DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Baraka, A. 2010. Can We Minimize Hypotension Following Spinal Anesthesia for

Cesarean Section?. Middle East Journals Anesthesia, 20 (5).
Bernard, C. 2006. Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia. Dalam : Barash, P., Cullen,
B.F., Stoelting, R.K., editor. Clinical Anesthesia. 5 ed., Baltimore :
Lippincot William-Wilkins.
Birnbach, D.J. & Browne, I.M. 2010. Anesthesia for Obstetrics. Dalam : Miller,
R.D. Millers Anesthesia. 7th edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier.
Brown, D., 2009. Spinal, Epidural and Caudal Anesthesia. Dalam : Miller, R.D.,
editor. Miller's Anesthesia. Seventh Edition ed. Philadelphia: Churchill
Livingstone.
Burns, S.M., Cowan, C.M., Wilkes, R.G. 2001. Prevention and Management of
Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Section : A
Survey of Practice. Anesthesia, 56, p.777-798.
Carvalho, B., Mercier, F.J., Riley, E.T., Brummel, C., Cohen, S.E., 2009.
Hetastarch Co-loading is As Effective As Pre-loading for The Prevention of
Hypotension Following Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery,
International Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia, 18 : 150-155.
Cesur, M., Alici, A., Erdem, F., Borekci, F., Silbir, F., 2007. Spinal Anesthesia
with Sequential Administration of Plain and Hyperbaric Bupivacaine
Provides Satisfactory Analgesia with Hemodynamic Stability in Cesarean
Section, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 17, 217-222.
Choong, K., Kho, M.E., Menon, K., Bohn, D., 2006, Hypotonic versus Isotonic
Saline in Hospitalised Children : A Systematic Review, Arch Dis Child, 91 :
828-835.
Datta, S. 2006. Obstetric Anesthesia Handbook. 4th edition, SpRinger inc.
Davies, P. & French, G.W.G., 2006. A Randomised Trial Comparing 5 ml/kgbb
and 10 ml/kgbb of Pentastarch As A Volume Preload Before Spinal
Anesthesia for Elective Caesarean Section. International Journal of
Obstetric Anaesthesia, 15 : 279-283.
Dyer, R.A., Farina, Z., Joubert, I.A., Du Toit, P., Meyer, M., Torr, G., Wells, K.,
James, M.F. 2004. Crystalloid Preload versus Rapid Crystalloid
Administration After Induction of Spinal Anesthesia Coload for Elective
Caesarean Section. Anest Intensive Care, 32 : 351-7.

Efendi, E., 2012. Perbandingan Pemberian Cairan Ringerfundin Saat Anestesi

Spinal (Coload) dengan Cairan HES Sebelum Anestesi Spinal (Preload)
Terhadap Hemodinamik Ibu dan Skor Apgar Bayi pada Seksio Sesarea.
Tesis, Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung.
Ewaldsson, C.A. & Hahn, R.G. 2001. Volume kinetics of Ringers Solution
During Induction of Spinal and General Anesthesia. British Journal of
Anesthesia, vol. 87 (3): 406-16.
Hahn, R.G., 2010. Volume Kinetics for Infusion Fluids. Anesthesiology, 2 : 113.
Heidemann, B.H., 2004. Changes in Maternal Physiology During Pregnancy,
Update in Anaesthesia.
Jabalameli, M., Soltani, H.A., Hashemi, J., Behdad, S., Soleimani, B., 2012.
Prevention of Post-Spinal Hypotension Using Crystalloid, Colloid and
Ephedrin with Three Different Combination : A Double Blind Randomized
Study. Advanced Biomedical Research, vol 1, issue 2.
Jacob, J.J., Williams, A., Verghese, M., Afzal, L. 2012. Crystalloid Preload versus
Crystalloid Coload for Parturients Undergoing Cesarean Section Under
Spinal Anesthesia. Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia and Critical Care, JanJun 2012, vol 2 issue 1.
Kamenik, M. & Erzen V.P., 2001. The Effects of Lactated Ringers Solution
Infusion on Cardiac Output Changes After Spinal Anesthesia.
Anesthesia&Analgesia, 92 : 710-4.
Kaye, A.D. & Riopelle J.M., 2009. Intravascular Fluid and Electrolyte
Physiology. Dalam : Miller, R.D., editor. Miller's Anesthesia. Seventh
Edition ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
Kleinman, W., Mikhail, M., 2006. Spinal, Epidural, & Caudal Blocks. Dalam :
Morgan, G.E., Murray, M.J., editor, Clinical Anesthesiology. 4 Edition ed.,
New York, McGraw Hill Company.
Ledowski, T., Paech, M.J., Browning, R., Preuss, J., Schug, S.A., 2010. An
Observational Study of Skin Conductance Monitoring as A Means of
Predicting Hypotension from Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Delivery,
International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 19, 282-286.
Lirk, P., Kleber, N., Mitterschiffthaler, G., Keller, C., Benzer, A., Putz, G., 2010.
Pulmonary Effects of Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine, and Pulmonary Effects of
Bupivacaine, Ropivacaine and Elective Caesarean Delivery : A
Randomised Controlled Study, International Journal of Obstetric
Anesthesia, 19, 287-292.

