Dr.

Maillacheruvu
POTENTIALLY USEFUL INFORMATION
1. UNITS AND CONVERSIONS
1 m = 103 cm = 103 mm = 106 m = 109 nanometer = 1012 picometer
Length

1 yard = 3 ft
Area

Volume

1 in = 2.54 cm

2
2
1 ft = 0.09290 m
2
2
1 ft = 144 in
3
1 ft = 7.48 gal
3
3
1 ft = 0.02832 m
3
1000 L = 1 m

1 acre = 43560 ft

3
1 cfs = 86400 ft /day
3
1 cms = 1 m /s = 35.31 cfs

Energy &
Power
Pressure
Temperature
Viscosity

-3

6
6
1 year = 365 days = 8760 hrs = 5.256 x 10 min = 3.1536 x 10 s
3
-6 3
1 gal/min = 1 gpm = 0.06369 L/sec = 0.002228 ft /s = 63.09 x 10 m /s

m
m
m
1 knot = 1.152 mph = 0.508 s
1 mile = 1.589 km = 0.441 s
3.6 km = 1 s = 2.25 mph
hour
hour
hour
-6
-6
-6
-6
1 ft/day = 12.70 x 10 km/h = 11.57 x 10 ft/s = 7.891 x 10 mph = 3.528 x 10 m/s
1 ft/s = 86400 ft/day = 1.097 km/hour = 0.6818 miles/hour = 0.3048 m/s
lb m
kg
1 slug = 32.2 lb
1
= 0.205
1 slug = 14.59 kg

m
2
2
m day
ft day
lb -ft
kg m
slug-ft
m
1N = 236.47 lb
1 N = 1000 dynes = 1
1 lb = 1
=
32.2
2
f
2
2
f
sec
sec
sec
ft-lb

f
1 watt = 1 Joule
1 calorie = 4.2 Joule
1 hp = 0.747 kW = 550 s
s
1psi = 144 psf = 6.871 kPa
1 atm = 101 kPa = 14.7 psia = 760 mm of Hg = 29.9 inches of Hg
o
o
o
T in R = T in F + 460 R
-4 N-s
1 centi-poise = 10
2
m

Concentration 1 mg 8.34
L

o
o
o
T in F = 1.8*(T in C) + 32 F

1 psi = 2.4 inches of Hg;

1 psf = 47.88 Pa

T in

1 N-s/m2 = 21.424 lb -s/ft2

f

o
o
K = T in C + 273 K

1 m2/s = 11.037 ft2/s

l bm

-3 kg
3
-3
3
-2
3
3 ; 1 kg/m = 1.94 x 10 slug/ ft = 6.24 x 10 lbm/ft
m
1 m2/s = 11.037 ft2/s
1 N/m3 = 6.70 lb /ft3
f

= 1 x 10
million gallons

1 m/s2 = 3.281 ft/s2

4 2
1 hectare = 10 m

3
3
3
1 liter = 0.2642 US gallon = 61.02 in = 0.03531 ft = 0.001308 yard

Discharge
Q

Force

1 mi = 5280 ft = 1760 yards

1 gal = 3.785 L = 3.785 x 10

1 day = 1440 min = 86400 s

Mass & mass

loading

1 foot = 12 in

7 2
1 square mile = 2.7878 x 10 ft

Time

Velocity

1 km = 0.6292 mi
1 mi = 1589 m

1 light year = 9.461 x 1015 m

2. STANDARD CONSTANTS FOR WATER

o
o
p = 1 atm; T = 10 C
p = 1 atm; T = 10 C
= Specific Wt
= Density
w
w
lb f
lb
kg
slug
N
9810
= 62.4
103
= 1.94
= 62.4 m
3
3
3
3
m
ft
m
ft
ft 3
o
o
p = 1 atm; T = 10 C
p = 1 atm; T = 10 C
Bulk Modulus
Surface Tension
9 N

