BEKP 2443

PENGANTAR KEJURUTERAAN KUASA

Lecture 7 : Power Transformers

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA

Learning Outcomes:
To review basic concepts and establish
terminology & notation for :The ideal transformer (3.1)

Equivalent circuit for practical

transformers(3.2)
3 phase transformers & phase shift (3.4)

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Transformers Overview
Transformer = a device that transfers electrical

energy from one circuit to another through inductively

coupled conductors/coil.
Operation Principle : A varying current in the first or
primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in
the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic
field through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding by a
process called mutual induction.
1st development of commercial transformer started in
1885 by William Stanley

Type of Tranformers (application)

Power Transformers
- Unit transformer
- Substation transformer
- Distribution transformer

High Frequency Transformers

- DC-DC converter
- Switching Mode Power Supply
- Uninterruptible Power Supply

Sensing (Instrument) Transformers

- Potential Transformer
- Current Transformer

Type of Transformers
Step-up transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is greater
than the primary voltage.
Step-down transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is less
than the primary voltage.
Isolation transformer
- provides a secondary voltage that is equal to
the primary voltage.
- to isolate the power supply electrically from
the power line, which serves as a protection.
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Other classification of Power Transformer

Pole-mounted transformer

Current transformer (CT)

Household transformer

Dry type distribution transformer

power transformer
(oil immersed)

IDEAL TRANSFORMER
An ideal transformer has:
no real power losses (no winding resistance)
magnetic core has infinite permeability (no core

reluctance, similar to resistance in elec circuit))

no leakage flux (all flux is confined in the core &
links both primary & secondary windings)
No core losses
Well define the primary side of the transformer as
the side that usually takes power, and the secondary
as the side that usually delivers power.
primary is usually the side with the higher voltage,
but may be the low voltage side on a generator
step-up transformer.

Physical Model of Ideal Transformer

Made up of
inductors/coils
Not electrically
connected.
An AC voltage
applied to the primary
induces an AC voltage
in the secondary.

Voltage polarity and current direction

Ip

Is

Dot Convention/standard:
1.

If the primary voltage is positive at the dotted end of winding with

respect to undotted end, then the secondary voltage will be positive at
the dotted end also. Voltage polarities are the same with respect to the
dots on each of the core

2.

If primary current of the transformer flows into the dotted end of the
primary winding, the secondary current will flow out the dotted end of
the secondary winding

Voltage polarity and current direction

The direction of the windings determines the polarity
of the voltage across the secondary winding with
respect to the voltage across the primary. Phase dots
are sometimes used to indicate polarities.

In phase

Out of phase

Equivalent Circuit of 2 winding,

1 Transformer
Notation:
1=primary
2=secondary

2 Winding, 1 Transformer (Voltage

Relationships Between Primary & Secondary)

From Faradays Law & Lenzs law, the turns ratio of a transformer is equal to the voltage
ratio of the component:

V1 N1

V2 N 2

and we
define also

N1
at
N2

at ampere turns ratio

For example:

V2

N2
1
V1 (120Vac ) 30Vac
N1
4
12

2 winding, 1 Transformer (current

relationships between primary & secondary)

Assuming the transformer is 100% efficient, then the

power delivered & received from winding 1 to winding
2 is SAME, thus:

S1 V I V I S 2

and

Therefore:

I 2 N1

I1 N 2

*
1 1

*
2 2

I 2 V1

I1 V2

13

Example 1
Consider the source, transformer, and load shown in the circuit below. Determine the
rms values of the currents and voltages (a) with the switch open and (b) with the switch
closed.

Solution
Voltage applied to the primary,

V1 (rms) 110V
N
1
V2 (rms) 2 V1 (rms) (110) 22V
N1
5
(a) With the switch open, the secondary current is zero. Hence, the primary current is also zero.
Why?. Because no power transfer between the two circuit (remember : S=VI*).
(b) With the switch closed:
V (rms) 22
I 2 (rms) 2

2.2 A
RL
10

I1 (rms)

N2
1
I 2 (rms) (2.2) 0.44 A
N1
5
14

Transformer Rating
The rating of a transformer is stated as Volt Ampere (VA)

that it can transform without overheating.

The transformer rating can be calculated as either V1I1 or
V2I2 where I2 is the full load secondary current.
E.g. transformer is rated at 20kVA, 480/120V, 60Hz :
Means: This transformer is capable of transferring a normal/nominal

of up to 20kVA of complex power between primary & secondary

winding. Its primary & secondary winding is capable of having a
nominal/normal voltage of up to 480V & 120V respectively. The whole
transformer can only be placed at a system with frequency of 60Hz.