Lobo, D.N., Lewington, A.J.P., Allison, S.P., 2013. Basic Concepts of Fluid and
Electrolyte Therapy, Die Deutsche Bibliothek, 1-134.
Magalhaes, E., Goveia, C.S., Ladeira, L.C.A., Nascimento, B.G., Kluthcouski,
S.M.C. 2009. Ephedrine Versus Phenylephrine: Prevention of Hypotension
during Spinal Block for Cesarean Section and Effects on the Fetus. Revista
Brasileira de Anestesiologia, vol.59 no.1.
Martinez, R., Santiveri, X., Arxer, A., Pardina, B., Castillo, J., 2007. Prevention of
Spinal-Induced Hypotension by Bolus Injection of Lactate Ringers
Solution and Hydroxyethyl Starch. European Journal of Anesthesia, 92 :
bAP4-1.
McArthur, A., 2002. Solving the Problem of Spinal-Induced Hypotension in
Obstetric Anesthesia. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia, 49(6):536-39.
Mercier, F.J., Roger, C.S., Smaja, M., Westerman, M., Foiret, C., Fischler, M.,
2004. Crystalloid Pre-loading vs Post-loading for The Prevention of
Hypotension with Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Delivery (abstract).
Anesthesiology, 100 : A18.
Mercier, F.J. 2011. Fluid Loading for Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal
Anesthesia: Have We studied All The Options? Anesthesia-Analgesia, vol.
113 no.4.
Morgan, G.E., Mikhail, M.S., Murray, M.J., 2006. Management of Patients with
Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances. Dalam : Morgan, G.E., Mikhail, M.S.,
Murray, M.J. Clinical Anesthesiology. 4th edition. McGraw Hill, Hal. 662
690.
Mulyono, I., Harijanto, E., Rahardjo, E., 2009. Cairan Kristaloid. Dalam :
Harijanto, E., editor. Panduan Tatalaksana Terapi Cairan Perioperatif.
Jakarta: PP IDSAI, hal. 108-16.
Muzlifah, K.B. & Choy, Y.C. 2009. Comparison Between Preloading with 10
ml/kgbb and 20 ml/kgbb of Ringers Lactate in Preventing Hypotension
During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Section. Medical Journal of
Malaysia, vol 64:2.
Neal, J.M., 2000. Hypotension and Bradycardia During Spinal Anestesia :
Significance, Prevention and Treatment, articles WB Saunders Company.
Norberg, A., 2007. Measurement of Body Fluid Volumes In Vivo. Dalam : Hahn,
R.G., Prough, D.S., Svensen, C.H., Perioperative Fluid Therapy. Informa
Healthcare USA, Inc. New York, Hal. 1 12.

Ouerghi, S., Bougacha, M.A., Frikha, N., Mestiri, T., Ammar, M.B., Mebazaa,
M.S. 2010. Combined Use of Crystalloid Preload and Low Dose Spinal
Anesthesia for Preventing Hypotension in Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean
Delivery : A Randomized Controlled Trial. Middle East Journals
Anesthesia, 20(5).
Prakash, S., Pramanik, V., Chellani, H., Salhan, S., Gogia, A.R., 2010. Maternal
and Neonatal Effects of Bolus Administration of Ephedrin and
Phenylephrine During Spinal Anesthesia for Caesarean Delivery : A
Randomised Study, International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia, 19, 24-30
Prough D.S. & Svensen, C.H. 2007. Crystalloid Solution. Dalam : Hahn, R.,
Prough, D.S., Svenssen, C.H., editor. Perioperative Fluid Therapy. New
York: Informa Healthcare, p. 137-148.
Sastroasmoro, S. & Ismael, S., 2002. Pemilihan Subyek Penelitian. Dalam : Dasar
dasar Metodologi Penelitian Klinis. Bab 5, hal. 78-92.
Sayyid, M.S., Nasr, V.G., Taha, S.K., Zbeide, R.A., Shehade, J.M.A., Alami,
A.A., Mokadem, F.H., Abdallah, F.W., Baraka, A.S., Auoad, M.T., 2009. A
Randomized Trial Comparing Colloid Preload to Coload During Spinal
Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Delivery. Obstetric Anesthesia, Vol 109
No 4.
Stoelting, R.K. & Hiller, S.C., 2006. Pharmacology & Physiology in Anesthetic
Practice. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Tavernier, B., Faivre, S., Bourdon, C., 2010. Hyperchloremic Acidosis During
Plasma Expansion. Dalam : Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion
Medicine, 11: 3-9.
Teoh, W.H.L. & Sia, A.T.H. 2009. Colloid Preload Versus Coload for Spinal
Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery : The Effects on Maternal Cardiac Output.
Obstetric Anesthesiology, vol. 108 no 5.
Ueyama, H., He, Y.L., Tanigami, H., Mashimo, T., Yoshiya, I., 1999. Effects of
Crystalloid and Colloid preload on Blood Volume in The Parturient
Undergoing Spinal Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Section.
Anesthesiology, 91 : 1571-6.
Velde, M.V.D. 2006. Spinal Anesthesia in The Obstetric Patient : Prevention and
Treatment of Hypotension. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgia, 57,4.

Weeks, S. 2000. Reflections on Hypotension During Cesarean Section Under

Spinal Anesthesia: do we need to use colloid?. Canadian Journal of
Anesthesia, 47(7):607-10.
Williamson, W., Burks, D., Pipkin, J., Burkard, J.F., Osnorne, L., Pellegrini, J.E.
2009. Effect of Timing of Fluid Bolus on Reduction of Spinal-Induced
Hypotension in Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Delivery. AANA
Journal, april 2009, vol. 77 no. 2.
Zadak, Z., Hyspler, R., Hronek, M., Ticha, A., 2010. The Energetic and Metabolic
Effect of Ringerfundin (B.Braun) Infusion and Comparison with Plasmalyte (Baxter) in Healthy Volunteers, Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove), 53(3) :
131-137.