[Title goes here.

]
A sustainable future, liminal spaces, and cyborgs in The Moon is a
Harsh Mistress.
The events of the Twentieth Centurysuch as the World Wars, the Cold War, and the Space
Racechanged how humankind views the Earth. For the first time, the species began to
understand its place in the universe, leading to a shift in paradigms and the rise of ecocriticism
and New Wave science fiction. In particular, writers like Robert A. Heinlein developed a
fascination with exploring the relationships between technology, humankind, nature, and
space. Heinleins 1966 novel, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, stands as a testament to the
increasingly hazy line between the natural and the artificial. The text may be approaching its
fiftieth anniversary, but the ecocritical concerns it contains remain relevant. Moons spectrum
of cyborgs represent not only the ultimate meld between nature and technology, but also the
ethical dilemmas inherent in that narrowing gap.

Alan Hendricks
hend4662@vandals.uidaho.edu
5/12/2015
University of Idaho
Professor Brandon Schrand

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Table of Contents
Introduction: Swinging Sixties. ..................................................................................................................... 2
New Frontiers: What is a cyborg? ................................................................................................................ 5
MIKE: That dinkum thinkum. ....................................................................................................................... 7
Mannie: A multi-racial, disabled, poly-married man walks into a bar ...................................................... 7
Luna: A demanding lady with ruthless standards. ....................................................................................... 8
Terra and Her Daughter: There aint no such thing as a free lunch............................................................. 8
Conclusion: Were all in this together.......................................................................................................... 8
Works Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Other Works Consulted .............................................................................................................................. 14

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Introduction: Swinging Sixties.

The 1960s stood at the intersection of a changing world: with the World Wars looming
oppressively over the subsequent decades, the Cold War in full swing, and the Space Race
reaching the height of its fervor, both America and the rest of the globe had to confront the
reality that Earth would never again be the same. No map still had gaps at the borders; no places
remained unknown or untouched by what the Western world considered modernity and
progressand the frequent consequence of that progress had long ago revealed itself as war. The
only frontier left would take the human race beyond its home and into the void in which [our]
tiny planet hangs suspended like a soap bubble. The then-recent development of nuclear
weaponry forced humanity to grapple with the fact that it now had the ability to destroy its own
species and even its planet. Collectively, this unique junction of issues led to the first realistic
efforts to reach outer space.
For the first time in human history, [we] began to truly understand [our] planets place in
the heavens. This was the impetus behind President John F. Kennedys 1961 assertion that the
US, should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on
the moon and returning him safely to the Earth.1 Indeed, despite President Nixons faults and
eventual disgrace, he made good on his predecessors promise; the Apollo 11 mission landed on
the moon on July 20th, 1969, the entire world watching rapt as Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
first stepped onto extra-terrestrial soil and claimed the honor of making one small step for [a]
man, one giant leap for mankind.2 This achievement signaled that the US had beat the USSR on
the race to the moon. But the moon landing, and everything that had led to it during the Sixties,
represented more than the end of the Space Race. Though the famous blue marble images of
Earth did not exist until 19693, mankinds collective focus on the stars had begun to raise
questions about the nature of Earthsand [our] speciesplace in the universe.
As events as monumental as the first manned lunar landing often do, it cast deep ripples
that touched every aspect of American culturenot least of which included the imaginations of
contemporary writers. Literary critics first coined science fiction as a specific genre in the
1930s, but according to the writers of The Routledge Concise History of Science Fiction, texts
containing elements that are now synonymous with SF were in circulation long before.4 These
same critical institutions were quick to call the surge of quality sci-fi the New Wave. However,
writer Harlan Ellison, who has been referred to as the prophet of that movement, rejects the
notion that there was a new era at all. He states instead that writers of SF had been pushing since
the Thirties for the genre to be more than philosophically amusing problems populated by besmocked technicians and their busty daughters.5 Yet the commercial appetites of the public and
the dismissal of editors had long restricted writers from tackling heavier subjects in a genre
typically regarded as shallow entertainment. Ellison characterizes the emergence of
experimental, literary SF more as a revolution midwifed by increasingly common mass-market
paperbacks and original anthologies. Even authors who had started writing in previous decades
claimed the revolution as an opportunity to bring new maturity to the genre. And by the late
1960s, it was over for the adherents of the two-dimensional Old Wave. Wave or no wave, what
had been loosed could not be caged again. Writers, once having tasted a new freedom of subject
matter, style and honesty, refused to return to the restrictive modes of scientifiction (original
(JFKs Moon Shot Speech)
(Plimpton 113)
3
(Canavan 8, If This Goes On)
4
(Bould and Vint 1, Concise History)
5
(Ellison 40)
1
2

