founded in 1945 by the family that still retains sole ownership of
the company. HARTING presently employs more than 2 000 people including
150 highly qualied engineers and over 100 sales engineers who take care of the
daily needs of our customers.
Today, HARTING is the leading manufacturer of connectors with 34 subsidiary
companies in Europe, America and Asia.
As the market leader, HARTING offers the advantage of just in time services. It
is therefore no wonder that the company maintains close business relationships
with all of its important customers active in the world market. HARTING is the
market leader in several of its product sectors.
HARTING can draw on many years of extensive experience gained in achieving
high degrees of protection in industrial environments (IP 65 and higher), all of
which has owed into expanding its product portfolio as well as the development
of its family of devices for industrial communication.
HARTING products are manufactured utilizing cutting edge and efcient
productions methods. CAD systems support research and development as well
as tool making activities. We abide by our philosophy of quality, which states that
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accordance with DIN EN ISO 9001, the organisation and procedures constituting
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HARTING employs approximately 60 members of staff in quality assurance. The
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Association for Quality (SAQ).
Ronald Dietrich
Industrial
Ethernet
... from the Ofce to the Machine
- world wide -
This book was compiled with the technical support of HARTING Electric GmbH &
Co. KG, Dezember 2004.
All rights reserved by HARTING Electric GmbH & Co. KG, D-32339 Espelkamp.
Author: Ronald Dietrich
Design and Layout: Ronald Dietrich
Translation: Scriptor GmbH, Bielefeld
Print and bookbinding: Printshop Meyer, Osnabrck
Pictures: Company photos
All other illustrations: HARTING Electric GmbH & Co. KG
All rights are reserved, especially relating to the translation, reprint and the
extraction of illustration, broadcasting, the photo-mechanical or similar reproduction and storage in data processing systems. This also applies to partial
utilization. The reproduction of utility names, trade names, product designations
etc. in this documentation does not, even if without special reference, manifest an
assumed right to consider names in the sense of legal status for trademarks and
trademark protection as being freely available to the public.
Important note
As a result of research and standardization technical ndings are subject to
continuous change. The author has exercised meticulous care to ensure that the
information and statements in this documentation correspond with the current
state-of-the-art. However, the user is not exempt from the obligation to check
whether the information in this documentation deviates from the information
contained in the original documentation (especially for standards) and to determine
the utilization of this information under own responsibility.
DIN standards and other technical regulations
The DIN standards, VDE regulations and other technical regulations referred
to in this documentation relate to the editions available at the time of copy
deadline. Relevant for the user of a standard, however, is only the latest edition
of the respective standard. DIN standards can be ordered from Beuth-Verlag,
Burggrafenstr. 6, 10787 Berlin.
Printed on bleached cellulose, 100 % free from chlorine and acid.
Preface
Dear Reader, this book is intended to introduce you to the subject of Industrial
Ethernet. At the same time, it seeks to demonstrate the possibilities open to you
to full your requirements for the industrial use of Ethernet by utilizing HARTING
components. Following a short summary on the subject of eldbus technology,
we will describe the particular demands placed on Industrial Ethernet and how
HARTING provides the appropriate solutions.
It is not the intention, nor can this book cover all questions relating to the subjects
eldbus technology and Industrial Ethernet. For more detailed information on
these subjects, please refer to the corresponding recommen-dations contained in
the Further reading list at the end of this book.
The standards and guidelines contained in this book were valid in 2004. Dear
Reader, if by reading this book you should feel encouraged to take a more indepth look at the subject of Industrial Ethernet or even put the knowledge
gained into practise, you are duty-bound to ensure that you are aware of the
latest information concerning prevailing law as well as the latest standards and
guidelines. This book is intended to be an introduction to the subject of Industrial
Ethernet. It was not written with the intention of providing a detailed description
of standards and guidelines. Descriptions of individual devices and components
contain no detailed reference to proprietary or patent rights.
Further information about HARTING devices and components described in this
book are contained in the relevant catalogues and technical manuals. The sources
where they can be drawn are contained at the end of this book.
Espelkamp, June, 2005
9
Contents
Preface .....................................................................................................7
1 General Information about Fieldbus Technology ..........................13
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
2 Industrial Ethernet............................................................................25
2.1
2.2
2.3
10
3 Transmission Technology and Cabling for Industrial Ethernet ...53
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
11
5 Overview of Modules and Accessories for Ethernet Components
from HARTING ................................................................................105
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
Annex A
A-1
A-2
A-3
A-4
Annex B
Annex C
Glossary
..........................................................................................123
B.1
B-2
C-1
C-2
C-3
..........................................................................................161
12
1.1
Historical background
In the past, an alternative was sought to purely being able to enter and read data
and signals directly at the machine or system; instead engineers also wanted to
be able to provide data inputs and outputs as well as signal and status indicators
to a remote control room. The rst step in this direction was to connect the control
room with each point at which measurements were taken at the machine.
As the possibilities for displaying and operating grew, so did the demands
and requirements. Simply displaying status information became insufcient; it
should also be possible to perform process control tasks from the control room.
However, control of machines and systems as well as the detection of various
statuses and measurement values requires the transmission of an enormous
amount of data and signals. Each sensor and every measurement point was
still being conventionally wired with various amounts of individual wires to a
switching cabinet or central evaluating unit via marshalling cabinets. That meant
that as well as the huge amount of cables and wires that sometimes needed to
be routed across large distances, high standards were required with regard to the
creation and adherence to wiring plans as well as the installation of the cables
and wires. Nevertheless, the danger of wiring mistakes remained extremely high.
Troubleshooting often proved to be quite difcult, because the errors on the
individual wires could occur anywhere along the fairly long distances between
the point of detection and the central switchgear cabinet. A further big handicap
became apparent when alterations to the wiring were made necessary, for
instance, when functions became superuous or additional signals were required.
Figure 1-1
13
14
Cable installation was simplied with the introduction of the eldbus systems:
eldbus-compatible components were connected to the eldbus directly at the
machine or at the point of measurement. Only the eldbus itself required a
separate cable to the central switchgear cabinet or controller station.
As well as reducing the wiring needed to connect the eld devices to the higherlevel controller and systems, this simplication also led to a considerable
reduction in the susceptibility to faults and associated troubleshooting. Only
a fraction of the work is necessary when a component is no longer required,
needs replacing or when a new component has to be installed: theoretically, as
well as the connection to the existing eldbus structure, an amendment to the
corresponding conguration and parameter software is all that may be necessary.
Figure 1-2
transferred; at the same time, the demands for greater reliability of data transfers
continue to grow. Demands on transmission rates have risen in the last few years
due to the categorical explosion in the amount of data being transmitted as well
as the increased complexity of the automation tasks. It is realistic for us to expect
a sharp increase in these demands in the wake of the introduction of eldbus
systems into safety-relevant areas, and the introduction of Industrial Ethernet into
the eld of automation.
This trend will continue for the next few years, and, in the nal analysis, will be
reected in the number of installed eldbus stations, as well as in the share that
eldbus communication will have of automation activities as a whole.
With growing demands for a universal, harmonised data landscape as well as
greater demands for the transfer of increasingly larger amounts of data together
with continuously escalating transmission speeds, the classic eldbus systems
will eventually reach the limits of what they can do. That, however, does not mean
that these eldbus systems will be completely replaced. On the one hand, they
are already in a position to fall back on many installations in industrial applications around the world. On the other hand, classic eldbus systems are often
already designed for rapid data transmissions. As a rule, they are only based
on the layers 1 and 2, and possibly layer 7 of the OSI Reference Model (please
refer to section 1.3 The Layer Model). Relatively young as far as industrial
applications are concerned, Industrial Ethernet in the main also makes use of
protocols for the higher layers 3 to 7 on top of its pure Ethernet protocols of
the layers 1 and 2, which in turn leads to a reduction of the effective rate of data
transmission. For that reason, a realistic comparison between the classic eld-bus
systems and Industrial Ethernet cannot purely be based on the maximum possible
rate of transmission, but rather has to take into consideration the transmission
rate that can effectively be attained.
As the graphic below demonstrates, most classic eldbus systems achieve
transmission rates ranging between a few Kbit/s through to several Mbit/s.
Industrial Ethernet is already in the starting blocks to achieve even higher rates of
transmission up to as much as several Gbit/s.
15
16
10 Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
PROFIBUS-DP
PROFIBUS-FMS
CAN / CANopen
AS-Interface
INTERBUS
BITBUS
SERCOS
ARCNET
HART
DIN-Messbus
1
kbit/s
19,2
kbit/s
9,6
kbit/s
Figure 1-3
150
kbit/s
60
kbit/s
300
kbit/s
500
kbit/s
1
Mbit/s
10
Mbit/s
100
Mbit/s
1
10
Gbit/s Gbit/s
1.2
Based on the amount and number of the required components, the information
to be transmitted within the different levels of a system can be portrayed in the
form of a pyramid:
Management level
Plant or factory Computer;
CAD / CAM
Amount of
data
Number of
Components
Process
control
level
System or
Cell level
Figure 1-4
Factory bus /
Office Network
Master Computer,
PCS
Cell Computer,
PLC, PC
PLC, CNC, NC
Controllers, Sensors,
Actuators,
Multiplexer
Process or
Cell bus Network
Fieldbus
Network
Bus systems provide the means for communication both within and between the
different individual levels. That said, the following applies: the higher the level is,
the slower the rate of transmission, but the greater the amount of data that can
be transmitted.
Standard Ethernet is used mainly for communication between the higher levels
(from the management level to the system or cell level).
Bus systems used within and between the sensor/actuator level, the control
level and the system/cell level are the classic eldbus systems (PROFIBUS,
AS-Interface, CAN, DeviceNet ...) and increasingly in the recent past, Industrial
Ethernet.
17
18
Data exchange takes place predominantly between different levels, and only
seldom between the devices within the same level. For example, setpoint values
are transmitted from, and actual measured values are transmitted to a higherlevel controller. However, although this controller can be located in the eld level,
it is generally assigned to the next level higher up the control or process level.
1.3
The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model (abbrev. OSI Model, also
often referred to as the ISO/OSI Reference Model) came into being in 1983
based on the experienced gained from using and developing Ethernet TCP/IP as
a standard for ofce communication.
This reference model provides an extremely abstract description of the OSI
environment. At least two open systems make up the OSI environment, these
being connected to one another by means of a physical medium for the exchange
of data. Having said that, each of these systems is an autonomous entity that can
independently process and transmit data.
According to OSI specications, data exchange takes place in an open system
in accordance with formal rules of communication, which were developed in
accordance with the ISO/OSI Reference Model.
In order to be able to use the ISO/OSI Reference Model on a system, the system
needs to be divided up into two categories.
For using the ISO/OSI-Reference model on a system this system has to be
splitted into two parts:
In data processing to perform a certain task
and
In the communication system solely responsible for the transfer of data.
The rules applied to the system of communication are called protocols. These
rules require the exchange of data between the individual stations participating
in this communication by means of messages that can be subdivided into four
different types:
Request
Indication
Response
Conrmation
19
20
The ISO/OSI Reference Model is divided up into 7 layers. Each layer contains
at least one instance specifying particular network functions. This instance can
be compared with an independently functioning software module that carries out
special tasks with the assistance of neighbouring instances.
Application Program
7.
Application Layer
6.
Presentation Layer
5.
Session Layer
4.
Transport Layer
3.
Network Layer
2.
1.
Physical Layer
Higher Protocol
Transmission
Protocol
Figure 1-5
The tasks and functions are assigned to the individual layers as follows:
21
22
Transmitter
Receiver
Application Layer
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Network Layer
Physical Layer
Physical Layer
Figure 1-6
1.4
Time Division
Central Master
Transfer
Decentralised Master
Transfer
Deterministic
Master Transfer
Figure 1-7
Random
Bus Access
Line Topology
Ring Topology
23
24
Fieldbus systems with central master transfer
In a bus system operating a centralised master transfer mechanism the master
transfer function is carried out by a station dened as the master terminal. The
master terminal cyclically queries all of the other network stations (slaves).
The slaves are only permitted to transmit information following a request from the
master.
With this form of data transfer, a distinction is drawn between the different
topologies:
Line topology
Several stations are connected to a bus trunk cable by means of a stub line. Tree
topology is an extended form of the line topology. The maximum length of such a
cable is restricted by its electrical characteristics.
AS-interface is one of the typical eldbus systems that make use of a line
topology.
Ring topology
Both ends of the trunk cable forming the bus system are connected to each other.
That is the reason why no line termination is required. The individual stations form
a ring conguration. For data exchange purposes, separate data telegrams from
each station as well as accumulated frame telegrams are used in the transmission
of master information. The accumulated frame telegrams contain data for all of
the stations. Each station receives the data addressed to him, and attaches its
own data to this telegram at a time determined by the master.
INTERBUS is a typical eldbus system that makes use of a ring topology.
1.5
Further information
It has of course not been possible with these descriptions to cover the entire subject
of Fieldbus Technology in great depth. That would go far beyond the scope of
this chapter. After all, numerous books have already been published about the
individual types of eldbus, describing the corresponding basic information and
technical possibilities. Further information is not only available in specialized
literature but also in the appropriate guidelines and standards, which have been
and will be published on this subject, as well as over the Internet. In that respect,
it is particularly worth mentioning the individual user organisations, for example,
PROFIBUS, CAN, DeviceNet, INTERBUS, and IAONA. Some addresses are
listed in the Appendix.