= 0.073 N
E
= 2.2 x 10 2

m
water-air
v (water)
m

o
T = 10 C
= Absolute Viscosity
w
-4 N-s
1.31 x 10
2 = 1.31 cp
m
o
T = 10 C
Kinematic Viscosity
-6 2
= 1.31 x 10 m
s
w

o
Vapor pressure at 10 C
p = 1,230 Paabs
v

o
Vapor pressure at 100 C
p = 101,300 Paabs
v

o
Vapor pressure at 20 C
p = 2,340 Paabs
v

o
T = 25 C
= Absolute Viscosity
w
-4 N-s
0.89 x 10
2 = 0.89 cp
m
o
T = 25 C
Kinematic Viscosity
-6 2
= 0.89 x 10 m
s
w

Dr. Maillacheruvu
3. SELECTED STANDARD CONSTANTS
Standard
constants

= Adiabatic lapse rate

o
o
-3 K
-3 R
5.87 x 10 km = 3.221 x 10 ft

m
ft
g = 9.81 2 = 32.2 2
s
s

k = Boltzmann's constant
-16 erg
1.38 x 10
oK

4. GAS LAW EQUATIONS AND GAS CONSTANT EQUATIONS

Universal Gas Law
Value of R
Gas Constant Unit Conversions To get gas constant R
u
ft-lb
PV = n R T
for any gas
J
J
f
u
8.314 o
2.647 o
=1
o
as in
K-mol
K-mol
slug- R
P = pressure;
L
atm
J
L
atm
V = volume;
0.0821
101.267 o
=1
p = RT
o
o
n = number of moles
g-mol K
K-mol
g-mol K
R = Univ. gas const
3
Ru
u
cm atm
R=
82.05
T = Absolute Temperature
Molecular Wt.of Gas
o
g-mol K
ft-lb
ONE mole of any gas occupies
f
approximately 24.05 liters at
3.141
o
o
slug- R
298 K and 1 atm.

cal
1.99
o
mol- K
5. SELECTED INTEGRALS, DERIVATIVES AND EXPRESSIONS
C
dX
dX2 = X1 + Constant

dC
C
X = ln (X) + Constant
X

C = ln {Co }
C
o
X
a
2
r
f
e
2 r
(a-b)
r
o
dX
1
1
b =e
r
dr
=
{
}

2 = {X - X }

e
2
2
X
o
f
r

o
X
o
6. ATOMIC NUMBER AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF ELEMENTS
Element
Symbol
At. No.
Mol. Wt.
Element
Actinium
Aluminium (Aluminum)
Americium
Antimony (Stibium)
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Bohrium
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium (Cesium)
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper (Cuprum)

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
Bh
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu

89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
107
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29

227.0
27.0
243.0
121.8
39.9
74.9
210.0
137.3
247.0
9.0
209.0
264.0
10.8
79.9
112.4
132.9
40.1
251.0
12.0
140.1
35.5
52.0
58.9
63.5

Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium (Kalium)
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Roentgenium

dx2
(1-x )

1 1
=B -A

A
n
ln(e ) = n

Symbol

At. No.

Mol. Wt.

Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rg

42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
111

95.9
144.2
20.2
237.0
58.7
92.9
14.0
259.0
190.2
16.0
106.4
31.0
195.1
244.0
210.0
39.1
140.9
145.0
231.0
226.0
220.0
186.2
102.9
272.0

Dr. Maillacheruvu
Curium
Darmstadtium
Dubnium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold (Aurum)
Hafnium
Hassium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron (Ferrum)
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead (Plumbum)
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Meitnerium
Mendelevium
Mercury (Hydrargyrum)

Cm
Ds
Db
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
Hs
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Mt
Md
Hg

96
110
105
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
108
2
67
1
49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
109
101
80

247.0
271.0
262.0
162.5
2521.0
167.3
152.0
257.0
19.0
223.0
157.3
69.7
72.6
197.0
178.5
277.0
4.0
164.9
1.0
114.8
126.9
192.2
55.8
83.8
138.9
262.0
207.2
6.9
175.0
24.3
54.9
268.0
258.0
200.6