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emphasis).6 Ellison goes on to say:

But make no mistake: it was no conscious movement by any
one group of writers. It was merely a reflection of what was
happening in the world during the Sixties. A dawning social
consciousness, the youth rebellion, the civil rights movement, the
rise of Third World powers, a reaction to the widespread
repressiveness of established governments, a time of involvement
and turmoilthese were the tremors that shocked our younger
writers and our more adaptable older writers.7
The writers involved had not conspired to create such a movement. Instead, they were simply
responding to the changing times in which they lived. Despite critics rote accusations that SF
writers engage in a reality-evading syndrome8, the 1960s heralded a change: a new era in
which sci-fi did not refuse to face reality because it deals fundamentally and primarily with
reality as opposed to fantasy.9 Human technological development has created an age [our]
ancestors could only envision in dreamsan era when the implicit fiction of the genre begins to
look something more like the thin edge of the future as it breaks into the present.10
These same factors ultimately led to environmentalism and the academic discipline of
ecocriticism with which it goes hand-in-hand. Dangerous potentialities of a nuclear war had
changed the way humankind viewed the scope of its influence on the environment; furthermore,
the Space Race solidified a growing consciousness of the Earth as a tiny, fragile ball dwarfed by
the sheer massiveness of space. Consequently, mankind began to develop an awareness of how
its actions affected the global ecosystem. Earths most recent geological Period is officially
named the Quaternary, but ecologists have proposed an alternative moniker: the Anthropocene.
This describes the epoch in which human activities have a significant, and visible, impact on the
Earth. Though the term did not gain its modern usage until the 1980s11, a paper published by the
International Anthropocene Working group slated the date of its beginning as July 16th, 1945
the date of Trinity, the first detonation of a nuclear weapon.12 Even before scientists coined this
term, scholars like Rachel Carson were pointing out mankinds footprint. Houghton Mifflin
published Carsons book Silent Spring in 1962a publication which kick-started the
environmental movement and led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency.13
With such events contributing to the chaotic Swinging Sixties, even Ellisons adaptable older
writers14 could not escape the deeply penetrating influence of the era.
Among these, Robert A. Heinlein embraced the aforementioned new wave of SF despite
the fact that it matured midway through his career. Born in 1907, Heinlein first published his
work in 1939 and continued to do so until his death in 1988. His collective works consisted of 32
novels, 59 short stories, and 16 collections of stories published during his lifeposthumously,
his wife Virginia Heinlein and others have organized the publication of four more collections,
two poems, and three nonfiction books.15 To this day, Heinlein is considered one of the Big

(Ellison 41)
(Ellison 42)
8
(Dick 49, SF Writer)
9
(Dick 49, SF Writer)
10
(Canavan x, Preface)
11
(Revkin)
12
(Sanders)
13
(Paul)
14
(Ellison 42)
15
(Internet Speculative Fiction Database)
7

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Three of SF writers alongside Arthur C. Clarke and Isaac Asimov.16