2 Industrial Ethernet
Industrial Ethernet
2.1
What is Ethernet?
Ethernet is a relatively old standard originally developed by Xerox in 1975 for the
serial transmission of data.
Ethernet is based on a concept by Dr Robert Metcalfe dating from 1973 describing
the transfer of data between several networked stations connect by a coaxial
cable.
Figure 2-1
The rst attempts at transferring data between network stations able to act
independently of one another were co-ordinated at an early stage by the IEEE
(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Ethernet was standardised
in the IEEE 802 in the 1980s, since when it has been extended many times. The
classic Ethernet was specied for a data transmission rate of 10 Mbit/s over
a maximum distance of 2500 m (divided up into 5 segments of 500 m) and a
maximum of 1024 network stations.
Since the 1990s, Ethernet has undergone a series of further developments in the
following areas:
Transmission media
Fibre optics
Wireless technology
Data transmission rates
Fast Ethernet 100 Mbit/s (1995)
Gigabit Ethernet 1 Gbit/s (1999)
10 Gigabit Ethernet (at the planning stage)
Network topologies
Switched Ethernet
Industrial Ethernet
Increasingly gaining in importance in the eld of industrial automation, Ethernet
today is the most prevalent base technology used in commercial EDP systems
around the globe. The Ethernet protocol is embedded almost in full onboard
inexpensive controller chips, so, together with wide distribution (or probably
because of it) and the associated availability, Ethernet represents an economic
solution for the construction of network connections.
25
26
Today, there is hardly an alternative to Ethernet, especially when fast transmissions
of large amounts of data are required.
Utilising Ethernet in both ofce and industrial environments achieves a
homogeneous and standardised infrastructure for communication extending
smoothly from the ofce to the machine.
New milestones in the utilisation of Ethernet are being set with the arrival of
new technologies for Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet as well as the
introduction of bre-optics and wireless technology. It is precisely these new
features that are providing the springboard for the growing use of Ethernet in
industry.
10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 000 Mbit/s
Gigabit Ethernet
1 000 Mbit/s
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
Ethernet
10 Mbit/s
1973
1980
Idea,
standardisation
Figure 2-2
2.2
1985
1990
1995
First
applications
2000
2004
Standard
products
Specied in the standard IEEE 802.1 to 802.3, Ethernet performs services provided
by layers 1 and 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model. All incoming telegrams are
ltered in layer 2, which basically means only the right telegrams are passed
onto the higher layers.
The transmission protocol is implemented in layer 3. The best-known protocol in
conjunction with Ethernet is the Internet Protocol IP.
The transmission protocols are contained in layer 4. Ethernet is often used in
conjunction with TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).
2 Industrial Ethernet
7.
Application Layer
6.
Presentation Layer
5.
Session Layer
4.
Transport Layer
TCP / UDP
3.
Network Layer
IP
2.
CSMA/CD
1.
Physical Layer
Ethernet
Application Protocols
Higher Protocol
Transmission Protocol
Ethernet layers
application-oriented layers
transport-oriented layers
Figure 2-3
Layer 1
Layer 1 is responsible for unsecured transmissions via the physical medium,
with data being transmitted bit-by-bit. The format of the Ethernet data package
(frame) to be transmitted is dened in the standard IEEE 802.3 (please refer to
the section Standard Ethernet Frame in this chapter).
Originally, the transmission medium used was copper coaxial cable. Today,
copper cables are predominantly in use in the form of twisted pair cables. In the
recent past, the use of bre optic cables or wireless transmissions has grown
increasingly.
Layer 2
As well as allocating access rights to the physical medium, this layer is concerned
with the fail-safe transfer of blocks of data bits between two directly linked network
stations. Access to the physical medium itself is regulated by CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection) specications in accordance with
IEEE 802.3; please refer to the section Network Access Method CSMA/CD in
this chapter.
27
28
Layer 3
Layer 3 implements the protocol responsible for managing the network layer of
the ISO/OSI Reference Models. In the main, this Internet protocol is tasked with
providing solutions for the following:
Regulating problems of routing throughout the network
Generating associated with virtual connections via a physical medium
Introducing measures for network coupling
The Internet Protocol IP is the most widely known protocol throughout the Ethernet
world.
Layer 4
This level controls the error-free ow of data in the correct sequence between the
communicating network stations. Ethernet is often utilized with TCP (Transmission
Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
TCP is a connection-based protocol responsible for the error-free transmission of
data; it is mostly utilized for transferring large amounts of data.
UDP is a connectionless protocol particularly suitable for fast, cyclic data trafc.
Transmissions using UDP protocols are generally faster, however errors are not
xed.
Layers 5 to 7
The higher-level layers 5 to 7 specify the application protocols that allow the data
being transmitted to be interpreted. There is already a wide spectrum of specied
application protocols available for ofce applications (for example, FTP, http and
others).
For industrial communications, there are presently various protocols in use that
are incompatible with one another (please refer to the section The Industrial
Ethernet Network in this chapter).
2 Industrial Ethernet
The second group contains a sequential serial number for the network
interface.
D47
D46
Address type
Vendor address
Serial number
Group 1
Figure 2-4
Group 2
The signicance of the bits D46 and D47 depends upon the address type
(destination or source address):
Address
type
Destination
address
Source
address
D47
Value
D46
Meaning
Meaning
individual address
Group address
(for broadcast or
multicast telegrams)
always set to 0
Table 2-1
Value
If the bit D46 is set to 1, private networks without public access can be
implemented using random address assignment. The IEEE does not co-ordinate
the addresses of these networks. That means it is the vendors responsibility to
ensure unambiguous address administration.
29
30
Block
Size
(bytes)
Meaning
Preamble
8 bytes
Destination
6 bytes
Source
6 bytes
Type Field
2 bytes
Data Field
46 to
1500 bytes
Check
4 bytes
Designation acc. to
IEEE 802.3
Table 2-2
Preamble
Destination
Source
Type Field
Data Field
Check
8 bytes
6 bytes
6 bytes
2 bytes
46 - 1500 bytes
4 bytes
Figure 2-5
The preamble block comprises 7 bytes for the actual preamble and 1 byte as
starting frame delimiter. The start byte indicates to the receiver that the actual
information part of the frame is about to begin.
The subsequent bytes contain the destination and source addresses. Additionally,
the destination address is evaluated in the address lter of the Ethernet controller.
Only frames containing the correct destination address are forwarded to the actual
communication software.
Thus, each frame consists of 26 protocol bytes and between 46 and 1500 bytes
of user data. A minimum of 46 bytes of user data achieves a frame length that
can guarantee a faultless resolution of collision conditions. If less than 46 bytes
of user data are available, the Ethernet controller automatically compensates for
missing bytes by adding so-called padding bytes to bring the frame up to this
minimum size.
Whereas the protocol bytes correspond to dened patterns, the user bytes are
not subjected to any restrictions. The only condition user bytes are subjected to is
that they must be complete bytes (multiples of 8 bits).
2 Industrial Ethernet
Ethernet Hub
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Transmitting to station C
Receiver
filter
Station A
Figure 2-6
Transmitter
Receiver
filter
Station B
Transmitter
Station C
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station D
Broadcast telegrams
Broadcast telegrams are Ethernet telegrams that are received by all stations on
an Ethernet network.
Ethernet stations recognise a broadcast telegram by the fact that all bits of the
destination address are set to 1.
Broadcast telegram
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station A
Figure 2-7
Ethernet Hub
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Receiver
filter
Station B
Transmitter
Station C
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station D
In gure 2-7, station B transmits a broadcast telegram that is heard and accepted
by all stations.
The so-called jam signal is one example of a broadcast telegram transmitted
by a station when it recognises a collision (please refer to the section Network
Access Method CSMA/CD in this chapter).
31
32
Multicast telegrams
Multicast telegrams are directed to a group of receivers. A station can belong to
a number of groups.
In the case of multicast, the following types of groups are differentiated:
One-to-many
The transmitter can, but need not, belong to the group or respective receivers.
Ethernet stations recognise a multicast telegram by the fact that bit D47 of the
destination address is set to 1. Bit D31 is subsequently checked. The telegram
is recognised as a broadcast telegram if this bit is also set to 1. The telegram is
recognised as a multicast telegram if the bit D31 is set to 0. In this case, the bits
D30 to D00 determine the group identication.
Multicast telegrams destined for unique group addresses around the world are a
special case. These addresses are identied by bit D46 being set to 0. These
addresses are assigned centrally by the IEEE.
Further information on the subject Addresses is contained in the section below.
Multicast telegram
Group 1
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Receiver
filter
Station B
Station A
Figure 2-8
Ethernet Hub
Transmitter
Station C
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station D
In gure 2-8, the station B transmits a multicast telegram to all other stations
belonging to group 1. Stations A and D belong to this group.
All other stations ignore this telegram.
Multicast telegram
Group 2
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station A
Figure 2-9
Ethernet Hub
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station B
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station C
Receiver
filter
Transmitter
Station D
2 Industrial Ethernet
Waiting in
accordance with
back-off strategy
Listening
to the network
No
Network
free ?
Yes
Transmit data and
listen to network
Collision ?
Yes
Transmit
Jam signal
No
Data transmitted
correctly
Figure 2-10
33
34
Classic Ethernet (transmission speed 10 Mbit/s) was designed to ensure a
maximum signal propagation time of 25.6 s between the two stations furthest
apart. That means the rst station to transmit can recognise a collision within
max. 51.2 s. This time is also known as the collision window. If no collision is
recognised during this time, in other words, no jam signal was received, then the
transmission has been completed successfully.
Collision
recognised
Network
station n
Network
station 1
t
time in s
0
Figure 2-11
25,6 s *
51,2 s **
**
Collision window
Network station 1 begins to transmit
Network station n (station furthest away) begins to transmit
The telegram from network station 1 reaches network station n (maximum signal
propagation time) which recognises a collision of data; it aborts transmissions and
broadcasts a jam signal.
Network station 1 recognises that the other network station has attempted to transmit
data, meaning, that station 1 also recognises that its transmission has failed, and
attempts to transmit again following a randomly determined amount of time.
Transmission rate
Collision window
Maximum length of
transmission path *
Shared Ethernet
10 Mbit/s
51.2 s
Fast Ethernet
100 Mbit/s
5.12 s
100 m
Gigabit Ethernet
1000 Mbit/s
0.512 s
25 m
Table 2-3
**
2 Industrial Ethernet
Switching:
Switched Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Fast Ethernet to IEEE 802.3 is not a new standard, but a further development of
the classic Shared Ethernet with the following new features:
Data transmission rate: 100 Mbit/s
Operating mode: Full or Half duplex
Auto-negotiation
Flow Control
Trunking
These features form the basis for industry-standard Ethernet networks.
Compatibility with classic Ethernet is guaranteed by Auto-negotiation as dened
in IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Standard
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3u
10 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
100 ns
10 ns
Collision window
51.2 s
5.12 s
Access method
CSMA/CD
1518 bytes
64 bytes
48 bits
Star, tree, and line topologies
Auto-negotiation
Under the Auto-negotiation protocol, the two respective stations making contact
exchange data packets to check their respective technical characteristics and
determine an optimum operating mode.
35
36
The parameters include:
Data transmission rate (10 / 100 / 1000 Mbit/s)
Full / Half duplex
Support of ow control
Flow Control
Flow control provides the possibility of slowing down the ow of data by temporarily
stopping it. This option is always required when a station is threatened with
storage overow. The ow control mechanism for 10 / 100 / 1000 Mbit/s is dened
in IEEE 802.3z.
Trunking
Trunking is the use of several parallel, physical transmission channels between
two network stations (for example, between two switches). Trunking aims on the
one hand to increase transmission capacity and on the other to increase fault
tolerance.
Full duplex operation
For the connection, Full duplex (FDX) means the possibility of transmitting and
receiving simultaneously. Both transmission lines are physically and logically
separate from one another. That not only requires special media for transmissions
(for example, a copper wire respectively for each direction), but also suitable
transceivers and software drivers at both ends.
Thus, theoretically, Full duplex operation doubles the bandwidth to 200 Mbit/s.
Full duplex is particularly advantageous when used between switches and stations
or between several switches. Because no collisions can occur, CSMA/CD is not
required.
Gigabit Ethernet
In comparison with Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet provides tenfold exploitation
of the available bandwidth for Ethernet networks. Apart from the higher bandwidth, Gigabit Ethernet offers the advantage of compatibility with Ethernet and
Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet is also based on the CSMA/CD method for
data collision recognition. The same network operating systems and respective
application and management software used for Ethernet / Fast Ethernet can be
run without substantial alterations.
2 Industrial Ethernet
Ethernet
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
Standard
IEEE 802.3
IEEE 802.3u
IEEE 802.3z
10 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1000 Mbit/s
100 ns
10 ns
1 ns
Collision window
51.2 s
5.12 s
0.512 s
Access method
CSMA/CD
1518 bytes
64 bytes
512 bytes
(smaller data packets with
Carrier Extension)
48 bits
Operating modes
Gigabit Ethernet can operate in both Half duplex and Full duplex modes. Whereas
Full duplex operation is largely identical with that of Ethernet / Fast Ethernet, Half
duplex operation is problematical:
If the 51.2-s collision window (please refer to section Network Access Method
CSMA/CD) for Ethernet is shorted by a factor of 100 or 5.12 s in the case of
Fast Ethernet is shortened by a factor of 10, then this collision window will amount
to just 0.512 s. As this is double the maximum signal propagation time between
two nodes on the common transmission medium, this collision window would
allow the use of only very short lengths of cables (approx. 10 to 20 m), which
would be completely unacceptable for practical use.