Rubidium
Ruthenium
Rutherfordium
Samarium
Scandium
Seaborgium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver (Argentum)
Sodium (Natrium)
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin (Stannum)
Titanium
Tungsten (Wolfram)
Ununbium
Ununhexium
Ununpentium
Ununquadium
Ununtrium
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium

Rb
Ru
Rf
Sm
Sc
Sg
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
Uub
Uuh
Uup
Uuq
Uut
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr

37
44
104
62
21
106
34
14
47
11
38
16
73
43
52
65
81
90
69
50
22
74
112
116
115
114
113
92
23
54
70
39
30
40

85.5
101.1
261.0
150.4
45.0
266.0
79.0
28.1
107.9
23.0
87.6
32.1
180.9
98.0
127.6
158.9
204.4
232.0
168.9
118.7
47.9
183.8
285.0
292.0
288.0
289.0
284.0
238.0
50.9
131.3
173.0
88.9
65.4
91.2

1.

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the equivalent weight of a compound/element will depend on the electrons transferred

2.

Molecular weight is commonly expressed as

3.
4.

gram
gmole
gram
Equivalent weight is commonly expressed as
equivalent
When chemical concentrations are expressed in units of mg/L as CaCO3, to convert the mg/L as CaCO3 to units of milliequivalents per liter (meq/L), divide
by 50 (1 meq/L 50 mg/L as CaCO3)

8. COMMON VALENCE STATES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS

Element & Form

Oxidation State(s)
Element & Form
H2
+1
H+

Oxidation State(s)
0

O2- (in combined form)

Ca++, Mg++

-2

O2

+2

Ca, Mg

K+, Na+
Mn
Fe
Cu
Cr
Ag
Hg

+1

K, Na

1.
2.
3.

+7, +6, +4, +3, +2, 0

+3, +2, 0
+2, +1, 0
+6, +3, 0
+1, 0
+2, +1, 0

C
N
P
S
Cl
I
Br
All gases in native (molecular) state have an oxidation state of 0 (e.g. such as O2, H2, N2, Cl2)

+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4

+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -3
+5, +4, +3, 0, -3
+6, +4, +2, 0, -2
+7, +5, +4, +3, +1, 0, -1
+7, +5, +1, 0, -1
+5, +1, 0, -1

All elements in native form have an oxidation state of 0 (e.g. Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, Ag, Hg, C, N, P, S)
The oxidation of an element releases electrons and the valence state of the oxidized element increases by number of electrons
transferred (e.g. when hydrogen (in H2 form) is oxidized to H+, the oxidation change of hydrogen increases from 0 to +1)

Dr. Maillacheruvu
9. CARBONATE CHEMISTRY
[HCO3-][H+]
Ka1
=
Ka1 = 10-6.3
[H2CO3*]
[CO32-][H+]
Ka2
=
Ka2 = 10-10.3
[HCO3-]
CTCO3
= [HCO3-] + [CO32-] + [H2CO3-]
Alkalinity
[HCO3-] + [CO32-] + [OH-] - [H+] -------- all in meq/L (or in mg/L as CaCO3)
10. REACTOR ENGINEERING EQUATIONS
C
- C
V
Ao
Af
==Q =
(-r )
Af
(r ) =
reaction rate for substance "A" at the endpoint
Af
C
=
concentration of substance "A" in the reactor at any time
A
C
=
concentration of substance "A" in the reactor at time t = 0
Ao
C
=
concentration of substance "A" in the reactor at end
Af
Volume of reactor "V"

=
Hydraulic residence time =
Flow rate "Q"
C
C
[t/]
o
ss
1
n-1
C (t) = (n-1)! (t/)
e
n! = n(n-1)(n-2)...!C =
n
n
k
in
{1 + n }
C
1
C
1
C
-(1/ +k)t
)
C = {1 + k}
C =
C = (1 - e
k n
in
in {1 + }
ss
n
C
ss
1
C
-k
-t/
C=C e
C = {1 + k}
C = (1 - e )
o
in
ss
Accumulation = Input - Output - Decrease due to consumption reaction + Increase due to a production reaction
C
t = - Advective flux + Disperive flux Reaction flux
D
E
kL
Pe = uL or uL
Da = u
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Co
(ux - v)x
Co
(ux + v)x
Rx - vt
Rx + vt
C = 2 exp 2D
erfc{
} + 2 exp 2D
erfc{
}
x
x
2 DxRt
2 DxRt
where