The middle period of his work straddled the Sixties and the first few years of the
Seventies. During this time, Heinleins already lofty reputation gained even more renown as he
published some of his most-famous works: Stranger in a Strange Land (1961), The Moon is a
Harsh Mistress (1966), and Time Enough For Love (1973). More than ever before, Heinleins
views on libertarianism, radical individualism, and free love took on spotlight roles with the
increasing movement of SF writers who sought to tackle heavier topics than had previously been
their lot. One critic has praised Heinlein for his exploration of questions regarding political
powerour responsibilities to one anotherand in the realm of personal freedom, particularly
sexual freedom.17 Additionally, Heinlein espoused anti-racism throughout his life, and many of
his works feature non-white protagonists.18 The character of Mr. Kiku in juvenile novel The Star
Beast is outright stated to be from Africa, with ebony black skin, and involved in an arranged
marriage that pushes back against the standard Western views of such a union.19 The narrator of
Starship Trooperswho throughout the original novel was referred to as Johnny Ricoreveals
toward the end of the narrative that his actual name is Juan Rico: his family is Filipino, and
Juan/Johnny is bilingual in Tagalog as well as English.20 This type of scheme in which Heinlein
invites his audience to empathize with a character and subsequently reveals their ethnicity,
makes frequent appearances throughout his works; Heinlein included these elements in his
novels in order to challenge racial preconceptions during an era when the Civil Rights Movement
still struggled against institutionalized racism.21 Nearly all of the characters in The Moon is a
Harsh Mistress are multi-racial: the result of a blended society that the formerly-penal Lunar
colony had achieved through generations of amalgamation.22 Appropriately, one of Heinleins
greatest strengths as an SF writer (in addition to his well-researched and physically feasible
technologies, especially in Moon) are the well-developed characters that populate his stories. At
a lecture delivered in 1976, Ursula K. Le Guin asserts that the true mark of a novel is a character
she names representatively as Mrs Brown, taken from Virginia Woolfs essay Mr Bennett and
Mrs Brown. Great novelists, Le Guin argues, are able to show what they want to say through a
character rather than lengthy diatribes divorced from actual humanity.23 She goes on to say, A
quite good simple test to detect the presence or absence of Mrs Brown in a work of fiction is this:
A month or so after reading the book, can you remember her name?24 For those who have read
The Moon is a Harsh Mistress, the resounding answer can only be, Yes.
Publicly, Heinlein spoke little about his views on environmentalism and ecology.
Documents do exist that attest to his opinion that nuclear weapons tests should not be
discontinued.25 Subsequent to the end of World War II in 1945, Heinlein espoused the belief that
the only reliable way to avoid nuclear annihilation was to develop a strong and fair world
government.26 During his life, he shifted from taking a socialist political stance to a conservative,
libertarian one; as a result, he has frequently been criticized as controversial and even

16

(Parrinder 81)
(Hull 42)
18
(Pearson)
19
(Heinlein 31, The Star Beast)
20
(Heinlein, Starship Troopers)
21
(Gifford 201)
22
(Heinlein, The Moon is a Harsh Mistress)
23
(Le Guin 16)
24
(Le Guin 18)
25
(Miller)
26
(Wooster)
17