Impedance
Transformation/Reflection

The phasor current and voltage in the secondary are related to the load impedance by

V2
Z2
I2
Then,
N1 V
N 1
2

Z2
N
2 I
N 1
1

Secondary impedance referred to primary:

The
impedance
seen by the
source
(referred to
primary &
secondary)
are:

V1 N1
Z 2 at2 Z 2
Z2

I1 N 2

Primary impedance referred to secondary :

2

V2 N 2
Z1
Z1 2
Z1

I 2 N1
at

Example of Reflection of impedances & equivalent

circuit
Secondary impedance referred to primary:
2

V1 N1
Z 2 at2 Z 2
Z2

I1 N 2
'

Primary impedance referred to secondary :

2

V2 N 2
Z
Z1 21
Z

I 2 N1
at
"
1

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Example 2 (Glover, pg100)

A single phase , 2 winding transformer is rated at 20kVA,

480/120V, 60Hz. A source connected to the 480V winding

supplies an impedance load connected to the secondary
winding. When the secondary voltage is at 118V, the load
absorbs 15kVA at 0.8pf lagging.(assume ideal transformer
& select 118 V as reference) Calculate:
a) Voltage applied across the primary winding (V1)
b) The actual load impedance (Z2)

The load impedance referred to the primary winding (Z2)

d) The real & reactive power supplied at the primary
winding
c)

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Solution
Step1 : draw & label equivalent diagram (picture tells a 1000 words!!) &

write down all information given!.

info given :
N
480
1. at 1
4
N 2 120
2. S2 15kVA @ 0.8pf lag S 2 15 cos 1 (0.8) kVA
3. f 60Hz

a:

V1 atV2 4(1180o ) 4720o

b:

S 2 V2 I 2* (11800 ) I 2* 1536.87 o kVA

S
V
I 2* 2 12736.87 o I 2 127 36.87 o A 2
V2
Z2
Z2

V2
0.9336.87 o
I2

c:

Z 2' at Z 2 42 (0.9336.87o ) 14.8836.87o

d:

S 2 S1 1536.87 o kVA 12000 j 9000 P jQ

P 12000 W
Q 9000 Var

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Example 3
Consider the circuit shown below. Find the phasor currents and voltages at both primary &
secondary winding. Also, find the real & reactive power delivered to the load.

Solution

Z L (10 j 20)

Step1: Impedance at the secondary:

2
2
Step 2: Load Impedance

N
10
'
2
1
reflected/referred at the primary: Z L at Z L Z L (10 j 20) (1000 j 2000)

N2

Step 3: Total impedance

(all referred at primary)

Badariah Bais

ZT R1 Z L 1000 1000 j 2000 (2000 j 2000) 282845

'

KKKF163 Introduction to EE

Sem II 2006/07

20

ZT 282845

'

New equivalent circuit with load referred to primary

original circuit

Step 4: Primary current and

voltage (refer equivalent circuit
referred to primary):

Z L (1000 j 2000)

I1

VS
10000

0.3536 45 A
ZT 282845

V1 I1Z L (0.3536 45)(1000 j 2000)

'

(0.3536 45)(223663.43) 790.618.43V

Step 5: Secondary current and
voltage (refer original circuit):

I2

N1
10
I1 (0.3536 45) 3.536 45 A
N2
1

V2
Step 6: Real & Reactive Power
delivered to the load:
Badariah Bais

N2
1
V1 (790.618.43) 79.0618.43V
N1
10

S1 S 2 V2 I 2* (79.0618.43)(3.53645) 27963.4
S 2 P2 jQ 2

KKKF163 Introduction to EE

Sem II 2006/07

21

Rule of thumb to find primary & secondary winding

current & voltages

If given the turns ratio & you know the voltage or current of winding 1, you can always find
V&I for winding 2 by only using the turns ratio relationship.
If only given : turn ratio, impedances for winding 1 & 2, & source voltage (Vs) of winding 1,
then
To calculate V & I at winding 1
1. Reflect all impedance from winding 2 to 1
2. use Ohms law to calculate the V & I of winding A using the total impedance
(Total impedance = impedance at winding A plus the ones reflected at winding A)
To calculate V & I at winding 2
1. Convert V &I at winding A to winding B using only the turns ratio relationship
To calculate power
Power at winding A = power at winding B
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Real/Practical Transformer
Real transformers
have losses
have leakage flux
have finite permeability of
magnetic core
Real power losses
resistance in windings (i2 R)
core losses due to eddy
currents and hysteresis

Transformer Core losses

1. Eddy currents in the core
arises because of changing
flux in core. Eddy currents
are reduced by laminating
the core.
2. Hysteresis losses are
proportional to area of
BH curve and the
frequency. These losses
are reduced by using
material with a
thin BH curve

Equivalent Circuit of real transformer

Equivalent Circuit of real transformer

Phenomena physics represented by equivalent circuit
- Copper losses

Proportional to current square

Copper loss are resistive losses in the primary and secondary windings and are
modeled by resistor R1 and R2 connected to the primary and secondary winding
so respectively

- Core (eddy current) losses

Proportional to voltage square

Core loss current is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core that is
in phase with the aplied voltage, so it is modeled by a resistance Rc or Gc
connected with the primary winding

- Hysterisis current losses

Proportional to excitation frequency

The high excitation frequency is due to magnetic saturation in the transformer core

- Leakage flux
- Magnetization flux

Flux component which links winding 1 but does not link winding 2
Represented by magnetization inductance