That is why the collision window for Gigabit Ethernet was xed at 4096 bits
(euqivalent to 512 bytes or 4.1 s). A trick was employed to guarantee this x
without making changes to the data frame format: the Carrier Extension.
Carrier Extension
With a minimum of 512 bytes (19 protocol bytes and at least 493 data bytes,
Gigabit Ethernet frames full the 4.1-s time condition for the collision window
stated above; the 7 bytes for the preamble are ignored). Gigabit Ethernet frames
with less than 493 bytes of data (46 to 492) are padded out with a Carrier Extension
(see graphic below). The Ethernet frame itself remains unaltered, so that there is
no difference as far as the communications software is concerned.
37
38
Figure 2-12
Preamble
SFD
DA
SA
TF
Data Field
FCS
CE
Carrier Extension for a short Gigabit Ethernet frame (data eld < 493 bytes)
Preamble (without starting frame delimiter)
Starting frame delimiter
Destination address
Source address
Type eld (length)
Data eld with user data (possibly including up to 46 bytes of supplementary
characters).
Frame check sequence
Carrier Extension; between 447 and 1 byte in length
10 Gigabit Ethernet
10 Gigabit Ethernet is presently the fastest variant of Ethernet transmissions
with product specications for the corresponding devices standardised in the
IEEE 802.3ae. As far as industrial communications are concerned, 10 Gigabit
Ethernet is only of note when networking to the higher levels is carried out via
the automation level (plant control or management level) or WAN (Wide Area
Network). In comparison, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is hardly used directly in industrial
environments; this is because segments can be always formed in industrial
facilities with their own collision domains, and lower data transmission rates are
the consequence.
2 Industrial Ethernet
39
40
2.3
2 Industrial Ethernet
Figure 2-13
Making use of Ethernet, right down to the lower levels of the automation pyramid,
will (to a large extent) sweep away these weaknesses in communication. The aim is
to use just one common bus protocol with uniform data formats. Using components
based on Ethernet reduces the complexity of installation, maintenance and repair
tasks, which in turn lowers the costs for connecting machines and systems to the
eldbus communication. And we should not forget that there is a great deal of
potential for savings to be gained by using proven, standardized components, for
example, RJ45 connectors as well as passive and active devices.
Neither should we forget to mention the fact that in the age of industrial Ethernet
there are also various Ethernet standards and variants of protocols being used for
fast communication on the lower levels that demonstrate little or no compatibility
with one another. That on the one hand can be attributed in part to diverging
demands (required of real-time capability for example) and on the other hand
to the fact that none of these variants has (yet) managed to assert itself as the
standard. The section User Organisations and Protocol Variants contains more
on this subject later in this chapter.
41
42
Figure 2-14
It goes without saying that the Ethernet only having been used in ofce
environments will initially have to be adapted to suit industrial requirements, which
are imperative for communication purposes in the lower levels. As well as the
restriction or elimination of collision domains, these include real-time capability
and Full duplex operation.
The unbeatable advantage gained from utilizing Industrial Ethernet as an
integrated communication system is to be found in the use of a millionfold triedand-trusted uniform protocol in the form of Ethernet with TCP/IP from the
ofce environment through to the machine / sensor. The use of this Ethernet
standard means that today it is already possible to achieve economic applications
for use in industry based on standard solutions. Work continues on unresolved
questions and demands with regard to real-time capability, speed and reliability
(as in freedom from collisions) and other characteristics necessary in industrial
environments. Solutions will be found for these in the near future.
A further big advantage of Industrial Ethernet is its transmission speed: data
transmission rates between 10 and 1000 Mbit/s are available with Industrial
Ethernet compared to just a few Kbit/s through to a maximum of 12 Mbit/s offered
by conventional eldbus systems.
2 Industrial Ethernet
43
44
Figure 2-15
Figure 2-16
2 Industrial Ethernet
Figure 2-17
45
46
The essential differences between operating Ethernet in an ofce environment
and in an industrial environment are demonstrated in the overviews below:
Ofce areas
Industrial areas
Installation
requirements
Transmission
performance
Environmental
requirements
Table 2-6
Moderate temperatures
Low levels of dust
No moisture
Low levels of vibration
Low levels of EMC exposure
Low mechanical hazard
Low levels of UV radiation
Extremely limited chemical
hazard
Extreme temperatures
High levels of dust
Moisture possible
Vibrating machines
High levels of EMC exposure
Risk of mechanical damage
UV exposure in open-air
environments
Chemical hazard from oil-lled
and / or aggressive atmospheres
2 Industrial Ethernet
Ofce areas
Industrial areas
Supply voltage
230 V AC
24 V DC
Mounting
Design size
Flat
Slim
Operating temperature
0 C to +40 C
-40 C to +70 C
0 C to +55 C
Shock
15 g
Vibration
2g
Cooling
Fan
Heat sink
Degree of protection
IP 20 / IP 30
IP 20
(with protective housing)
IP 65 / IP 67
Resistance to
Dust
Tests, safety
EN 60 950
EN 60 950
Tests, EMC
EN 50 081-1 (residential)
EN 50 082-1 (residential)
EN 50 081-2 (industrial)
EN 50 082-2 (industrial)
DIN EN 50 155
(railway standard)
Response time
> 100 ms
< 20 ms
Operational lifetime
> 3 years
> 6 years
Availability
(spare parts)
4 years
10 years
Table 2-7
47
48
Real-time capability
Real-time communication capability is a further fundamental requirement for
Industrial Ethernet networks. Real-time in this sense means the capability of a
network to full the scheduled requirements of an application under all operating
conditions. With regard to transmission speeds, Ethernet as such is superior to
every conventional eldbus system. However, it is exactly the component used to
guarantee compatibility with the ofce environment, the so-called TCP/IP stack,
that is the cause of the biggest delays in the network. For that reason, the simplest
solution would be to circumvent this stack; the result, however, would be the loss
of compatibility to the ofce world.
Various solutions are being put forward to full the demands for real-time
capability:
Using a so-called master clock to synchronise the clocks of the network
stations
In this case, IEEE 1588 is applied. This standard species a protocol for
the precise synchronisation of networked systems (PTP; Precision Time
Protocol), which is particularly suitable for Ethernet TCP/IP (example:
JetSync).
Cyclic communication by circumventing the TCP/IP stack
For real-time communication, the TCP/IP stack is completely circumvented
and replaced by a separate stack for cyclic processes. A time slot is
contained in each cycle in which normal TCP/IP or UDP/IP protocols
can be transmitted as required. Transmission is made by means of
a broadcast telegram so that all stations on the network can hear the
telegrams. Ethernet switches are not allowed for this process, as these
have a fundamentally longer and uctuating transfer time. Instead hubs
are prescribed (example: ETHERNET PowerLink).
Other means of circumventing the TCP/IP stack
Other methods of circumventing the TCP/IP stack address their real-time
extension directly to the MAC level (example: EtherCat) or they circumvent
the TCP/IP stack by using another method (example: PROFINET).
2 Industrial Ethernet
Nowadays, the question is no longer asked if Ethernet suitable for use in industry.
Owing to the technological advancements in Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet,
in switching and Full duplex transmissions, the classic Ethernet has become
suitable for use in industry and is becoming increasingly interesting for vendors.
It would be more accurate to say that the question about the proper protocol has
become more a question of what you believe.
There are presently many different approaches towards application protocols, all
of which are founded in various basic principles and are not compatible with each
other. In order to at least co-ordinate the activities of these individual companies
and organisations, the umbrella organisation IAONA (Industrial Automation Open
Network Alliance) was founded. In co-operation with the various interested parties,
this umbrella organisation for industrial communication via Ethernet is dedicated
to working towards minimising the differences between the individual approaches
to solutions. The rst result was the publication of a guideline for industrial cabling
of Ethernet: the Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation Guide, which is now
available in its fourth version.
The IANOA works in close co-operation with the following partner organisations:
EPSG (ETHERNET PowerLink Standardization Group) for ETHERNET
PowerLink
ETG (EtherCAT Technology Group) for EtherCAT
IGS (Interest Group Sercos Interface) for Sercos III
Modbus-IDA (Modbus Interface for Distributed Automation) for Modbus/TCP
ODVA (Open DeviceNets Vendor Association) for EtherNet/IP
Different Approaches to Solutions
The user is spoilt for choice when it comes to selecting different protocol variants
for use in industrial applications. As Ethernet has only recently been deployed in
industrial automation, none of these various protocols has been able to become
established as the standard. Which of the protocols the users will put their faith in
will become apparent in the near future.
The following overview does not offer an evaluation and does not purport to be
complete or comprehensive.
49
50
Ethernet
protocol
Architecture
Hardware
Response time *
EtherNet/IP
Open
Standard
Cycle: 500 s - 10 ms
Jitter: 500 ns
ETHERNET
Powerlink
Real-Time subnet
Standard
PROFINET
Real-Time subnet
Standard /
dedicated**
EtherCAT
Real-Time subnet
Standard
HSE
Open
Standard
No details
JetSync
Open
Standard
Cycle: < 5 ms
Jitter: < 10 s
Modbus-IDA
Open
Standard
Cycle: approx. 5 - 10 ms
safeethernet
Open
Standard
No details
SERCOS-III
Open
Standard /
dedicated
Table 2-8
**
Further details about the individual protocol variants are available from the
corresponding websites. The Appendix contains an overview of the protocol
variants and the corresponding websites.
EtherNet/IP
EtherNet/IP combines and supplements TCP/IP and UDP/IP /IP to allow industrial
applications to communicate; it was presented by the ODVA (Open DeviceNet
Vendor Association) at the end of 2000. The abbreviation IP in EtherNet/IP stands
for Industrial Protocol.
Built on Ethernet TCP (UDP)/IP, EtherNet/IP is essentially a ported version of
CIP (Control and Information Protocol) already in use in both ControlNet and
DeviceNet. Secured data transmission for acyclic messages (programme upload/
programme download, conguration) is implemented via TCP. Time-optimised
transmission of cyclic control data is performed with UDP.
Switches can be used to improve performance.
2 Industrial Ethernet
ETHERNET Powerlink
PROFINET
51
52
Further protocol variants
In addition to the named user organisations in which HARTING is a participating
member, other protocol variants and standards also exist (please refer to table
2-8):
EtherCAT
The Ethernet-based automation concept EtherCat (Ethernet for Control
Automation Technology) was developed by a company called Beckhoff. The ETG
(EtherCAT Technology Group) is an alliance of companies whose aim it is to
support and advance this technology.
In conventional Ethernet-based automation concepts, an Ethernet data packet
is received by every I/O module, interpreted and forwarded. Contrast this with
EtherCAT technology where the data for each I/O terminal is removed when the
telegram passes through the corresponding device. Input data is inserted into
the telegram as it runs through the device in the same manner. The delay to the
telegrams during this process can be measured in nanoseconds.
Switches can only be used to a limited degree.
HSE
Supported by the Fieldbus Foundation, HSE (High Speed Ethernet) is mainly
represented on the American market. HSE operates as a backbone and is
connected to an underlying eldbus (for example, H1) by means of gateways.
JetSync
The company Jetter developed its own protocol that can be used for synchronisation
purposes based on Ethernet TCP/IP. In doing so, it uses a process that enables
asynchronous data transfers to be carried out in accordance with IEEE 1588.
Modbus/TCP
Developed by Modicon (Schneider Electric), Modbus/TCP is derivative of the
modbus protocol. The corresponding specication was published in 1999 and
is available free of charge via the internet. The Ethernet-based protocol runs
over layer 4 (TCP or UDP). It is a simply structured, open and widely available
transmission protocol used for connection-based and secured exchange of data
in a master-slave structure.
safeethernet
safeethernet is based on standard Ethernet and as such enables utilisation of all
known IT protocols. The main eld of application for safeethernet is networking
safety-related applications.
SERCOS-III
Sercos interface (Serial Real-Time Communication System) is a digital interface
between the controls and drives in which bre optics is used as the transmission
medium (ring). In the latest version III, the entire Sercos concept has been ported
to Ethernet.
FD
FD
BD
TO
TO
TO
TO
FD
TO
FD
FD
BD
TO
TO
TO
TO
FD
TO
CD
Figure 3-1
53
54
ISO / IEC 11 801
Structured network
building area
BD
TO
TO
TO
Structured network
machine area
MD
MD
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
Production area
Figure 3-2
BD = Building Distributor
TO = Telecommunication Outlet (coupling IP 20 and IP 65 / IP 67 in the industrial area)
MD = Machine Distributor
TE = Terminal Equipment
3.1
Network topologies
Star
Star topologies are characterised by a central signal distributor (for example, a
switch) with individual connections to all terminal equipment on the network.
Star network topologies are suitable for applications with a high density of devices
in a relatively short linear expansion, for example, small manufacturing cells or
individual production machines.
SW
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
Figure 3-3
SW = Switch
TE = Terminal Equipment
Tree
Tree topologies are created by connecting several star structures to form a
network. Tree topologies are suitable for subdividing and structuring complex
systems.