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contradictory.27 Yet despite his often-times confusing balance between liberal thinking and
problematic opinions, one of the aphorisms from The Notebooks of Lazarus Longan
Intermission section in the novel Time Enough for Lovemakes clear how Heinlein felt
regarding mans relationship with nature:
There are hidden contradictions in the minds of people who love
Nature while deploring the artificialities with which Man has
spoiled Nature. The obvious contradiction lies in their choice of
words, which imply that Man and his artifacts are not part of
Naturebut beavers and their dams are.28
No character in The Moon is a Harsh Mistress makes similar commentsthe views Heinlein
expressed through the characters in that novel had more to do with individual freedom, both of
political and sexual choice. However, the narrative implicitly points to this same theme, a claim
which will be further elaborated upon later in this text.
Moon has been praised by numerous critics and scholars alike as one of Heinleins
masterpieces, even ashis most enjoyable book.29 It has received several awards, including a
Nebula Award (1966)30, a Hugo Award (1967)31, and a Prometheus Award (1983).32 The backcover synopsis of the 1997 Orb Books printing summarizes it thusly:
It is a tale of revolution, of the rebellion of the former Lunar penal
colony against the Lunar Authority that controls it from Earth. It is
the tale of the disparate peoplea computer technician, a vigorous
young female agitator, and an elderly academicwho become the
rebel movements leaders. And it is the story of Mike, the
supercomputer whose sentience is known only to this inner circle,
and who for reasons of his own is committed to the revolutions
ultimate success.33
At the outset, this does not appear to be a novel devotedly interested in environmentalism.
However, it was the crucible of the Sixties that ultimately led Heinlein to pen this text, which
grapples with and endeavors to explore the relationships between technology, humankind,
nature, and space. The text may be approaching its fiftieth anniversary, but the ecocritical
concerns it contains remain relevant even in the twenty-first century. Events during the previous
millennium created a unique intersection of issues during the 1960s that led both to the rise of
environmentalism and new wave science fiction; The Moon is a Harsh Mistress merges these
two movements into one possible visiondemonstrating that for an environmentally and
ethically sound future, humankind must embrace liminal spaces including the increasingly hazy
line between nature and technology.

New Frontiers: What is a cyborg?

Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline first proposed and defined the term cyborg in
their 1960 article, Cyborgs and Space. Both researchers at Rockland State Hospital since the
1950s, the two men applied their combined disciplines of physiological instrumentation and
clinical psychology to grappling with the question of how mankind could best adapt to an age
27

(Sturgis)
(Heinlein 248, Time Enough for Love)
29
(Goia)
30
(1966 Award Winners & Nominees)
31
(1967 Award Winners & Nominees)
32
(Libertarian Futurist Society)
33
(Synopsis)
28

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where space travel was becoming a reality. Their thesis stated that, Altering mans bodily
functions to meet the requirements of extraterrestrial environments would be more logical than
providing an earthly environment for him in space, and they argued that the blend of biology
and technology would become the key to mankinds future adaptive evolution rather than the
alteration of hereditary genetics.34 Since leaving Earths atmosphere necessitated that Man would
encounter environments completely hostile to his basic biology, Clynes and Kline posited that
consciously managing spacecraft, tools, and his own life-support systems would prove infeasible
for any person. Instead, they posited that augmentations to a humans homeostatic systems,
which would ideally take care of such actions unconsciously and without the interference of the
individual human organism, would [leave] man free to explore, to create, to think, and to
feel.35
Though this concept had not been explicitly outlined until 1960, the idea of an enhanced
human first appeared in Jean de la Hires novel LHomme Qui Peut Vivre Dans Leau, or The
Man Who Can Live in Water (1908). The titular character, named Nyctalope, possesses an
artificial heart and night vision, though he would not be called a cyborg until long after the
publication of his source material.36 In recognition of this early literary character, the current
term that describes the process of becoming a cyborg has been christened nyctalopics. (This is
not to be confused with nyctalopia, the scientific term for night-blindness.)37
Since 1960, scientists as well as science fiction writers have been obsessed with cyborgs
and the other concepts that intersect them in a dizzying matrix of possibilityincluding but not
limited to bionics, cybernetics, and biomechatronics. Clynes and Klines article, and the
subsequent popular culture and legitimate scientific research that has gone into the development
of the idea, eventually spawned the ideological movement transhumanism (short-handed to H+
or h+).38 [Insert definition/explanation here]. This movement had been germinating since the
1923 publication of J.B.S. Haldanes essay, Daedalus: Science and the Future; a British
geneticist, Haldane wrote that humanity developing the ability to control its own genetics would
naturally predicate a wealthy, clean-energy society. Other writers have challenged the notion that
such developments would be beneficial, such as Aldous Huxley in Brave New World.39
Subsequent decades unfortunately linked the idea of genetic engineering with eugenics, which
was used as the reasoning behind atrocities from human rights violations of the disabled and
mentally ill in the US, to the infamous final solution of the Nazi regime. Understandably, those
determined not to repeat these dark histories have been soured on the idea of humans meddling
in these affairs.40
Yet despite criticisms that include the potential for genetic engineering and biological
modification to be abused by those in power, the transhumanist movement has been gaining
velocity ever since. It first began to take its contemporary shape through the shepherding of
futurology professor FM-2030, who taught at The New School during the 1960s and first
described individuals who embrace concepts or technologies that encourage posthumanity as
transhumanists.41

