1.

The two-step flow of communication model, or Multistep Flow Model, says that most
people form their opinions under the influence of opinion leaders, who in turn are influenced
by the mass media. So according to this model, ideas flow from mass media to opinion
leaders, and from them to a wider population.
2. mass media is communication that reaches and influences a large number of
people. An example of mass media is Google news.
3. The Fourth Estate (or fourth power) is a societal or political force or institution whose
influence is not consistently or officially recognized. "Fourth Estate" most commonly refers to
the news media, especially print journalism or "the press".
4.Regulation or statute that protects a person's right to be left alone, and governs
collection, storage, and release of his or her financial, medical, and other personal
information.
5. When an organization owns more than one type of media company, for example a
newspaper and a television station
6. Minimum (established for an attribute, characteristic, or parameter) which serves as

a benchmark for comparison or guidance and any breach of which may call for a
complete review of the situation or the redesign of a system.
An interest group organized to influence public and especially government policy but not to
elect candidates to office.
7.

8. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large, sometimes

informal, groupings of individuals or organizations which focus on specific political

or social issues. In other words, they carry out, resist or undo a social change.
9. Sectional pressure groups seek to represent the common interests of a particular
section of society. As a result, members of sectional pressure groups are directly
and personally concerned with the outcome of the campaign fought by the group
because they usually stand to gain professionally and/or economically.
10. Promotional pressure groups endeavor to promote a particular cause, and for
this reason are sometimes called cause groups. Promotional pressure groups are
not self-interested in that the achievement of their objectives is not necessarily of
direct professional or economic benefit to the members of the group.
11. Political parties are part of an organization of people which seeks to achieve goals
common to its members through the acquisition and exercise of political power.
12. A party system is a concept in comparative political science concerning

the system of government by political parties in a democratic country.

13.
14. When district-level economic outcomes are bad, voters in that country punish legislators
from a governing party and reward legislators from an opposition party. As a result, electoral
control in Poland works through political parties just as it does in mature democracies. In
contrast to mature democracies, legislators from a governing party tend to switch to an
opposition party when the economy in their district deteriorates. When they do so, their chances
of reelection are better than those of politicians who remained loyal to governing parties and are
no worse than those of incumbents who ran as opposition party loyalists. These empirical results
suggest that while elections in new democracies function as a mechanism of political control,
fluid party systems undermine the extent to which elections promote democratic accountability.
15. A party system in

which there are two major candidates for power of approximately equal
strength plus one or more minor parties able to win seats but not to control the government.

A multi-party system is a system in which multiple political parties have the

capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coalition.
16.

17. A public declaration of intentions (as issued by a political party or government). It is a

published verbal declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of the issuer, be it an individual,
group, political party or government.
18. A command or authorization to act in a particular way on a public issue given by the
electorate to its representative. Written authorization and/or command by a person, group,
or organization (the 'mandator') to another (the 'mandatary') to take a certain course of action
19. The Droop quota is the quota most commonly used in elections held under the
single transferable vote system. It is also sometimes used in elections held under
the largest remainder method of party-list proportional representation.

20. First past The Post (FPTP), also known as Simple majority voting or Plurality voting.
Under First past the post (FPTP) voting takes place in single-member constituencies. Voters put a
cross in a box next to their favored candidate and the candidate with the most votes in the
constituency wins. All other votes count for nothing. We believe FPTP is the very worst system
for electing a representative government.
21. An electoral system in which the voters choose between the two candidates with the greatest
number of votes in an earlier election that fails to produce a majority for any one candidate.
22. The term proportional representation (PR) characterizes electoral systems by
which divisions in an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body. If
30% of the electorate support a particular political party, then roughly 30% of seats
will be won by that party.
23. An electoral system of proportional representation in which people vote for a party rather
than a candidate and seats are filled from lists of candidates according to each party's share of
the vote