55
56
SW
TE
TE
SW
SW
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
Figure 3-4
TE
TE
SW = Switch
TE = Terminal Equipment
Line
Line topologies can be implemented with a standalone switch close to the terminal
device to be connected or by a switch integrated in the terminal device itself.
Line topologies are preferred in extensive systems incorporating longer distances,
for example in conveyor systems, and for connecting manufacturing cells.
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
Figure 3-5
SW = Switch
TE = Terminal Equipment
Ring (redundancy)
A ring topology is created by connecting both ends of a line topology. This
additional (redundant) line is activated if a failure occurs within a line to prevent
the entire network from failing.
Ring topologies are utilized in facilities with higher requirements with regard to
maximum plant availability in the event of a line breakage or network component
failure.
3.2
In order to build a structured Ethernet network, active and passive network components are required as well as the classic components (cable and connectors).
In addition to providing the link between various levels within a structure or between different degrees of protection (IP 20 IP 67), these components are
responsible for routing and distributing data telegrams.
Often equipped with an intelligent chip, active components include those that can
process, amplify and appropriately relay incoming data telegrams. For example,
gateways, routers, switches and hubs (repeaters) belong to this group. These
active components operate on different layers of the ISO/OSI Reference Model:
Application Layer
Gateway
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Router
Network Layer
Switch /
Bridge
Physical Layer
Hub
(Repeater )
Physical Layer
Figure 3-6
57
58
3.3
Ethernet gateways
7.
Application Layer
6.
Presentation Layer
5.
Session Layer
Application
protocols *
Application
protocols
Higher-level protocol
not used by
PROFIBUS
4.
Transport Layer
TCP / UDP
3.
Network Layer
IP
2.
CSMA/CD
Master - Slave
Transmission protocol
1.
Physical Layer
Ethernet
PROFIBUS
Ethernet Layers
PROFIBUS Layers
application-oriented layers
transport-oriented layers
Figure 3-7
Layer 7
Layer 6
Layer 7
Conversion
Layer 6
Layer 5
Layer 5
Layer 4
Layer 4
Layer 3
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 1
Gateway
Ethernet
Telegram
Figure 3-8
PROFIBUS
Telegram
Industrial Ethernet
Process
visualisation
PLC with
gateway function
Gateway
PROFIBUS
PROFIBUS
RemoteI/Os
RemoteI/Os
Operating
unit
Monitoring
unit
Act. Sensor Sensor
Act. = actuator
Figure 3-9
3.4
Act. Sensor
Ethernet router
Routers operate only in a network environment in which all stations use the same
network protocol, and determine optimum routes between two stations across
different transmission lines. Should the transmitter and the receiver be in different
networks, the data telegram is initially addressed to a suitable router, which then
determines the optimum path for the data telegram before forwarding it to another
network or different router. In doing so, it makes use of previously determined
tables or to be more exact applies an IP routing algorithm.
From the point of view of reliability and performance, routers are decisive
components; they are frequently used in extensive structures often consisting of
several networks.
Ethernet
Network 3
Router
Router
Communikation
between stations
in different networks
performed via routers
Station
11
Ethernet
Network 1
Station
12
Direct communikation
between stations
in the same network
Figure 3-10
Station
13
Router
Ethernet
Network 2
Station
24
Station
21
Station
22
Station
23
59
60
3.5
Ethernet bridges
3.6
Ethernet switches
Assignment table
Address
Port
1234
4A7F
2267
AAB1
1
3
4
2
Switch Matrix
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ports
Incomming
telegrams
Ports
Outgoing
telegrams
Switch
Figure 3-11
A single switch can learn several thousand addresses. This becomes necessary
when more than one terminal device is connected to one or more ports. This
auto-sensing capability allows several independent subnets to be connected to a
single switch (cascading).
Together with the connected components, each port on a switch forms its own
collision domain. Consequently, it is impossible for collisions to take place with data
transmitted by other stations connected to different ports. Each port in a Switched
Ethernet system is assigned just one component. This rules out collisions from
the outset. Thus, this guaranteed freedom from collisions considerably increases
effective data throughput; it is also an absolute pre-condition for the real-time
capability of Ethernet.
Switch technology makes it is possible to build up Industrial Ethernet networks
that meet the high reliability standards required of industrial area applications,
and be real-time capable.
Operating modes
Auto-crossing
Auto-crossing performs an automatic crossing of the send and receive wires at
twisted-pair interfaces, if required. Thus, the user is able to utilize 1:1 wired cables
and crossover cables on an equal basis.
Auto-negotiation
Ethernet switches support the Auto-negotiation function in the Fast Ethernet
protocol. In this case, the switch agrees a transmission mode for each port to
which one or more Ethernet stations are connected with regard to:
the data transmission rate:
and
the operating mode:
61
62
Auto-polarity
Auto-polarity describes the automatic correction of wiring errors in twisted-pair
cables that result in a polarity reversal of the data signals.
Blocking
A switch has a certain amount of ports available, which are connected to one
another via the switch matrix. A switch matrix capable of handling all connections
operating at full transmission rates without delay is known as a non-blocking switch.
The switch is said to be blocking, if the number of simultaneous connections
operating at full transmission rates is restricted.
Half duplex mode
Half duplex actually means one direction at a time. Only one transmission
direction is in operation at any one time: either receiving or transmitting.
In order to recognise collisions, the CSMA/CD mechanism must be employed for
Half duplex operations.
Full duplex mode
Ethernet switches support both Half duplex and Full duplex operations.
Full duplex operations under Fast Ethernet (100 Base TX) for example, allow
100 Mbit/s to be transmitted simultaneously in both directions. That is theoretically
an effective doubling of the rate of data transmissions. One line is used to transmit
and the other to receive. As there is no fear of collisions, the regulations regarding
the CSMA/CD access procedure are not required.
Management
A switch without management functions (unmanaged switch) switches the entire
data trafc according to the address/port assignment table. The user does not
have to perform any conguration or parameterisation settings. The switch can
be used as a Plug and Play device. Because it is not addressed as a device, an
unmanaged switch does not need to be assigned a MAC address.
Managed switches control the data trafc according to set parameters. The
switch-management software implemented in the switch (rmware) forms the
basis for this function.
The range of management software functions varies from switch to switch.
Generally, standard functions include diagnostics and parameterisation / conguration options. Additional management functions can be, for example, how it
reacts to communication faults.
Modern switches support SNMP Management (Simple Network Management
Protocol) and web-based management. These offer the user diverse management
options.
Because it is considered to be a station and is addressed via Ethernet, a managed
switch must be assigned a MAC and an IP address.
Ethernet Frame
EthernetHeader
Ethernet- Data
FCS
Store
EthernetHeader
FCS
Ethernet- Data
FCS
Ethernet- Data
EthernetHeader
Error
Check
Adress Port
1234
1
4A7F
3
2267
4
2
AA81
Figure 3-12
trash
Cut Through
In contrast to the operating mode Store and Forward the Cut Through mode of
operation waits only until the Ethernet switch has sufcient bytes to determine
the destination address of the data packet. The data packet is forwarded as
soon as the Ethernet switch is able to recognise the port to which the receiver is
connected.
The operating mode Modied Cut Through is a special variation, which waits
for the arrival of exactly 64 bytes. Otherwise, this procedure corresponds to the
Cut Through operating mode. The purpose of this special form is to recognise
fragments of data packets that can arise, for example, due to collisions.
63
64
Characteristic
Cut Through
modied Cut
Through
As many bytes as
necessary for the
switch evaluation
64 bytes
Switch causes
minimum delay
Number of bits in
the Ethernet packet
times lower data
transmission rate
(input or output port)
Number of bits
required until
evaluation is
complete times the
data transmission
rate
Proportional to the
length of the Ethernet
packet
constant
constant
(64 bytes)
Error recognition
and forwarding of
faulty data packets
No error recognition
All packets
(including faulty)
are forwarded.
Recognition and
suppression of
packets with less
than 64 bytes (for
example, collision
fragments)
Different data
transmission rates
in input and output
ports
Yes
Table 3-1
Not possible
Process
Contol
level
Switching cabinet
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling
Patch
cable
Ethernet
Switch
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable
to the individual
terminal devices
Figure 3-13
Transition
IP 20 to IP 67
65
66
Process
Control
level
Switching cabinet
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling
IP 20
IP 67
Figure 3-14
Ethernet
Switch
Advantages
Competition is vigorous,
ensuring a large selection
High number of ports per
switch possible
Good mounting options in
switchgear cabinet (top-hat
rails)
Utilisation of power sources in
vicinity possible (for example,
in the switchgear cabinet)
Use of standard cables and
RJ45 connectors
Short bridging lengths possible
between controls and switch
Disadvantages
Table 3-2
67
68
Technical features
Ethernet switches with IP 65 / IP 67 protection for direct mounting offer the
following distinctive features:
Enable terminal devices to be connected via shielded or unshielded twistedpair cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3.
Any network conguration (line, star, tree) is possible with the Ethernet
switch.
Safe and fast installation is guaranteed when pluggable connectors are used
for all connections.
All Ethernet interfaces are protected against overvoltage.
Ethernet switches are generally designed to be non-blocking. That means that
your switch matrix can process all connections between the ports without delay
when operating full data transmission rates.
There are various mounting sets available for direct mounting (wall mounting,
mounting onto top-hat mounting rails).
In accordance with Ethernet specications, the ports are designed for connectors with protection to IP 65 / IP 67.
The address/port assignment table is generated automatically by the Ethernet
switch in a self-learning process and stored in the volatile memory (RAM) of
the Ethernet switch. Voltage resumption initiates an internal reset procedure to
delete the table.
In addition, the use of Ethernet switches offers the following advantages:
Reduced cabling work and costs when constructing industrial networks
Robust metal housings made of die cast metal or plastic materials
EMC, temperature range and mechanical stability full the most stringent
requirements
Compatible with the various Ethernet specications (for example, PROFINET
or ETHERNET/IP)
Locking lever
(for RJ45 only)
ild
yp
T
Status indication
Operating voltage
Status indication
Operating status
Data ports 1...5
sc
Zinc die-cast
housing
Degree of
protection: IP 65
Eth
Pow
Por
er
ern
et
ESC Switch
67
t1
Por
t2
Por
t3
Por
t4
Por
t5
Link
Device
identication
label
Power supply
feed-in
(example:
Han 4 A)
Act
Figure 3-15
Connector for
power supply
(example:
Han 4 A)
69
70
Block diagram
R1
T1
R2
T2
R3
T3
R4
T4
R5
T5
Figure 3-16
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
Assignment
table
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
3,5 V DC
Auto Negotiation
24 V DC
Process
Control
level
Ethernet
building
cabling
Switching cabinet IP 20
Patch
cable
In-between
Ethernet
Switch
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the
individual termination
devices
Figure 3-17
Technical features
Essentially, the same characteristics apply for direct mounting as those for
Ethernet switches:
In-between Ethernet switches enable terminal devices to be connected
using shielded or unshielded twisted-pair cables in accordance with
IEEE 802.3.
In-between Ethernet switches support all network topologies (line, star, tree)
in IP 20 as well as IP 65 / IP 67 areas.
Various ports are available to structure networks to IP 65 / IP 67 (outside
switchgear cabinet)
Ethernet stations in IP 20 areas can be connected using standard RJ45
connectors (switchgear cabinet interior).
Pluggable connectors guarantee quick and reliable installation of all connections.
All Ethernet interfaces are protected against overvoltage.
In-between Ethernet switches are designed to be non-blocking.
71
72
The address/port assignment table is generated automatically by the Ethernet
switch in a self-learning process and stored in the volatile memory (RAM) of
the Ethernet switch. Voltage resumption initiates an internal reset procedure to
delete the table.
Diagnostic message indication via LEDs on the front plate of the In-between
Ethernet switches possible.
Utilisation of In-between Ethernet switches offers the following additional
advantages:
Reduced cabling work and costs when constructing industrial networks
Suitable as panel feed-through from switchgear cabinets or terminal boxes
Robust housings with higher shock and vibration resistance as well as EMC
compatibility
Compatible with the various Ethernet specications (for example, PROFINET
or ETHERNET/IP)
Mount directly onto exterior panels of switchgear cabinets, terminal boxes
Practical experience shows that network structures often consist of both types
of IP 65 / IP 67 switches: sealed to IP 20, Ethernet stations are connected in
a structured manner to the ports of the In-between Ethernet switches. The
structure is then routed outside of the switchgear cabinets via ports offering
IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels. Additional structures can be created with the help
of Ethernet switches suitable for direct mounting.
Switch cabinet
Machine module n
Switch cabinet
Machine module 1
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
TE
...
Figure 3-18
Device
identication
label
Data ports
IP 67
(example: RJ45)
Figure 3-19
Block diagram
R1
T1
R2
T2
R3
T3
R4
T4
R5
T5
Figure 3-20
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
Assignment
table
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
3,5 V DC
Auto Negotiation
24 V DC
73
74
3.7
Ethernet hubs
Hub as an active network component
Operating on layer 1 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model, hubs are often referred to
as repeaters. They can also partly extend their function to layer 2.
An Ethernet hub is used to implement cabling in an Ethernet / Fast Ethernet
network between more than two Ethernet stations using shielded (STP) or
unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3. Ethernet
hubs operate at speeds of 10 Mbit/s, Fast Ethernet-Hubs at 100 Mbit/s. Hubs
capable of operating at both speeds are known as dual speed hubs. Cabling
implemented with Ethernet hubs is less susceptible to faults and when utilised in
a star arrangement has the advantage that the failure of a network node does not
mean the failure of the entire network.