34

(Clynes and Kline 26)

(Clynes and Kline 27)
36
(de la Hire)
37
(Mann)
38
[citation needed]
39
(Bostrom 5-6)
40
(Bostrom 6-7)
41
(Hughes)
35

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1. Overview
a. History of term
b. Intersections with transhumanism, postgenderism, technogaianism, and cyborg
anthropology
2. Physical definitions
a. Man and machinedisabilities?
b. Multiracial
c. Anything that uses tools to better suit its environment [TED talk]
3. Mental definitions
a. Using a tool to better suit environment tie-in
b. Multi-identities: genders, sexualities, etc. Trans-humanism?
4. Global definitions
a. Technology and nature
i. Monitoring systems in Earth (patient hooked up to machines)
ii. Planet-sense
1. Man-kind and planet
5. Universal definitions
a. Earth and space
i. Possibility of colonies on moon, or Mars
ii. Outside of solar system not realistic, but

MIKE: That dinkum thinkum.

1. Personhood
a. Sentience and identity (genderfluid, multiple)
b. Religious
c. Philosophical
d. Biological/scientific
2. AIsbut made of materials from earth
3. Use of planet-sense
4. Alters self to better suit environment

Mannie: A multi-racial, disabled, poly-married man walks into a bar

1. Mannie himself
a. Multi-racial
b. Poly-married
c. Disabled
d. Cyborg
2. Culture of the Moon
a. Ambiguously brown
b. Not so ableist
c. Multispousal unions
i. [Type 1]
ii. [Type 2]
iii. Reproductive freedom
d. Cyborgs
i. Prevalence of physical cyborgs?
ii. Culture of mixed and liminal spaces
iii. Even reflected in language

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Luna: A demanding lady with ruthless standards.

1. Planetoid melded with technology
a. Monitoring constantly
2. Planet-sense
a. Colonists
b. MIKE

Terra and Her Daughter: There aint no such thing as a free lunch.
1. Terra relies on Moon
a. Government, colonized + exploitative
i. Must change for sustainable future
1. Echoes post-colonialism
2. Echoes environmental exploitation and need for change
2. Moon relies on Terra
a. Mankind mistakenly thinks of Earth as a cradle
i. Is not so and reasons why
b. Needs independence to mature
i. However, independence does not mean isolationism
1. Needs symbiosis to survive
ii. Stretches for modernity
iii. Refusal to be exploitated
c. Environmental and ethical rammifications of reliance on each other
i. TANSTAAFL
d. Homo sapiens must cultivate symbiosis EVERYWHERE
i. Inhospitbale void will not be kind

Conclusion: Were all in this together.

1. The only way to a healthy future is by embracing liminal spaces
a. This means an end to environmental exploitation
i. Utilize meld between technology and nature to help heal planet and
provide other opportunities
b. This means an end to bigotry
i. The future is no place for intolerance based on religion, race, creed,
gender, sexuality, and ability
c. This means an end to the fear of our own evolution
i. Mankind has effectively halted its natural evolution
ii. The only way forward now is through our technology
iii. This means embracing cyborgs, AIs, robots, etc.
1. These individuals CANNOT be denied personhood or their rights
simply based on the fact that we have made them
2. Would you deny personhood or rights to your biological children?
These ones are no different.
d. Rather than returning to a pastoral Eden or New Jerusalem [use terms from Green
Planets], we must strike a balance between the two, using one to support and
understand the other

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12 MAY 2015

i. Must face the reality that even if we succeed in colonizing other planets,
Earth needs to be saved for that to become feasible
ii. And if we dont, were killing our own life support system

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