Magnetization flux is flux produced by magnetization current

Equivalent circuit of single phase 2 winding

transformer & parameter definition

R1 = primary winding resistance I2R losses (real power loss)

R2 = secondary winding resistance I2R losses (real power loss)

X1= primary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive power loss)
X2= secondary winding leakage reactance I2X loss (reactive power loss)

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Equivalent circuit of single phase 2 winding

transformer

Im= magnetizing

N
I m I1 1 I1 jBm E1
N2
Rc
shunt inductor(susceptance)
where Bm
2
N1

Ic= core loss current

I e I c I m (Gc jBm ) E1
Ie = excitation current
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Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

Another version of equivalent circuits: All losses take into

account & secondary impedances all referred to primary
windings

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Another version of equivalent circuits: All losses take

into account & secondary impedances all referred to
primary windings

N1
N1
Z 2 I 2'
E1
V2
N2
N2
E1 V2' Z 2' I 2'

Z 2' R2' jX 2'

2

N1
R2
Z
N2
'
2

N1
X 2
j
N2

Another version of equivalent circuits: neglect core losses

(ignore shunt branch) & secondary impedances all referred
to primary windings

UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

Another version of equivalent circuits: neglect core losses

(ignore shunt branch) & ignore resistive winding losses with
secondary impedances all referred to primary windings

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Equivalent Circuit (referred to primary)only if (R1, X1 << Rc, Xm)

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the primary.
(R1, X1 << Rc, Xm)

- Move the excitation branch close to V1

Equivalent Circuit (referred to secondary)

Approximate equivalent circuit referred to the secondary.

(R1, X1 << Rc, Xm) - Move the excitation branch close to V1

Simplified circuit referred to one side.

-Neglect the excitation branch
(very high permeability core and very small core loss)

Method to determine equivalent

Circuit parameters for real transformer

PARAMETERS

Open-circuit test (no load)

to find the shunt admittance (Y)
Data given : I1/ Io and P1/ Po, you must know that V1 = rated voltage

no load

Io = open circuit current

No load

Short-circuit test
to find the series impedances (Z)
Data given : V1/ Vsc & P1/ Psc, you must know that I1/ Isc = rated current

Transformer Performance
- Efficiency of a transformer in percent is given by

output power

x100%
input power

- Voltage Regulation the change in the magnitude of the secondary terminal

voltage from no-load to full-load.
V V

Regulation

- Primary no-load.

Regulation

V1 V2'
V

'
2

x100

Refer to secondary
- Secondary no-load.

Regulation

V1' V2
V2

x100

2 nl

V2

x100

Refer to primary

Example 4
Data obtained from short-circuit and open-circuit tests of a 20 kVA, 480/120 V
60 Hz transformer are as follows. Determine the parameter of the equivalent
circuit.(solution: refer Glover, P 105~106)
Result of Short-circuit test: V1 = 35V & P1 = 300W
Result of Open-circuit test: I2 = 12A, & P2 = 200 W
Questions:
1. From the short circuit test, find the equivalent series impedances (neglect shunt
admittances)
2. From open circuit test, determine the shunt admittances (Ym) referred to
winding 1. neglect the series impedances.

solution
Part a: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of SC test & write down all info

given:
OR

Given :
V1 = 35V
P1 = 300W

I1 ISC

Srated
20kVA

42 A
V1, rated
480V

2
P I sc
R eq R eq

Z eq
X eq

P
300

0.173
2
2
I sc 42

V1 35

0.84
I1
42

R eq X eq
2

Z eq R eq 0.82
2

Z eq R eq jX eq 0.1728 j 0.82
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solution
Part b: step 1 draw equivalent circuit of OC test & write down all info given:

OR
480
Given :
120 480V , I o I1 N 2 I 2 120 12 3 A
V1 at V2
120
N1
480
I2 = 12A
P2 = 200W
V12
480 2
Rc

1152
P
200
V
480
I o I c jI m , I c 1
0.42 A
Rc
1152
Im

I o2 I c2 2.97 A

Xm

V1
161.6
Im

remember : Y m G c jB m , where Y m

1
1
1
, Gc
, Bm
Zm
Rc
Xm

G c 0.000868
B m 0.00619
Y m G c jB m 0.000868 j 0.00619 0.0063 82.02 o
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Example 5
A single phase transformer has 2000 turns on the
primary winding and 500 turns on the secondary.
Winding resistances are R1 = 2 and R2= 0.125 ;
leakage reactances are X1 = 8 and x2 = 0.5.
The resistance load on the secondary is 12.
(a)If the applied voltage at the terminals of the primary
is 1000V, determine V2 at the load terminal of the
transformer, neglecting magnetizing current.
(b) Compute the percent voltage regulation

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solution

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3 phase transformer
connections & phase shift

Three-phase Transformer

a. Three one-phase transformers are composed

to be a three-phase transformer bank

b. Three-phase transformer wrapped

around single three-legged core

Three-Phase Transformer
Connection technique
a
Wye (star)

Connect the end of

each winding at a
common point

Delta

Connect the end of

a winding with the
begining of another
winding

Three-Phase Transformer
Three-Phase Transformer Connections.

End of Lecture 7

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