As well as serving to structure the network, Ethernet hubs also regenerate
incoming signals and perform other tasks.
In contrast to Ethernet switches, which only forward the incoming data packets to
the port to which the station with the corresponding address is connected, hubs
relay all incoming data packets to all ports and their stations.
Contrary to Ethernet switches, Ethernet hubs cannot create their own collision
domains to prevent collisions. Thus, Full duplex operations are not possible.
Ethernet hubs operate only in Half duplex mode.
TE
TE
Switch
Hub
TE
TE
TE
Ethernet hub
Figure 3-21
TE
TE
TE
Ethernet switch
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Ports
Ports
Ethernet Data
Ethernet Data
Incomming
telegrams
Figure 3-22
Hub
Outgoing
telegrams
Operating modes
Auto-sensing
Auto-sensing makes it possible for Ethernet hubs to automatically recognise the
data transmission rate (10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s) and to transmit and receive data
at the same rate. If terminal devices operating with different transmission rates
are connected to a hub, the hub will automatically function with the higher transmission rate of 100 Mbit/s. That guarantees that existing Ethernet connections
operating with 100 Mbit/s are not stalled by a factor of 10 should a terminal device
operating with 10 Mbit/s be connected.
In this case, communication with terminal device(s) or equipment operating with
10 Mbit/s is not performed via the Ethernet hub.
These settings also apply when two or more Ethernet hubs are connected in a
network (cascade).
Half duplex mode
Ethernet hubs support Half duplex operations. A single data line is used to transmit
and receive signals. The other data line is used to recognise possible collisions.
75
76
In conclusion, it is possible to say that under certain circumstances Ethernet hubs,
sealed to IP 20, can provide a cost-efcient solution for use in industry. In saying
that, a great deal depends on the respective tasks and the ambient conditions in
which the solutions are implemented.
Process
Control
level
Switching cabinet
PLC
Ethernet
building
cabling
Patch
cable
Ethernet
Hub
IP 20
IP 67
Ethernet cable to the
individual terminal
Figure 3-23
Transision
IP 20 and IP 67
The connection options for the Ethernet cable can vary between the various RJ45
variants and M12 D-coding circular connectors. In this case, the various Ethernet
user organisations and vendors give priority to different solutions. Please refer to
the section Connectors in this chapter for more detailed information on individual
connector variants.
Process
Control
level
Switching cabinet
PLC
Ethernet
building
level
IP 20
IP 67
Figure 3-24
Ethernet
Hub
77
78
Ethernet hub with
IP 20 protection
Advantages
Competition is vigorous,
ensuring a large selection
High number of ports per hub
possible
Good mounting options in
switchgear cabinet (top-hat
rails)
Utilisation of power sources in
vicinity possible (for example,
in the switchgear cabinet)
Use of standard cables and
RJ45 connectors
Short bridging lengths possible
between controls and hub
Disadvantages
Table 3-3
Technical features
Ethernet hubs are distinguished by the following features:
They enable terminal stations to be connected via shielded or unshielded
twisted-pair cables in accordance with IEEE 802.3.
Utilising Ethernet hubs reduces cabling work and costs when creating industrial
networks.
Ethernet hubs support all network congurations.
79
80
Device
identication
label
ild
Zinc die-cast
housing
Degree of
protection:
IP 65
yp
T
Status indication
Operating voltage
Status indication
Operating status
Data ports 1...5
sc
Eth
Pow
Por
er
ern
ESC et Hub
67
Power supply
input
(example:
M12 A-coding)
t1
Por
t2
Por
t3
Por
t4
Por
t5
Link
Act
Connector for
power supply
(example:
M12-L
A-coding)
Connector for
Data ports
(example:
M12-L D-coding)
Figure 3-25
Block diagram
T1
R2
T2
R3
T3
R4
T4
R5
T5
Figure 3-26
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
100Base-Tx
Transceiver
10Base-T
Repeater
R1
100Base-X
Repeater
3,3 V DC
Auto-sensing
24 V DC
3.8
Industrial Outlets are passive network components not equipped with intelligence
and lacking their own power supply. In principle, they are the socket outlets
for Industrial Ethernet within the system; they are essentially tasked with
continuing the structured building cabling through to the machine or system
in an industrial environment in accordance with ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 and
EN 50 173:2002. This allows Ethernet cables to be permanently installed in
factory buildings. As pluggable modules / units, the machine and other components
are connected via the Industrial Outlet as required. IP 65 / IP 67 protection levels
are maintained.
If it becomes necessary to separate the machine from the Ethernet network (for
example, for maintenance or replacement purposes), then all that is required
is to simply disconnect the connector from the Industrial Outlet. Extending the
facility is just as easy; simply plug the new component to an existing or additional
Industrial Outlet.
Industrial
Plant
Machine
Network
Figure 3-27
81
82
Essentially, an Industrial Outlet consists of the housing, a PCB with a terminal
strip or other wiring option to wire the Ethernet cable to the IP 65 / IP 67 ports.
Designed with pluggable connections, Industrial Outlets are usually equipped with
two or more ports with high protection levels for routing the Ethernet connection
to the industrial system.
Figure 3-28
Labelling eld
Cable entries
Blanking plugs M20
to block off nonutilised cable entries
Data ports IP 67
Protection cover
Han 3 A
Figure 3-29
3.9
Cabling
For use in industrial applications, it is necessary for more than the individual
components to be protected. The cables and connectors for Ethernet also have
to resist what can be unfavourable effects of use in direct industrial environments.
These unfavourable effects include:
Acids, alkalines and other aggressive substances in the air and immediate
vicinity.
High humidity
83
84
Mechanical stresses
Vibration
High temperature uctuations
Electromagnetic disturbance elds
and others
In addition, the ease with which a cable can be integrated into the machine and
system (for example, via cable ducting or trailing cable) and ease of handling play
a large part in the decision for or against a specic cable.
Standardisation
The actual status of standardisation pertaining to Ethernet cabling in industrial
areas is conspicuous by the existence of numerous standards, supplements of
these and various guidelines. For example, the actual requirements for Gigabit
Ethernet, which are specied in IEEE 802.3ab, have been taken on by the
ISO/IEC 11 801:2002 and in the EN 50 173-1:2002.
The various user organisations prefer different product proles for the cabling.
All of these proles will remain valid along side each other so long as there is no
uniform standardisation in this eld. The following table offers an overview of the
product proles issued by IANOA, ODVA and PNO (PROFINET):
Characteristic IAONA
ODVA
PNO
Wire crosssection
AWG 24
AWG 22
Shielding
Yes, obligatory
Yes, unshielded
permissible
Yes, obligatory
Connector for
IP 65 / IP 67
areas
RJ45 compatible
M12 D-coding,
4-poles
Variant 01 of
IEC 61 076-3-106
Variant 04 of
IEC 61 076-3-106
M12 D-coding,
4-poles
Optional
power supply
(incorporated)
Table 3-4
The rst step towards a uniform world-wide valid standard has already been
taken. For example, agreements have been made that highlight the differences
between the cabling in ofce and industrial environments. These include, amongst
others:
Structure
Line and ring structures are widespread in industrial environments, with star
and tree structures more prevalent in ofce environments.
Transmission media in industrial environments are:
Vibration
Temperature
Moisture
Radiation
EM elds
Aggressive
uids
Oils
Gases
Industry
Motor vehicle
manufacture
Chemical
Electronics
Power stations
Mechanical
engineering
Steel
Table 3-5
85
86
Fibre optic cables as multimode or single mode bre; suitable for short- or
long-wave lasers
The answer to the question about the right type of cable often depends on
a number of factors. One important factor is the required transmission length
between two components. Further factors can be found in electromagnetic
interference, mechanical stress, the required category and other conditions.
The variants listed in the table below represent only a small selection of possible
cables:
Standard
Transmission medium
Distance
10Base-T [FD]
> 100 m
10Base-FL [FD]
> 1000 m
depends on type
of bre
10 Mbit/s system
100 m
100Base-FX [FD]
depends on type
of bre
100 m
1000Base-SX [FD]
275 m
1000Base-LX [FD]
depends on type
of bre
Table 3-6
Specication
Max. frequency
Impedance
Application
Category 1
not specied
100
Category 2
up to 1 MHz
100
Category 3
up to 16 MHz
100
Category 4
up to 20 MHz
100
Category 5
up to 100 MHz
100
100Base-T
Category 6
up to 250 MHz
1000Base-T
Category 7
up to 600 MHz
10Base-T
Table 3-7
The channel is the point-to-point part of the transmission process; the electrical
transmission and high-frequency properties are classed follows:
Class A
up to 100 KHz
Class B
up to 1 MHz
Class C
up to 16 MHz
Class D
up to 100 MHz
Class E
up to 250 MHz
Class F
up to 600 MHz
Table 3-8
The requirements placed on the transmission channel and therefore on the cable
become increasingly discriminating the higher letter in the alphabet. For example,
if just category 5 cable is used in a system, then its performance must correspond
to channel D. The same applies to category 6 and class E as well as to category
7 and class F.
60 dB
Next
50 dB
40 dB
CAT 7
30 dB
CAT 5
20 dB
10 dB
Attenuation
Frequency [MHz]
100
Figure 3-30
200
600
87
88
Specications for transmission cables made of copper for
Industrial Ethernet
Industry-standard cables can be subjected to extreme mechanical stress.
Accordingly, the cables require a special construction, which in turn affects the
transmission properties. Therefore, when using special cables, it may only be
possible under certain circumstances to implement short transmission lengths.
One important question when choosing the right cable concerns the type of
installation: will the cable be installed permanently and stationary in cable ducting
or similar? Or does it need to be drag-chain suitable? Depending on the location,
the cable and its construction must full various requirements.
The possible cable types for Industrial Ethernet are contained in the relevant
IEEE 802 standards. For example, both copper or bre optic cables can be utilised
in Fast Ethernet.
Figure 3-31
Twisted-pair cable with two cable pairs (example: for permanent installation)
max. 100 m
Figure 3-32
Using the specied cables in conjunction with the specied connectors results in
a maximum cabling length of 100 m for up to 6 mated connector pairs.
Cabling examples
Table 3-9
Number of
connectors
Maximum
cabling length
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
Connector
Coupling
89
90
When calculating the maximum transmission length, it is not of any signicance
if the cable is only to be used inside a switchgear cabinet or outdoors, or as a
connection between two switchgear cabinets.
For calculation purposes, the combination of male and female connectors is
considered a pair; in this case, it does not matter if the pair is used purely for
coupling purposes or if one component (connector or socket) is integrated in a
device.
Each additional mated connector pair reduces the length of the transmission
path. A separate calculation must be made when utilising more than 6 pairs.
This calculation is described in the standard IEC 11 801, which also contains
further information including additional verication of the transmission path, for
example.
Hybrid cable
Hybrid cables (data line and power supply combined in one cable) are used where
decentralised eld devices are connected with both data and power supply via a
combined connector. As well as 4 copper wires for the power supply, this cable
consists of 2 or 4 sets of shielded data lines for communi-cation.
Figure 3-33
Hybrid cable with 2 sets of shielded data lines and 4 copper wires for the
power supply
Type
Diameter of
bre
Transmission length
(maximum)
1000Base-SX
850 nm
Multimode
50 m
550 m
62.5 m
275 m
1000Base-LX
1330 nm
Multimode
50 m
550 m
62.5 m
500 m
9 m
3000 m
Single mode
Table 3-10
Copper cable
The copper cables used for Gigabit Ethernet are generally individually shielded
twisted-pairs with a stranded core diameter of AWG 22 to AWG 26.
Pair-wise stranding with additional individual shielding is designed to guarantee
an improved and cleaner differential signal transmission in comparison with
normal twisted-pair cables without individual shielding. In addition, this enables
common mode interferences to be eliminated.
The twisted-pair cables to be utilised can be differentiated as follows:
Twisted-pair cable
Individually
shielded
Overall shield
SF/UTP Yes
No
S/FTP
Yes
Table 3-11
Yes
Frequency
Cable type
Transmission length
(maximum)
10GBase-LX4
1300 nm
Multimode
300 m
10GBase-SR/SW
850 nm
Multimode
66 m
10GBase-LR/LW
1310 nm
Single mode
10 km
10GBase-ER/EW
1550 nm
Single mode
40 km
Table 3-12
91
92
This also includes a denition of an optional data-free supply of power, which
allows power to be drawn from the data cabling system. In this case, the energy is
routed via the RJ45 interface to the corresponding terminal device together with
10Base-T, 100Base-TX or 1000Base-T.
PoE itself is divided into 5 performance classes:
Class
Use
Classication
current
Max.
power supply
Default
0 - 15 mA
15.4 W
0.44 - 12.95 W
Optional
8 - 13 mA
4.0 W
0.44 - 3.84 W
Optional
16 - 21 mA
7.0 W
3.84 - 6.49 W
Optional
25 - 31 mA
15.4 W
6.49 - 12.95 W
Optional
35 - 45 mA
15.4 W
reserved
Table 3-13
The power supply is fed via an active source to a passive IEEE 802.3af-compliant
terminal device.
The IEEE 802.3af denes 3 operating modes for the power supply via different
wire pairs:
Endpoint PSE, operating mode A
Endpoint PSE, operating mode B
Midspan PSE, operating mode B
Operating mode A
In operating mode A, the power is fed via the pairs 1/2 and 3/6 using the Phantom
Feed method. Thus, with Ethernet and Fast Ethernet the pairs 4/5 and 7/8 remain
free.
