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I. INTRODUCTION
OUBLY fed induction generators (DFIGs) are popular
configurations for large variable-speed constant-frequency wind generator systems [1][8]. As the penetration
of wind power continually increases, more wind turbines are
required to stay in grid connected during a grid fault. The DFIG
may successfully ride through by using appropriate control
strategies, and the power electronic devices [such as insulated
gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs)] connected in rotor circuits
may also be effectively protected during a grid fault [9][16].
A back-to-back pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter is
usually used in the rotor circuit of a large-scale DFIG system
[1]. Several control methods have been proposed to control the
rotor-side converter in order to realize the DFIG ride-through
[9][16]. For example, an improved control strategy has been
Manuscript received March 1, 2007; revised October 23, 2007. Recommended for publication by Associate Editor J. Guerrero.
J. Yao and Y. Liao are with the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China (e-mail: topyj@163.com; yongliaocqu@vip.
sina.com).
H. Li is with the State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment
and System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing
400044, China and also with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East DK-9220, Denmark (e-mail: cqulh@163.com).
Z. Chen is with the Institute of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg East DK-9220, Denmark, (e-mail: zch@ iet.aau.dk).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2008.921177
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When the bidirectional power is dynamically changed between the grid-side converter and the rotor-side converter, the
instantaneous power of the dc-link capacitor can be described
as
(1)
(3)
where
is the axis component of grid voltage,
and
are
the axis and axis components of grid current, respectively.
The active power and reactive power can be independently controlled with the double closed-loop strategy [2]. Fig. 2 shows the
control block diagram of a traditional vector control strategy for
the grid-side converter. The outer voltage control loop and inner
current control loop are used to realize the stable control of the
dc-link voltage.
In the back-to-back PWM converter of DFIG, the bidirectional power is transferred between the grid side and the generator rotor side. Under a constant dc-link voltage, the input power
from the grid side should be equal to the input power of the generator rotor when ignoring the power losses of power electronic
devices, the following (2) can be derived as:
(2)
,
and
are the instantaneous grid voltages, rewhere
,
and
are the instantaneous grid currents,
spectively,
is the instantaneous input power of grid-side
respectively,
converter,
,
and
are the instantaneous rotor voltages
,
and
are the instantaneous
of a DFIG, respectively,
is the instantaneous input
rotor currents, respectively, and
rotor power of a DFIG.
(4)
Thus, the above equation can be also rewritten as
(5)
Assuming the value of the instantaneous voltage,
, is
constant under a normal condition, the variation of dc-link
axis component
capacitor voltage is determined by the
, and the instantaneous power,
. The
of grid current,
current of dc-link capacitor will suddenly change as long
is varied, so that it may make the dc-link voltage
as
fluctuate. In addition, for the grid-side converter, the dynamic
response of outer dc-link voltage control loop is much slower
than that of the inner current control loop, so that the gridside converter can not transfer enough instantaneous energy
to the rotor-side converter when the generator rotor current
suddenly increases. On one hand, the capacitor will release
some stored energy to feed the rotor-side converter and the
YAO et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY OF LIMITING THE DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
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Fig. 3. Control block diagram of grid-side converter when grid voltage is constant.
Fig. 4. Control block diagram of grid-side converter during a grid voltage dip.
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YAO et al.: IMPROVED CONTROL STRATEGY OF LIMITING THE DC-LINK VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
The over-modulation PWM technology for the rotor-side converter is used to improve the ride-through control effect, and the
maximal rotor voltage is assumed to be a high value (1.35 p.u.).
3) The rated maximal current of the grid-side converter is set to
be 800 A, and the current limitation of the grid-side converter is
1700 A during a grid fault. 4) The over-modulation PWM technology for the grid-side converter is also used and the maximal
control voltage is set to be 1.5 p.u. 5) A three-phase symmetrical grid fault occurs at 3.5 s at the wind farm busbar, and it
is removed at 3.61 s. The fault causes the busbar voltage drops
down to 0.6 pu. The fault location is at the high voltage side of
the step-up transformer at the wind farm busbar.