(-1)n y2n+1
n! (2n+1)

n=0
retardation factor, dimensionless

longitudinal dispersion coefficient, LT-2

k =

first-order degradation rate constant, T-1

molecular diffusion coefficient, LT-2

dispersivity, L

erfc (y) = 1 R
Dx
D*

Dx = ux + D*

v = ux
t

1+

4kDx
ux2

time, T

ux = longitudinal actual velocity of water, LT-1

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Dr. Maillacheruvu
11. SOME NUMERICAL METHODS
Euler method:
W(t)
Ci+1 = Ci + [ V - Ci][ti+1 - ti]
where, Ci = Old value of concentration (at time step = ti);
Ci+1 = New value of concentration (at time step = ti+1); [ti+1 - ti] = step size = h
Heun method:
W(t)
Ci+1 = Ci + [ V - Ci][ti+1 - ti]
where,
Ci = Old value of concentration (at time step = ti)
Ci+1 = New value of concentration (at time step = ti+1)
[ti+1 - ti] = step size = h
o
Predictor for initial value of concentration at the next time step (Ci+1 )
o
Ci+1 = Ci + f(ti,Ci)h
Corrector for "actual" value of concentration at the next time step (Ci+1)
f(ti,Ci) + f(ti+1,Ci+1)
Ci+1 = Ci +
h
2
Runge-Kutta 4th order method:
1
Ci+1 = Ci + [6 {k1 - 2 k2 + 2k3 + k4}]h
k1 = f(ti, Ci)
1
1
k2 = f{ti + 2 h, Ci + 2 hk1}
1
1
k3 = f{ti + 2 h, Ci + 2 hk2}
k4 = f{ti + h, Ci + hk3}
where, h is the step size or time interval; Ci is the value of the concentration at ith interval;
Ci+1 is the predicted value of the concentration at the (i+1)th interval
______________________________________________________________________________

12. PRESENT WORTH CALCULATIONS

______________________________________________________________________________
[(1 + i)n - 1]
Present worth factor =
i[1 + i]n
[(1 + i)n - 1]
=
A
x
PWF
=
A
where i is expressed as a decimal not %
(1 + i)n
i[1 + i]n
______________________________________________________________________________
PW =

Dr. Maillacheruvu
13. WATER QUALITY MODELING AND STREETER-PHELPS EQUATIONS
BOD AND STREAM WATER QUALITY EQUATIONS
-kt
BOD = L (1 - e )
t
0
-k (x/U)
L=L e 1
0
BOD = BOD exerted at any time t (when t = 5, it is called BOD5) --- units are mg/L
t
BOD = ultimate BOD--- units are mg/L; L = ultimate BOD at any point in the stream at a distance of x from the point of waste
u
discharge; L = ultimate BOD at any point in the stream at a distance of x from the point of waste discharge
0
k = BOD rate constant (day-1); k = stream reaeration rate constant (day-1);
1
2
x is the travel time t; x is distance downstream; U is stream speed or stream velocity
U
"
%
"
%
"
%
" k x%
k x
k x
$ k1L 0 '
D= $
[exp $ 1 ' - exp $ 2 ' ] + D exp $ 2 '
'
# U &
# U &
o
# U &
# k 2 k1 &

( )

!k L $
" k x%
Dc = # 1 0 & exp $ 1 '
k
# U &
" 2 %
C
=C -D
min
s
"
%
!k $
t = $ 1 ' ln{ # 2 & [1 c # k 2 k1 &
" k1 %