This operating mode is particularly suitable for Gigabit Ethernet, because all
4 pairs are required for the transfer of data.
Operating mode B
In this operating mode, the power is fed separately from the data via the pairs 4/5
and 7/8; the data is fed via the pairs 1/2 and 3/6. Because no pairs remain free,
this operating mode is not suitable for Gigabit Ethernet.
The difference between Endpoint PSE, operating mode B and Midspan PSE,
operating mode B is a question of the voltage source. Whereas the switch or
another Ethernet component is the source of power for the Endpoint PSE,
operating mode B, an external device supplies the power for Midspan PSE,
operating mode B.
For all operating modes, standardised terminal devices must be equipped with a
passive, resistive circuit. This circuit serves various purposes:
The active source identies the passive terminal device
The operating mode is recognised
The necessary performance class is recognised.
A PoE solution will only supply power, if a corresponding terminal device is
recognised. That avoids damage should a non-standard terminal device be
connected.
At present, there are few elds of applications for this technique. However,
developments in this eld will result in an increased use of this technique in
industry. For example, conceivable applications include control of sensors,
monitoring of processes or systems by means of cameras or handling of alarms.
3.10 Connectors
Straightforward on-site handling of the termination technology is a major criterion
for use in industry. Moreover, it is not just the cable that determines the quality
and reliability of data transfers. Connectors and other non-permanent connections
also play a major role regarding the susceptibility of networks to faults.
RJ45 and M12 connectors in protection classes IP 20 and IP 65 / IP 67 are
available for use in industry and Industrial Ethernet. In particular, RJ45 connectors
with different mating faces as specied in the IEC 61 076-3-106 enjoy widespread
use.
These connectors are easy to assemble on site using standard tools.
Figure 3-34
93
94
We should also mention the Industrial Twisted Pair D-SUB connectors to
DIN 41 652, available in 9- or 15-pole versions. Connected with the twisted-pair
cables by means of screw connections, these connectors are mostly available
with metal housings. However, as they generally only play a minor role we will not
be taking a detailed look at them within the framework of this book.
Connectors for IP 20
When housed in switchgear cabinets, connectors are used that are fully compatible with connectors used in ofce communications. Theoretically, it would be
possible to use normal ofce cables with RJ45 connectors.
However, greater demands are generally placed on IP 20 connectors used in
industrial applications. For example, the PROFINET guidelines dene also the
requirements for connections utilising RJ45 connectors as protection class
IP 20.
Figure 3-35
Figure 3-36
Connector for IP 65 / IP 67
In particular, special account must be taken of the industrial demands placed on
connectors destined for use outside of the switchgear cabinet. Connector types
RJ45 sealed to IP 65 or IP 67 are used in such applications. Special designs can
provide protection levels to IP 68.
The M12 circular connector is a further variant. Utilised are the shielded, 4-pole
variants with D-coding as included in IEC standards by the DKE for Industrial
Ethernet (DKE = German Commission for Electrical, Electronic & Information
Technologies).
A third variant is the use of special connectors for bre-optic cables. In accordance with PROFINET Installation Guidelines, for example, the ISO/IEC11801compliant connection of bre-optics with an Ethernet component is preferably
performed using a special connector system as specied in the IEC 60 874-14.
However, utilisation of bre-optics is not widespread under Industrial Ethernet
so that in the following descriptions a more detailed look will be taken at the
conventional connectors RJ45 and M12 with D-coding.
The following provides an overview of the individual connectors with their different
types of connections, in which standards they are specied and which user
organisations support these types of connectors.
Connectors
Specied in
Supported by
User organisation
IAONA
ODVA
Type
Method
RJ45
Bayonet coupling
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 1
Snap-in connection
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 2
Screw terminal
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 3
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 4
PNO
Connection with
locking clamp
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 5
PNO
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 6
IAONA
IDA
INTERBUS
Connection with
locking clamp
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 7
PNO
Screw terminal
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 8
Screw terminal
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 9
IEC 61 076-3-106
variant 10
M12
D-coding
Screw terminal
IEC 61 076-2-101
Fibre-optics
Connection with
locking clamp
Fibre-optic connection
Table 3-14
IAONA
ODVA
PNO
PNO
IEC 60 874-14
PNO
95
96
HARTING has the appropriate connector for all supported Ethernet specications
in its range of supply.
Connector type
Ethernet
specication *
HARTING connector
RJ45
EtherNet/IP
PROFINET
RJ Industrial
IP 67 Data 3A
Identication
Drawing
RJ Industrial
IP 67 Push Pull
RJ Industrial
IP 67 Hybrid
RJ45 Han-Max
M12 D-coding
Table 3-15
EtherNet/IP
ETHERNET Powerlink
PROFINET
M12-L
D-coding
HARTING connectors
Figure 3-37
Which variant in the nal analysis will come out on top, RJ45 or M12 connectors,
is now more than ever a question of faith. Some experts are of the opinion that
the M12 connector will run up against the buffers when 8-wire based Gigabit
Ethernet is introduced, because, according to the norm, M12 D-coding is based
on a 4-wire cable. On the other hand, other experts point to the fact that the
connection technique utilising M12 is already established across the globe in
the eld of sensors/actuators, and will for that reason come out on top. And yet
others are of the opinion that as it all depends on the respective application, that
neither of the two variants will be able to gain the upper hand in the near future:
M12 will be relied upon when the focus is placed on connecting sensors and
actuators, whereas RJ45 connectors will be preferred for vertical communication
applications with an eye to the connection with building networks.
When the dust settles, the same will happen as with the introduction of the classic
eldbus system: the user will decide for himself which variant he prefers.
Hybrid connectors
The hybrid connector (data line and power supply combined in one cable) is used
where decentralised eld devices are connected with both data and power supply
via a combined connector. A fully shock-hazard protected connector enables the
use of identical connectors at both ends of the cable; the necessity for a male
female conguration eliminated by the integrated protection against accidental
touch. The connector in question is the RJ45 to IP 67 for connecting 2- or 4-pair
sets of shielded data communication lines for communication, and 4 copper wires
for the power supply.
97
98
Figure 3-38
Hybrid connector
Contact assignment
Contact assignment for RJ45 and M12 connectors are determined in accordance
with the corresponding standards:
RJ45:
IEEE 802.3
M12 D-coding:
IEC 61 076-2-101
Contact connector 2
TD +
TD +
TD -
TD -
RD +
RD +
RD -
RD -
Table 3-16
Figure 3-39
Cross-over cable
With this cable, the contacts for transmitting and receiving are wired crossed
over. That means, for example, that the contact for TD+ on the one connector is
connected with the contact RD+ on the other connector. The contact assignment
for such a cable is as follows:
Contact connector 1
Contact connector 2
TD +
RD +
TD -
RD -
RD +
TD +
RD -
TD -
Table 3-17
Figure 3-40
Function
Wire colour
(EIA/TIA 568-B)
Wire colour
(PROFINET)
RJ45
Contact number
TD+
Transmission Data +
White-Orange
Yellow
TD-
Transmission Data -
Orange
Orange
RD+
Receiver Data +
White-Green
White
RD-
Receiver Data -
Green
Blue
Table 3-18
Figure 3-41
99
100
Signal
Function
HARAX
Contact number
Wire colour
(EIA/TIA 568-B)
Wire colour
(PROFINET)
TD +
Transmission Data +
White-Orange
Yellow
TD -
Transmission Data -
Orange
Orange
RD +
Receiver Data +
White-Green
White
RD -
Receiver Data -
Green
Blue
Table 3-19
Pair 4
Pair 3
Pair 1
Figure 3-42
Contact assignment
Pair
RJ45
Contact number
Signal
Not assigned
5
2
3
4
Function
Not assigned
TD +
Transmission Data +
TD -
Transmission Data -
RD +
Receiver Data +
RD -
Receiver Data -
Not assigned
Not assigned
Table 3-20
Signal
Function
EIA/TIA 568-A
EIA/TIA 568-B
RJ45
Contact number
Transmission Data +
White-Green
White-Orange
TD -
Transmission Data -
Green
Orange
RD +
Receiver Data +
White-Orange
White-Green
Not assigned
Blue
Blue
Not assigned
White-Blue
White-Blue
Receiver Data -
Orange
Green
Not assigned
White-Brown
White-Brown
Not assigned
Brown
Brown
TD +
RD -
Table 3-21
Pair 4
Pair 2
Pair 1
Figure 3-43
101
102
Contact assignment
Pair
Gigabit Ethernet
RJ45
Pin
RJ45
Pin
Signal
Function
1
2
3
4
Signal
Function
RD
Not assigned
BI_DC+
Receive Data
TD
Not assigned
BI_DC-
Transmission Data
TD
Transmission Data +
BI_DA+
Transmission Data
RD
Transmission Data -
BI_DA-
Receive Data
TD
Receiver Data +
BI_DB+
Transmission Data
RD
Receiver Data -
BI_DB-
Receive Data
TD
Not assigned
BI_DD+
Transmission Data
RD
Not assigned
BI_DD-
Receive Data
Table 3-22
Figure 3-44
Figure 3-45
4 Future Prospects
Future Prospects
103
104
5.1
HARTING has a variety of Ethernet components in its programme. The user can
select between the following products to full application requirements.
RJ45 to IP 20
RJ45 to IP 65 / IP 67
M12 D-coding
no
no
no
no
no
Full duplex
Half duplex
Auto-sensing
no
Auto-polarity
Auto-negotiation
Auto-crossing
Connection
options
Management functions
Type
HARTING RJ Industrial
Metal Outlet
HARTING RJ Industrial
105
106
Ethernet switches for direct mounting
Type
In accordance with
Ethernet specication
PROFINET
PROFINET
ETHERNET/IP
PROFINET
ETHERNET/IP
Table 5-2
In accordance with
Ethernet specication
PROFINET
PROFINET
ETHERNET/IP
Table 5-3
Ethernet hubs
Type
In accordance with
Ethernet specication
Table 5-4
ETHERNET/IP
Industrial Outlets
Type
HARTING RJ Industrial
Metal Outlet
Housing
material
In accordance with
Ethernet specication
Metal
PROFINET
Metal
PROFINET
ETHERNET/IP
HARTING RJ Industrial
Outlet Push Pull
Plastic
PROFINET
Table 5-5
107
108
5.2
Mounting options
Wall mounting at
Mounting onto
top-hat
mounting rail
Direct mounting
onto housing
panel
Direct mounting
onto panel or
grider
Type
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 5-6
5.3
Mounting options
Device type
STP*
UTP**
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 26 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 26 / AWG 22
Table 5-7
*
Cable type
Cat***
Cross-section
Device type
Cable type
STP*
UTP**
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 26 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 26 / AWG 22
Yes
Yes
AWG 24 / AWG 22
Outlet
Table 5-8
*
Cat***
Cross-section
Cable type
Cat**
Table 5-9
Remarks
* ...
** ...
Category
Further cable types with a variety of cross-sections can be utilised when they
comply with Ethernet specications.
109
110
5.4
Connectors
RJ45 - IP 20
data connector
HARTING RJ
Industrial
IP 67 Data 3A
HARTING RJ
Industrial
Push Pull
Han Max
M12 D-coding
Type
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
HARTING RJ Industrial
Metal Outlet
Yes
Yes
HARTING RJ Industrial
Outlet Push Pull
Yes
Table 5-10
Connector variants
111
Annex
112
Annex A
This chapter contains a list of the essential standards and guidelines considered
in this manual. No claim is made is made that this list is exhaustive or up-todate.
The standards and guidelines quoted in this manual are up-to-date at the time of
going to press (2005).
Should individual standards in the meantime be withdrawn, up-dated or rewritten,
it is the sole responsibility of the user to keep his knowledge as up-to-date as
necessary. In particular, IEEE standards are subject to constant revision.