Before the fault, the generator is controlled with the vector
control strategy described in paper [2]. The output reactive
power of DFIG is zero and the generator outputs the rated active power (2 MW) at a speed of 1950 r/min (the maximal slip
0.3). When the fault occurs at 3.5 s, the DFIG is controlled
to ride through the fault. In this case, the grid-side converter is
controlled by the proposed control strategy described in Fig. 4,
and the rotor-side converter is controlled by the control strategy
described in [14] and the back-to-back converter is still connected to the generator. After the grid fault is cleared at 3.61 s,
the control strategy of the grid-side converter is switched back
to the proposed control strategy described in Fig. 3. In addition,
when the grid voltage recovers at the time of 4 s, the rotor-side
converter is controlled again under the normal condition by the
vector control strategy described in paper [2].
Figs. 9 and 10 show the simulation results of the DFIG ridethrough control under a three-phase symmetrical grid fault.
is the three-phase modulation indices of rotor voltage.
is
the grid voltage, and the is grid current of the grid-side converter. Fig. 9(a) and (b) show the simulation results of the DFIG
system with the traditional control strategy of the grid-side converter during the fault and Fig. 10(a) and (b) show the simulation results with the proposed control strategy of the grid-side
converter.
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As it can be seen from Figs. 9 and 10, the DFIG can successfully ride through the grid fault by using either of two different control schemes when the stator voltage drops down to
0.6 p.u. However, it can be observed from Fig. 9(b), the dc-link
voltage excessively fluctuates in a large range with the change of
grid voltage by using the traditional double closed-loop control.
variable changes rapidly with the
From Fig. 9(b), the
change of the grid voltage, but the
variable changes slowly.
So, the grid-side converter can not feed the overmuch active current back to the grid or provide the enough active current to
supply the dc-link capacitor and rotor-side converter, and the
input peak current is only 1000 A. From Fig. 9(b), the maximal value of the dc-link voltage has arrived at 1520 V (the
rated value is 1200 V) during the fault, and the capacitor would
be under excessive voltage stress and possibly destroyed. The
minimum value of the dc-link voltage is 960 V, and it would
drop down to the much lower value if the input voltage of the
grid-side converter declines more deeply. As it can be seen in
Fig. 10(b), compared with the traditional control scheme, the
fluctuation range of the dc-link voltage can be limited to 50 V
by using the proposed control strategy. From Fig. 10(b),
changes rapidly with the change of
, so that the rapid
response of the input grid current can be realized whatever the
fault occurs or cleared.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, an improved control strategy of limiting the
dc-link voltage fluctuation is proposed for the grid-side converter based on the instantaneous power feedback scheme.
Furthermore, a single inner current control loop is also proposed for the control during a grid voltage dip. An experimental
rig is set up to validate the improved control strategy when the
grid voltage is constant, and a 2 MW DFIG wind power generation system is simulated to demonstrate the proposed control
strategy during the grid fault. The proposed control strategy has
been validated. Both the experimental and simulation results
have shown that the fluctuation of the dc-link voltage can be
effectively controlled by using the proposed control strategy.
Therefore, it may be helpful to improve the stability of the
doubly fed induction wind power generation system during the
grid faults.
APPENDIX A
EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEM PARAMETERS
Machine parameters
rated power: 7.5 kW Frequency: 50 Hz;
pole pairs: 3 Connection: Y/Y;
stator rated voltage: 380 V Stator rated current: 18 A;
rotor rated voltage: 185 V Rotor rated current: 28 A;
stator resistance: 0.8285 ;
stator leakage inductance: 3.579 mH;
rotor resistance: 0.7027 ;
rotor leakage inductance: 3.579 mH;
magnetizing inductance: 62.64 mH;
inertia: 0.15 kg m .
During the course of experiment, the line to line voltage of generator stator is 210 V, and the generator is connected with the
grid via a step-up transformer.
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Fig. 9. Simulation results of DFIG ride-through control (with the traditional control strategy of the grid-side converter).
Fig. 10. Simulation results of DFIG ride-through control (with the proposed control strategy of the grid-side converter).
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