" D0 ( k 2 k1) %
$
' ]}
k1L 0
#
&

" D ( k k1) %
"
%
!k $
xc = U $ 1 ' ln { # 2 & [1 - $ 0 2
' ]}
k1L 0
# k 2 k1 &
" k1 %
#
&
D = DO deficit = (C - C)
s
C = saturation dissolved oxygen conc. (mg/L) at the temperature of the stream; C = conc. of dissolved oxygen at any point (mg/L); D is
s
o
the initial DO deficit (at point of waste discharge) = (C - C )
s
o
14. DIMENSIONLESS NUMBERS IN WATER QUALITY MODELING
D
E
1.
Dispersion number "d = UL or UL
UL
UL
2.
Peclet number "P " = D
or E
e
kL
3.
Damkohler number = D = UL
a
kE
4.
Estuary number = = 2
U
U*Diameter*
U*Diameter
5.
Reynolds Number, N =
=

Re
15. NON IDEAL PLUG FLOW MODEL
1.
Point Source Load
The general solution is of the form:
C = F*exp( x) + G*exp( x)
1
2
W
1
Ux
C = Q
exp{ 2E (1 + [1 + 4] }x 0
[1 + 4]
W
1
Ux
C = Q
exp{ 2E (1 - [1 + 4] x}x 0
[1 + 4]
kE
= 2 is the estuary number
U

Dr. Maillacheruvu
2.

Non-Point Source (or Distributed Load)

a.
x0
S
d
[1 + 4] - 1
-U a
C={k }
) (1 - exp{ 2E (1 +
2 [1 + 4]
0xa
S
d
[1 + 4] - 1
U(x-a)
C = { k }{1 ) exp[ 2E (1 +
2 [1 + 4]

Ux
[1 + 4] }) (exp{ 2E (1 +

[1 + 4] })

b.

xa
S
d
[1 + 4] + 1
-Ua
C={k }
) (1 - exp{ 2E (1 2 [1 + 4]
kE
= 2 is the estuary number
U

[1 + 4]] -

[1 + 4] + 1
2 [1 + 4]

exp{

U(x-a)
2E (1 -

[1 + 4] })

c.

[1 + 4] }) (exp{

U(x - a)
2E (1 -

[1 + 4] })

16. ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR VARIOUS CASES

Instantaneous Spill
No mixing
C
C
t = - U x - kC
kx
C(x or t) = C exp[- U ] = C exp[- kt]
o
o
Instantaneous Spill with Dispersion
2
C
C
C
=
E
t
2 - U x - kC
x
m
2
p
k[x - Ut]
C(x,t) =
exp[- kt]
4Et
2 ET
where m is the mass of the spike (or impulse input or instantaneous spill) for a case where the mass is initially concentrated at x =
p
0
Continuous Spill with Dispersion
2
C
C
C
=
E
t
2 - U x - kC
x
C
C
o
Ux
x - Ut
o
Ux
x + Ut
C = 2 exp 2E [1 - ] erfc{
} + 2 exp 2E [1 + ] erfc{
}
2 Et
2 Et
kE
where = 1 + 4 , = 2 and erfc(y) is the complementary error function for "y"
U
Spill that occurs for a finite time interval "" with Dispersion
2
C
C
C
=
E
t
2 - U x - kC
x
C
o
Ux
x - Ut
x - U(t - )
C =
}]
2 exp 2E [1 - ] [erfc{ 2 Et } - erfc{
2 E(t - )
C
o
Ux
x + Ut
x + U(t - )
+ 2 exp 2E [1 + ] [erfc{
} - erfc{
}]
2 Et
2 E(t - )
kE
where = 1 + 4 , = 2 is the estuary number, and erfc(y) is the complementary error function for "y"
U

Dr. Maillacheruvu
17. NUMERICAL DISCRETIZATION SCHEMES IN WATER QUALITY MODELING
1.
Discretization scheme for the general equation in water quality modeling:
2
C
C
=
E
t
2
x
2.

Explicit forward time centered space method (FTCS)

l+1
l
C i -Ci
C
=
t
t
l
l
l
2
C i+1 - 2C i + C i-1
C
=
2
2
x
x
l
l
l
C i+1 - 2C i + C i-1
l+1
l
Ci
= Ci + E {
} t
2
x

3.