A-1
EN standards
EN 50 173-1
EN 50 173-2
EN 50 173-3
EN 50 174-1
EN 50 174-2
EN 50 174-3
EN 60 950
EN 61 131-2
113
114
IEEE standards
IEEE 802
IEEE 802.1p
IEEE 802.2
Local and metropolitan area networks; Specic requirementsPart 2: Logical Link Control
IEEE 802.3
Local and metropolitan area networks; Specic requirementsPart 3: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
(CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specications
IEEE 802.3a
IEEE 802.3b
IEEE 802.3c
IEEE 802.3d
IEEE 802.3e
IEEE 802.3h
Layer Management
IEEE 802.3i
IEEE 802.3j
IEEE 802.3k
Repeater Management
IEEE 802.3l
IEEE 802.3m
IEEE 802.3n
IEEE 802.3p
IEEE 802.3q
IEEE 802.3r
IEEE 802.3s
IEEE 802.3t
IEEE 802.3u
IEEE 802.3v
IEEE 802.3w
MAC supplements
IEEE 802.3x
IEEE 802.3y
IEEE 802.3z
IEEE 802.3aa
IEEE 802.3ab
IEEE 802.3ac
IEEE 802.3ad
Trunking
IEEE 802.3ae
IEEE 802.3af
Powered on Ethernet
IEEE 802.3ak
IEEE 802.5
Local and metropolitan area networks; Specic requirementsPart 5: Token Ring Access Method and Physical Layer
Specication
IEEE 802.8
Local and Metropolitan Area Network; Specic requirementsPart 8: Fiber Optic Technical Advisory Group
IEEE 802.11
Local and Metropolitan Area Network; Specic requirementsPart 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specications
IEEE 1 588
IEC standards
ISO/IEC 11 801
Guidelines
Guideline
Guideline
115
116
A-2
EN standards
EN 50 022
EN 50 155
EN 50 081-1
EN 50 082-2
EN 50 310
EN 55 011
EN 55 022
EN 55 024
EN 60 068-1
EN 60 068-2-6
EN 60 068-2-27
EN 60 793-2
EN 60 794-2
EN 60 794-3
EN 60 874-1
EN 61 010-1
EN 61 373
EN 187 000
EN 188 000
EN 188 100
EN 188 201
EN 188 202
IEC standards
IEC 61 000-4-2
IEC 61 000-4-3
IEC 61 000-4-4
IEC 61 000-4-5
IEC 61 000-4-6
IEC 61 000-4-8
UL standards
UL 508
UL 1604
UL 60 950
A-3
EN Standards
EN 60 352-2
EN 60 352-3
EN 60 352-4
EN 60 512
EN 60 603-7
EN 61 076-2-101
EN 61 984
117
118
IEC standards
IEC 60 512
IEC 61 076-3-106
A-4
EN standards
EN 50 110-1 / -2
EN 60 204-1
VDE 0100/100
EN 60 529
EN 60 715
EN 60 950
IEC standards
IEC 60 364
IEC 60 364-1
IEC 60 364-4-41
IEC 60 364-4-44
IEC 60 364-5-52
HD / VDE standards
HD 384.4.41 S2
(VDE 0100 Teil 410)
VDE 805
Annex B Bibliography
Annex B
Bibliography
B.1
[FB 1]
W. Kriesel, O. Madelung: AS-Interface, das Aktuator-SensorInterface fr die Automation; Carl Hanser Verlag, Mnchen, Wien,
1999
[FB 2]
R. Becker : AS-Interface Die Lsung in der Automation; ASInternational Association, Schweinfurt, 2002
[FB 3]
[FB 4]
[FB 5]
[FB 6]
[FB 7]
[FB 8]
[FB 9]
[FB 10]
[FB 11]
[FB 12]
[FB 13]
[FB 14]
[FB 15]
[FB 16]
119
120
B-2
[IE 1]
[IE 2]
[IE 3]
[IE 4]
[IE 5]
H. Johnson: Fast Ethernet Dawn of a new Network; PrenticeHall PTR, Upper Saddle River, N.J., USA, 1996
[IE 6]
[IE 7]
[IE 8]
[IE 9]
[IE 10]
[IE 11]
[IE 12]
[IE 13]
[IE 14]
[IE 15]
[IE 16]
[IE 17]
[IE 18]
[IE 19]
[IE 20]
[IE 21]
[IE 22]
[IE 23]
[IE 24]
[IE 25]
Annex C
Continuative Links
No claim is made that the following list is complete or exhaustive. For more
detailed information about the individual bus systems, please use search engines
or read corresponding technical literature (see also Annex B).
C-1
ArcNet
www.arcnet.de
AS Interface
www.as-interface.net
Bitbus
www.bitbus.org
CAN
www.can-cia.de
CANopen
www.canopen.de
ControlNet
www.controlnet.org
DeviceNet
www.odva.org
DIN Messbus
www.measurement-bus.de
EIB
www.eiba.com
Foundation Fieldbus
www.eldbus.org
INTERBUS
www.interbusclub.com
LON
www.lonmark.org
ODVA
www.odva.org
OPC Foundation
www.opcfoundation.org
PROFIBUS
www.probus.com
C-2
EtherCAT
www.ethercat.org
Ethernet/IP
www.odva.org
ETHERNET Powerlink
ww.ethernet-powerlink.com
http://ethernet.industrialnetworking.com
Gigabit-Ethernet Alliance
www.gigabit-ethernet.org
HSE
www.eldbus.org
IAONA
www.iaona.org
www.industrialethernet.com
JetSync
www.jetter.de
LON
www.lonmark.org
Modbus-IDA Group
www.modbus-ida.org
ODVA
www.odva.org
PROFINET
www.probus.com
SERCOS-III
www.sercos.de
safeethernet
www.hima.de
www.vpn.com
121
122
C-3
Other links
www.din.de
EIA
www.eia.or
http://ethernet.industrialnetworking.com
www.HARTING.com
IEEE
www.ieee.org
http://standards.ieee.org
ISO Standards
www.iso.ch
www.ietf.org
www.vdma.de
www.vpn.com
www.zvei.de
Glossary
Glossary
1:1 cable
10Base-2
10Base-5
10Base-FL
10Base-T
100Base-FX
100Base-TX
1000Base-LX
1000Base-SX
Address Resolution
Protocol
Address/port assignment
table
Table containing the assignment of destination addresses to the respective ports on a switch. This table is
created and maintained automatically by the switch.
Aging
Approved use
123
124
ARP
AUI
Auto-crossing
Enables automatic crossing at the twisted-pair interfaces of the wires used for transmitting and receiving. This
allows the user to utilise 1:1 wired cables and crossover cables on an equal basis.
Auto-negotiation
Auto-polarity
Auto-sensing
AWG
Backbone
Backpressure
Bandwidth
Bandwidth-length product
A characteristic unit of measurement used with breoptic cables that describes the factor for determining the
maximum distance that can be covered when utilising
multi-mode bres.
Glossary
BFOC
Blocking
BNC
BootP
Bootstrap Protocol
A protocol that supplies a station connected to an
Ethernet network with a permanent IP address based
on its MAC address.
Bootstrap Protocol
Bridge
Broadcast
Broadcast telegram
Burst
Bus
Bus system
Cable
Category
CENELEC
Cheapernet
Class
125
126
Coding pin
Collision
Occurs when several stations attempt to transmit simultaneously over the network.
This is detected by the CSMA/CD mechanism.
Collision domain
Connection Mirroring
This function makes it possible for a copy of data transmission between two ports of a switch to be made
available to other ports, for example, for analysis
purposes.
Connector
Contact insert
Conductor
CRC
Cross-over cable
Twisted-pair cable whose ends are wired crossedover. In other words, the pins for transmissions (TD+)
on the one end of a cable are connected to the pins for
receiving (RD-) of the respective wire pair on the other
end of the cable (example: TD+ (1) RD+ (1))
CSA
CSMA/CD
Glossary
Cut-Through
DA
Destination Address
Destination addressing the Ethernet telegram
DCP
Delay
Destination address
Deterministic system
DHCP
DIN
Dispersion
DKE
DNS
127
128
Domain Name System
DSC
DTE
Dynamic Host
Conguration Protocol
Earth
Ethernet hub
IP 67
Housing design
Twisted-pair
5 ports
EIA
Electromagnetic
compatibility
Electrostatic Discharge
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
Refers to the capability of a piece of electrical equipment in a given (electromagnetic) environment to function
awlessly without it having a negative inuence on its
surroundings.
EN
European Norm
Please refer to CENELEC
Equipment, electrical
ESD
Ethernet switch
IP 67
Housing design
Twisted-pair
ports
unmanaged
Electrostatic Discharge
Electrostatic discharges that can lead to short and
irregular disturbances in electronic devices or to the
destruction to electronic components.
Glossary
Ethernet
Baseband technology
CSMA/CD access method
Variable packet lengths between 64 and 1518 bytes
Transmission rates from 10 Mbit/s
Logical bus topology
Coaxial cable
The subsequent standard, IEEE 802.3, ensured integration in the ISO/OSI Reference Model and extended
the physical layer and transmission media by the use of
repeaters and implemented applications operating via
bre-optic cables, broadband and twisted-pair cables.
In addition, protocols from layers 3 and 4 are often called
upon.
Today, Ethernet is often used as a generic term, without
differentiating between the various transmission rates
of 10 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s (Fast Ethernet), 1000 Mbit/s
(Gigabit-Ethernet).
Ethernet packet
Preamble (8 bytes)
Destination address(6 bytes)
Source Address (6 bytes)
Length/Type (2 bytes)
Data eld (64 to 1518 bytes)
Check (4 bytes)
EtherType
Fast Ethernet
FCS
FCX
FDDI
Female connector
129
130
Female insert
Fibre optics
Fibre-optics cable
Filters
Firmware
Flow Control
Frame
FTP
Full Duplex
GARP
Gateway
Gigabit Ethernet
Glossary
GMRP
Ground
GVRP
Half duplex
HARTING RJ Industrial
RJ45 IP 67 Data 3A
HCS
HDX
Header
HIPER Ring
Hops
HSRP
131
132
Hub
Hybrid cable
Hybrid connector
IAONA
ICMP
ID
Identier
IDC connection
IDC connection
technology
Identify
IEC
IEEE
IETF
IFG
IGMP
Internet
Group
Management
Protocol
Name of the layer-3 protocol that informs routers
immediately adjacent to stations and routers of their
afliation to multi-cast groups.
Glossary
IGMP Snooping
IGP
Interior
Gateway
Protocol
Classication of routing protocols used for exchanging
information between routers within an autonomous
network. Protocols utilised include IGRP, RIP und OSPF.
Impedance
Industrial Ethernet
Insert
Instructed person
(to DIN EN 50 110-1)
Insulation voltage
Interference, capacitive
Interference, inductive
IP
International Protection
Protection class for devices and equipment according to
EN 60 529 and IEC 60 529.
133
134
IP
Internet Protocol
Transmission protocol on layers 3 and 2 of the ISO/OSI
Reference Model. The following versions are presently
valid:
IPv4:
IPv6:
Version 4
Version 6
4 address bytes
6 address bytes
IP address
IP address, dynamic
IP address, static
IPv4
IPv6
ISO
ITU-T
Jabber
Jam signal
Glossary
Jitter
LAN
Latency
Link aggregation
Link
LSA+
LSB
M12 D-Coding
MAC
Media
Access
Control
Term for a sub-layer of layer 2 of the ISO/OSI Reference Model. This sub-layer polices access to the shared
transmission medium. To do so, it can utilise processes by
which either several stations with equal rights compete for
access (for example, CSMA/CD) or in which no collisions
occur at all, for example, token ring.
MAC address
Male
Male insert
Managed
Mass
135
136
MDI port
Medium
Dependent
Interface-Port
In accordance with IEEE standards, MDI is the term
used for the twisted-pair interface of a device to
10BASE-T
(or
100BASE-TX).
By utilising this RJ45-port, It is possible for the
hub to be connected to a networking unit (for example,
switch) using 1:1 cable.
MDI-X Port
Media converter
MII
Mono-mode bre
MSB
MTBF
Multicast ltering
Multicast telegram
Glossary
Multi-mode bres
10 MHz,
125 MHz and
1.25 GHz
Network management
Network management
station
Network mask
149.218.19.90
255.255.255.0
149.218.19.0
149.218.19.1 to 149.218.19.254
149.218.19.255
Network segmentation
NEXT
Non-blocking
Octet
137
138
OSI
OSPF
OUI
Patch cable
PCF
PDU
Personnel, qualied
Ping
PoE
Power of Ethernet
Technology dened in IEEE 802.3af for carrying the
voltage supply via Ethernet cabling.
Depending on the operating mode, power is supplied
either via the free wire-pair of an Ethernet cable or via
the wire-pair used for data transmissions.
POF
Port
Glossary
Port Mirroring
Port security
Port trunking
Potential equalization
Electrical connection that achieves the same or approximately the same electrical potential for components of
equipment and separate conductive components.
pps
Prioritising
PROFINET
PTP
PTP Master
PTP-Slave
QoS
Quality of Service
Term for a range of factors that inuence the quality of
a network. These factors include, for example, network
down times, delay times, stability of connections and
many more. Denitions of QoS vary widely.
Quad Cable
Star quad
A cable type, whose both wire pairs are twisted
together. This results in a hihger electromagnetic
compatibility.
Quality of Service
139
140
Railway standard
(DIN EN 50 155)
RAM
RARP
Real-time
Real-time Protocol
Redundancy
Redundancy manager
Reference potential
Remote Network
Monitoring
Resource Reservation
Setup Protocol
Return loss
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol
RFC xxx
RIP
Glossary
Ripple, permissible
RJ45
Denotes the usual connection technique with twistedpair cables in ofce environments.
Often known as a western connector.
RMON
RMON 2
Router
Routing
Routing, dynamic
141
142
Routing, static
Routing Information
Protocol
Routing protocol
RS 232 C
RS 422
RS 485
RSTP
RTP
Realtime Protocol
A protocol that supports real-time applications. It supports
transmission of additional information such as the type
of user data transmitted or the time the user data was
created.
Rx
SA
Source Address
Source address within an Ethernet packet
Abbreviation: SELV
Low voltage ranging up to 42 V DC. Devices specied
as SELV system, are protected against direct or indirect
touch; thus ensuring that no dangerous currents ow
through the body even when simultaneous contact is
made with both poles.
Glossary
SAP
SC
Straight Connector
A widely known connector for bre-optic cables.
Please refer to DSC
SDH
Segmentation
SELV
SFD
Shared network
Single-mode bre
=
=
=
10 MHz,
125 MHz
1.25 GHz
143
144
SNMP
Source Address
Please refer to SA
Spanning tree
S/STP
ST
A widely used connector with bayonet lock for breoptic cables. Also known as a BFOC connector. The
only standardised connector for Ethernet (10 Mbit/s)
(ST is a registered trademark of AT&T).
Star coupler
STP
Straight Connector
Please refer to SC
Structured cabling
Glossary
Subnet mask
Network mask
The network mask marks all of the bits contained in an
IP address that identify the network and sub-networks. It
is a method for dividing several IP networks into a string
of subgroups or sub-networks. The network mask is a bit
pattern that must t the IP addresses in the network.
The standard subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. In this case,
254 different IP addresses, from x.x.x.1 to x.x.x.254, can
occur in a sub-network.
Please refer to IP address
Switch
Switch, blocking
Switch, managed
Switch, non-blocking
Switch, unmanaged
Switch matrix
Switched network
Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy
Tag
TCP
TCP/IP
Terminating resistor
145
146
TFTP
Thick Wire
Thin Wire
Time To Live
Topology
TOS
Type Of Service
A eld in the Internet protocol that oversees prioritising of
data.
TP
Transceiver
Transmission Control
Protocol
Transmission Control
Pleaser refer to TCP/IP
Protocol / Internet Protocol
Transmission path
Transmission rate
10 Mbit/s
100 Mbit/s
1000 Mbit/s
10 000 Mbit/s
(Ethernet)
(Fast Ethernet)
(Gigabit Ethernet)
(10 Gigabit-Ethernet)
Trap
Triaxial cable
Trunking
Glossary
TTL
Time To Live
A eld in the header of the Internet protocol detailing for
how long the packet is valid.
Tunnelling
Twisted-pair
Tx
Type Of Service
UDP
UL
Underwriters Laboratories
American institute for quality assurance of technical
products.
Unicast
Unmanaged
Unshielded Twisted-pair
UTP
VDE
VLAN
Virtual LAN
A switch-based virtual LAN tasked with restricting
broadcasts to the network areas in which the broadcast is of use. Also used to separate networks for security
purposes.
VRRP
WAN
147
148
WEP
WFQ
Wire Speed
Wireless LAN
WLAN
Xmodem
Yellow Cable
Zero potential
Glossary
149
150
Degrees of Protection
Degrees of Protection
HARTING can draw on many years of extensive experience gained in achieving
high degrees of protection in industrial environments (IP 65 and greater); all of
which has owed into the development of its family of devices.
These devices achieve their degree of protection as a result of the corresponding
housings and covers or by the interlocking of their connections. Depending on
the degree of protection, the devices are protected from external mechanical
inuences (impacts, foreign objects, dust, and accidental touch contact) as well
as against ingress of moisture (water, cleaning agents, oils and other uids).
The degree of protection provided by a device is dened in the standards
EN 60 529 and IEC 60 529, which also contain a classication of the different
degrees of protection.
In accordance with the above-mentioned standards, the degrees of protection are
indicated as follows:
Code letters
(International Protection)
IP
The following pages contain an overview of the individual codes and their
meaning.
151
152
Index
gure
No protection
No protection against
accidental contact
No protection against solid
foreign objects
Protection against
large foreign
objects
Protection against
medium sized
foreign objects
Protection against
small solid foreign
objects
Protection against
grain-shaped
foreign objects
as 3 however > 1 mm
Protection against
injurious deposits
of dust
Protection against
ingress of dusts
Degrees of Protection
Index
gure
No protection
against water
Drip-proof (vertical)
Drip-proof (angular)
Spray-proof
Splash-proof
Hose-proof
Protection against
ooding
Protection against
immersion
Water-tight
153
154
List of gures
List of gures
Figure 1-1
Figure 1-2
Figure 1-3
Figure 1-4
Figure 1-5
Figure 1-6
Figure 1-7
Figure 2-1
Figure 2-2
Figure 2-3
Figure 2-4
Figure 2-5
Figure 2-6
Figure 2-7
Figure 2-8
Figure 2-9
Figure 2-10
Figure 2-11
Figure 2-12
Figure 2-13
Figure 2-14
Figure 2-15
Figure 2-16
Figure 2-17
155
156
Figure 3-1
Figure 3-2
Figure 3-3
Figure 3-4
Figure 3-5
Figure 3-6
Figure 3-7
Figure 3-8
Figure 3-9
Figure 3-10
Figure 3-11
Figure 3-12
Figure 3-13
Figure 3-14
Figure 3-15
Figure 3-16
Figure 3-17
Figure 3-18
Figure 3-19
Figure 3-20
Figure 3-21
Figure 3-22
List of gures
Figure 3-23
Figure 3-24
Figure 3-25
Figure 3-26
Figure 3-27
Figure 3-28
Figure 3-29
Figure 3-30
Figure 3-31
Figure 3-32
Figure 3-33
Figure 3-34
Figure 3-35
Figure 3-36
Figure 3-37
Figure 3-38
Figure 3-39
Figure 3-40
Figure 3-41
Figure 3-42
Figure 3-43
157
158
Figure 3-44
Figure 3-45
List of tables
List of tables
Table 2-1
Table 2-2
Table 2-3
Table 2-4
Table 2-5
Table 2-6
Table 2-7
Table 2-8
Table 3-1
Table 3-2
Table 3-3
Table 3-4
Table 3-5
Table 3-6
Table 3-7
Table 3-8
Table 3-9
Table 3-10
Table 3-11
Table 3-12
Table 3-13
Table 3-14
Table 3-15
159
160
Table 3-16
Table 3-17
Table 3-18
Table 3-19
Table 3-20
Table 3-21
Table 3-22
Table 5-1
Table 5-2
Table 5-3
Table 5-4
Table 5-5
Table 5-6
Mounting options.......................................................108
Table 5-7
Table 5-8
Table 5-9
Table 5-10
Index
Index
0 ... 9
1000Base-LX .................................................................................................
1000Base-SX ................................................................................................
1000Base-T ...................................................................................................
100Base-FX ..................................................................................................
100Base-TX ..................................................................................................
10Base-FL .....................................................................................................
10Base-T .......................................................................................................
10 Gigabit Ethernet .......................................................................................
cable .......................................................................................................
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
38
91
A
accumulated frame telegram ......................................................................... 24
address/port assignment table ...................................................................... 60
address types ................................................................................................ 29
application layer ............................................................................................ 21
Auto-crossing ................................................................................................ 61
Auto-negotiation ...................................................................................... 35, 61
Auto-polarity .................................................................................................. 62
Auto-sensing ................................................................................................. 75
automation pyramid ....................................................................................... 17
availability ...................................................................................................... 47
B
bit transmission layer ..................................................................................... 20
block diagram
Ethernet hub ........................................................................................... 80
Ethernet switch ....................................................................................... 70
In-between Ethernet switch ..................................................................... 73
bridge ............................................................................................................ 60
broadcast ................................................................................................. 20, 31
bus access, deterministic .............................................................................. 23
bus access, random ...................................................................................... 23
C
cable, category .............................................................................................. 87
cable, class .................................................................................................... 87
cable, hybrid .................................................................................................. 90
cable, properties ............................................................................................ 87
cable, twisted-pair ......................................................................................... 88
cabling, structured ................................................................................... 53, 81
161
162
carrier extension ............................................................................................ 37
Carrier Sense ................................................................................................ 33
Carrier Sense Multiple Access ...................................................................... 23
category ......................................................................................................... 86
cell level ......................................................................................................... 18
CIP................................................................................................................. 50
class .............................................................................................................. 87
collision .......................................................................................................... 33
collision, freedom from ............................................................................ 47, 61
Collision Detection ......................................................................................... 33
collision domain ....................................................................................... 33, 61
collision window ............................................................................................. 34
colour code .................................................................................... 99, 100, 101
communication layer ..................................................................................... 21
conditions, environmental .............................................................................. 85
connector ....................................................................................................... 93
IP 20 ........................................................................................................ 94
IP 65 / IP 67 ............................................................................................ 94
overview in IP 65 / IP 67 ......................................................................... 95
connector, hybrid ........................................................................................... 97
contact assignment ....................................................................................... 98
1:1 cable ................................................................................................. 98
cross-over cable ...................................................................................... 98
Gigabit Ethernet .................................................................................... 101
M12 D-coding .......................................................................................... 99
RJ45, 2-pair ............................................................................................ 99
RJ45, 4-pair .......................................................................................... 100
Control and Information Protocol ................................................................... 50
control level ................................................................................................... 18
copper cable .................................................................................................. 88
cross-over function ........................................................................................ 79
CSMA ............................................................................................................ 23
CSMA/CD ................................................................................................ 27, 33
Cut Through................................................................................................... 63
D
data link layer ................................................................................................ 20
data port ............................................................................................ 69, 73, 80
destination address ....................................................................................... 30
dual speed hub .............................................................................................. 74
E
Endpoint PSE, operating mode B .................................................................. 92
EtherCat ........................................................................................................ 52
Index
F
Fast Ethernet ................................................................................................. 35
FDX ............................................................................................................... 36
eldbus systems, classication ..................................................................... 22
eld level ....................................................................................................... 17
ow control .................................................................................................... 36
frame bursting ............................................................................................... 38
Full duplex ............................................................................................... 36, 62
G
gateway ......................................................................................................... 58
Gigabit Ethernet ...................................................................................... 36, 90
copper cables .......................................................................................... 91
bre optics ............................................................................................... 90
H
Half duplex ....................................................................................................
HSE ...............................................................................................................
hub ................................................................................................................
hub, function principle ...................................................................................
hybrid cable ...................................................................................................
62
52
74
75
90
I
IAONA ........................................................................................................... 49
IEEE .............................................................................................................. 25
impedance ..................................................................................................... 88
In-between Ethernet switch ........................................................................... 70
Industrial Outlet ............................................................................................. 81
instance ......................................................................................................... 20
ISO/OSI Reference Model ................................................................. 19, 21, 26
163
164
J
jam signal ................................................................................................ 31, 33
JetSync .......................................................................................................... 52
K
L
layer model .................................................................................................... 19
lifetime, operational ....................................................................................... 47
locking lever .................................................................................................. 69
M
MAC address ................................................................................................. 28
management function .................................................................................... 62
management level ......................................................................................... 19
master............................................................................................................ 23
mating face .................................................................................................... 93
Medium Access Control ................................................................................. 28
Midspan PSE, operating mode B .................................................................. 92
Modbus/TCP.................................................................................................. 52
Modied Cut Through .................................................................................... 63
multicast .................................................................................................. 20, 32
N
network, structured ........................................................................................
network component, active ............................................................................
network component, passive .........................................................................
network layer .................................................................................................
network topology ...........................................................................................
54
57
57
21
55
O
operating mode
Cut Through ............................................................................................
Modied Cut Through..............................................................................
Store and Forward ..................................................................................
OSI Model .....................................................................................................
63
63
63
19
P
patch cable .................................................................................................... 88
physical layer ................................................................................................. 20
PoE ................................................................................................................ 91
Index
91
92
92
92
92
92
30
21
19
18
51
69
19
Q
R
real-time................................................................................................... 48, 61
real-time communication capability ............................................................... 48
repeater ......................................................................................................... 74
requirements, environmental ......................................................................... 46
requirements, general ................................................................................... 45
requirements, installation .............................................................................. 46
response time ................................................................................................ 47
router ............................................................................................................. 59
S
safeethernet .................................................................................................. 52
SERCOS-III ................................................................................................... 52
session layer ................................................................................................. 21
signal propagation time, maximum ................................................................ 34
slave .............................................................................................................. 24
SNMP Management ...................................................................................... 62
standards ..................................................................................................... 113
starting frame delimiter .................................................................................. 30
status indication ................................................................................. 69, 73, 80
Store and Forward ......................................................................................... 63
switch............................................................................................................. 60
switch, blocking ............................................................................................. 62
switch, function principle ............................................................................... 61
switch, managed ........................................................................................... 62
switch, non-blocking ...................................................................................... 62
switch, unmanaged ....................................................................................... 62
165
166
Switched Ethernet ................................................................................... 39, 61
switch matrix .................................................................................................. 62
system, deterministic ..................................................................................... 39
system extension, based on Ethernet ........................................................... 42
system extension, conventional .................................................................... 41
system level ................................................................................................... 18
T
TCP ............................................................................................................... 28
telegram
broadcast .......................................................................................... 20, 31
multicast ............................................................................................ 20, 32
unicast ..................................................................................................... 20
tests, EMC ..................................................................................................... 47
tests, safety ................................................................................................... 47
Time Division Multiplex .................................................................................. 22
token .............................................................................................................. 23
Token Passing ............................................................................................... 23
topology
line .......................................................................................................... 56
ring .......................................................................................................... 56
star .......................................................................................................... 55
tree .......................................................................................................... 55
Transmission Control Protocol ...................................................................... 28
transmission length, max. .............................................................................. 89
transmission media ....................................................................................... 86
1000Base-LX .......................................................................................... 86
1000Base-SX .......................................................................................... 86
1000Base-T............................................................................................. 86
100Base-FX ............................................................................................ 86
100Base-TX ............................................................................................ 86
10Base-FL............................................................................................... 86
10Base-T................................................................................................. 86
transmission performance ............................................................................. 46
transport layer ............................................................................................... 21
trunking .......................................................................................................... 36
U
UDP ...............................................................................................................
unicast ...........................................................................................................
user data .......................................................................................................
User Datagram Protocol ................................................................................
28
20
30
28
Index
V
W
X
Y
Z
167
168