Criterion for limitation on value for time step to obtain stable solutions
2
1 x
t < 2 E

4.

Explicit Solution for control-volume approach using weighted differences:

dC
V dt
= W(t) - Q C - Q C - kVC
in in
out
l+1
l
C i-Ci
l
l
l
l
l
'
l
l
'
l
V{
}=
W + Qi-1,i{i-1,iC i-1 - i-1,iC i} - Qi,i+1{i,i+1C i - i,i+1C i+1} + E i-1,i(C i-1 - C i) + E i,i+1(C i+1
t
i
l
l
- C i) - k iV iC i
C

l+1

l
i
V
i

W
i=

t
t + V
i
t
-V
i

t
'
l
{- Qi-1,ii-1,i - E i-1,i} C i-1 + {1 - V
i
'
l
[Qi,i+1i,i+1 - E i,i+1] C i+1

'
'
l
[- Qi-1,ii-1,i + Qi,i+1i,i+1 + E i-1,i + E i,i+1 + kiVi]} C

x
t < U
5.

Numerical Dispersion
E

6.

2
U t
= {U x [ - 1]} - { 2
n

Simple Implicit or backward-time centered-difference approximation (BTCS):

For centered difference approximation, = = 0.5 and the expression simplifies to:
l+1
W
i
U t
E t
2E t
l
l+1
l+1
Ci+ V
t
= {- 2 x 2 } C i-1 + {1 +
2 + kit} C i
i
(x)
(x)
Ut
E t
l+1
+ {2x +
2 } C i+1
(x)

Dr. Maillacheruvu
18.
1.

WATER QUALITY MODELING IN RIVERS AND STREAMS

Formulation of water-quality models follows the same general pattern as that for hydrologic models.

2.

Both types of models include continuity considerations combined with equations of motion and reaction.

3.

Important factors include: estimation of stream hydrology and geometry (bathymetry sometimes), point estimates for velocity and
depth, Gauss quadrature basis for selection of sampling points, and estimation of stream reach.

4.

Low-flow conditions (7Q10) are usually a basis for design.

m
Cumulative probability of occurrence = p = N +1 where m is the rank
1
Recurrence interval = T = p

5.

Dispersion and Mixing: Estimation of lateral and longitudinal dispersion coefficients

Longitudinal dispersion:
Fisher (1979):
2 2
U B
E
= 0.011
*
long
HU
*
U = shear velocity = gHS
McQuivey and Keefer (1974):
Q
E
= 0.05937 SB
long
Lateral dispersion:
Side discharge vs. central discharge
*
E
= 0.60 HU
lat

6.

Flow depth and velocity calculations: Manning's equation.

19. WATER QUALITY MODELING IN ESTUARIES

Net flow in estuaries can be computed using the following equation.
q T -q T
2 e e f f
Q
=
T +T

net
e f
DO and BOD in Streams and Rivers
-k x/U
k L e r(
)
k D
dD
d o
a
[ dx ] +
=
U
U
D =

kd Lo
k a k r

{exp( -kUrx ) exp( -kUax )}

0
+ D

-k x

D exp( Ua )
o o

Dr. Maillacheruvu
20. NEAR-SHORE MODELS FOR LAKES AND IMPOUNDMENTS
The general equation for advective dispersive 2-dimensional model for a lake receiving a point-source input which decays at a rate of "k"
is:
2
2
C
C
C
C
C
=
E
+
E
- U x - U y - kC
t
x x2
y y2
x
y
These models are useful if we want to analyze what happens due to discharge of waste into lakes, particularly bacterial counts in lakes due
to specific point discharges (which may then lead to closing of beaches etc.).
Selected Cases for Lakes and Impoundments
1.
Steady-state case in an infinite fluid with no advection. Further, we assume that dispersion is same in all directions.
2
kr
K {
E}
C
o
=
C
2
o
kr
o
K {
E }
o
where K {y}is the modified Bessel function of the second kind (Appendix F, Table F-2 on p. 819)
o
W
For a boundary condition at r = 0, C (0) = H
C=

W
K {
HE o

2
kr
E }

2.

Steady-state case in an infinite fluid with advection in one direction ("x" direction). Further, we assume that dispersion is same in
all directions.
U *x
x
U 2
W {exp[ 2E ]}
k
x
C =
K {r
+
[
E
2E ] }
HE
o

3.

Steady-state case in a bounded fluid with advection in one direction ("x" direction). Further, we assume that dispersion is same in
all directions.
U *x
x
U 2
W {exp[ 2E ]}
k
x
C =
K {r
+
[
] }
E
2E
HE
o

10

Dr. Maillacheruvu
21. STREETER PHELPS MODELS
Streeter-Phelps model for point sources
k
k
k

20
d
20
d
T

in day
in day
= k

-1

20
d

8
H

= 0.3[

= 0.3

x 1.024

for depth 8 ft
for depth 8 ft

(T - 20)

D U
L
3
H

k =
a
D

-1

2
ft
o
= diffusivity of oxygen in water (0.000081 hour at 20 C)

ft
U = velocity of stream, hour
H = depth of stream, feet
(T - 20)
k
= k
x 1.047
a,T
a,20

D = D e
0

-(kax/U)

k
d
D = k
c
a

L e
0

k L
d 0
-(k x/U)
-(k x/U))
+ k - k {e r
- e a
}
a r

- k rtc

k
a
ln{ k
r

1
t =k -k
c
a r

[1 -

D (k - k )
0 a r
k L
d 0

]}

Streeter-Phelps model for point & distributed sources, photosynthesis, respiration, & SOD
S
L
L = L exp(-k t) + k [1 - exp(-k t)]
0
r
r
r
'
S
B
k L
-P+R+ H
d o
-(k t)
-(k t)
D = D exp(-k t) + k - k [e r - e a ] +
[1 - exp(-k t)]
k
0
r
a
a r
a
k S
k S
d L
d L
+ k k [1 - exp(-k t)] - k [k - k ] [exp(-k t) - exp(-k t)]
a
r
a
r a
r a
r
Streeter-Phelps model for point sources in an advective-dispersive system
UX
L = L exp( 2E [1 ])
0
1
k W
d
D = [k - k ]Q
a d

1 +

1
UX
1
UX
{ (exp{ 2E [1 ]} (exp{ 2E [1 ]}}

1
2
1
2
4k E
r
2
U

1 +

11

4k E
a
2
U

1 W
Q
1

Dr. Maillacheruvu
22. TOXICS AND PARTITIONING
C = F C + F C
d
p
K m
d
F =1+K m
p
d

1
F =1+K m
d
d

where m = suspended solids concentration and K = partition coefficient

d
dC

1
1 dt
dC
2
V dt
2
V

= QC

in

- QC - V k C - Av F C - Av F C + v AC + Av F C - Av F C
1
1 1 1
v d1 1
s p1 1
r 2
d d2 2
d d1 1

= -V k C + Av F C - v AC - Av C + Av F C - Av F C
2 2 2
v p1 1 r 2
b 2
d d1 1
d d2 2
V F +V F
s p1
d d1
C = {V + k H + V + V F
}C
2
1
r
2 2
b
b d2
C

= C

in

Q
{Q + V k + Av F + (1 - Fr')A{v F + Av F }}
1 1
v d1
s p1
d d1
v +v F
r
d d2
F = v +v +v F +k H
r'
r
b
b d2
2 2
=

d1

d2

= 1+K

+K

d1

1
[mass of suspended solids]

1
F =1-F
(1 - ) p2
d2
d2

If sediment feedback is almost zero (Fr' 0),

Q
= {Q + V k + Av F + Av F }
1 1
v d1
s p1
If sediment feedback is overwhelming (Fr' 1),
Q
= {Q + V k + Av F }
1 1
v d1

12

p1

=1-F

d1