ECE 205A Lecture 1.

2
Ohms law, KCL and KVL, series and parallel resistors;
Analysis Method(s)
Announcements
205AG HW1 due Tuesday 28 Jan, in class
206 Orientation and Lab 0 next week
Due
Nothing today
For next time, read
KnI 2.7, 2.8
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

What will we talk about today?

Ohms Law, Power
Nodes, Branches, Loops, Meshes
KCL, KVL
Node-Pair
Series, Parallel
The Sudoku Method

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Ohmss Law
= R
or
= G
a
+

R resistance (1 = 1V/A)
G conductance (1S = 1A/V)
R
-

Vab
R

For an ideal resistor, the - curve

is a straight line, passing through 0.

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

1
v
R

Resistance is a property of an object.

Resistivity is a property of a material

R=

L
a

is a bulk property
of the material

L
h
t
g
Len
a

has units of m (ohm-meter)

R depends on both the material and the geometry.
We will see this again with capacitors and inductors

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Ohms Law and Power

= and = R

so

= = 2

and

= =

A resistor is a passive element. It can not generate (or

store) energy. It can only dissipate.
0
If you compute P<0 for a resistor, you did something wrong

Special Cases:
R=0
R=
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

short circuit
open circuit

= R = 0

= =0
R

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Reality is a little more complicated

R=0 is a superconductor
R= is a superinsulator
These are physics magic. You are unlikely to encounter
them in real life
You may have to settle for:
R=0.3 (copper penny)
R=1010 (your ECE 206 multimeter)
(FETs can be 1012-1015)

Questions?
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Kirchoffs Laws - Definitions

Node:

Note: a, b, and c
are really the same node.

R1

c
I(t)

V(t)

R2

a point at which two

or more circuit elements
are connected. a, d, e, f, g, h

R3
R5

R4
f

R6

However, if you want to say

that R=0 for wire, then Vab = iR = i*0 = 0 = Vbc = Vac
So it wont kill you to say a, b, c are nodes
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Branch:
a two-terminal circuit element,
connected between two nodes

R1

a closed path through

(some part of) the circuit in which
no node is crossed more than once

c
I(t)

V(t)

R2

Loop:

R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, V(t), I(t)

R3
R5

R4
f

R6
h

a-b-e-d-a
a-b-c-h-g-f-d-a etc. There are 7 loops here
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Mesh:
a loop that does not contain within it another loop
a
mesh
V(t)

R1

R2

R3
R5

mesh
R4
f

c
I(t)
e mesh

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

R6
h

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Kirchoffs Current Law - KCL

the algebraic sum of the currents entering a node is zero
i1
i2

Our convention:
in +
out -

i3

i1 - i2 - i3 = 0
An alternative form for KCL is current in = current out
i1 = i2 + i3
Questions?
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

10

Kirchoffs Voltage Law - KVL

the algebraic sum of the voltages around a loop is zero
R1
Vx

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

R2

Vy

ECE 205A Spring 2014

11

b
VY

<From> and <To>

<from>

+
<to>

R1
a
b
<to>
<from>
a <to>
+
VX
<from>
c
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

<><> = =
<><> = =
Questions?
<><> =
= =
ECE 205A Spring 2014

12

Kirchoffs Voltage Law - KVL

the algebraic sum of the voltages around a loop is zero
a
Vx

R1

R2

Vx Vy
=
R1 + R2

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

+ + + = 0
Vy

Vx + + Vy + = 0
Ohms Law
= R1*
= R2*
-Vx +R1*i+Vy +R2*i = 0

ECE 205A Spring 2014

13

The greatest danger is in loosing track of the signs:

R1

a
Vx

R2

+ + + = 0
Vy

Vx + + Vy + = 0

a
Vx

= + = + =
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

Vy

ECE 205A Spring 2014

= + =
14

There are several ways to write KVL;

this will be our convention:
a
Vx

Vy

= + = + =

= + =

+ + + = 0
Vx + + Vy + = 0
Questions?
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

15

Node-Pair Circuits
If your house was constructed after (e.g.) 1930
1
R1

Ix

Iy

2
R2

+
3
R3
-

Since this is a common topology for AC power circuits, it

is important to understand

Ix, Iy? Two sources? Is that a mistake?

The next time you are on I-57. Count the wind turbines

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

16

Ix

1
R1

Iy

2
R2

+
3
R3
-

Lets use KCL:

Ix 1 Iy 2 3 = 0
And Ohms Law

1 =
2 =
R1
R2

3 =
R3

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Ix 1 Iy 2 3 = 0 = Ix
Iy

R1
R2 R3
17

0 = Ix
Iy

R1
R2 R3

+
+
= Ix Iy
R1 R2 R3
Ix Iy
=
1
1
1
+
+
R1 R2 R3
Remember conductance?

G=1/R

=G

Think about this problem using G1, G2, G3

Its so much easier!

Questions?
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

18

Resistors, in Series and Parallel

R5

R1

Series:

R8

R2
Vx

R10

two resistors
which share
a common node
that has
no other connections

R7
R3

R4

R6

R9

R11

R8+R10, R10+R11, R11+R9 are series-pairs

We say R8 is in series with R10
or R8 and R10 are in series
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

19

R5

R1

R8

Parallel:
two resistors
which form a loop Vx
with
no other elements

R2

R10

R7

R3

R4

R6

R9

R11

R3||R4
R3 is parallel with R4
R3 and R4 are in parallel

Note || parallel operator

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

20

Series
+
+

R1
+-

V
-

V1

R2

+
V

V2

Req

R eq

V V1+V2 V1 V2
= =
=
+
=R1+R2

In general, R
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

=
=1 R
ECE 205A Spring 2014

21

+
+

R1

+-

V
-

V1

R2

Req

V2
-

V
V
=
=
R eq R1+R2

V1 = R1*=
V2 = R2*=
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

R1
R1+R2
R2
R1+R2

V
V

ECE 205A Spring 2014

Voltage
Division
22

Parallel
V

+
-

R1

2
R2

+
V
-

Req

1
1+2 1 2 1
1
= =
= + =
+
R eq V
V
V V R1 R2
In general,

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

1
R

=1
R

ECE 205A Spring 2014

23

R1||R2
1
R eq

1
R1

+
R1

1
R2

2
R2

+
V
-

R eq =

Req

R1*R2
R1+R2

Strangely, this form

is more common in books
But this form is easier
on your calculator!
R1 <inv>+R2<inv>=<inv>
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

24

+
-

R1

+
V
-

R2

Req

R1*R2
V = R eq = 1||2 =

R1+R2

1 =
2 =
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

V
R1
V
R2

=
=

R2
R1+R2
R1
R1+R2

Current
Division

ECE 205A Spring 2014

25

Current Divider, 3 resistors

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

I1
R1

I1
R1

I2
R2

I2
R2

2
1 =
1 + 2
1
1
1 =
1
1
+
1 2

I3
R3

1
1
1 =
1
1
1
+
+
1 2 3
ECE 205A Spring 2014

26

Sources, in Series and in Parallel

+
1
+
2
-

+
1
-

= 1 + 2

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

+
2
-

Bursts into flames!

Unless 1 = 2

ECE 205A Spring 2014

27

Sources, in Series and in Parallel

1

Also not a good idea!

Unless 1 = 2

= 1 + 2

Questions?
Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

28

The Sudoku Method

Write down what you know,
where you know it
2

8
12v

+
-

14
4

4
1

Hint making copies of the diagram, helps

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

29

Cluster
4+2+5+3=14
4||4=2
2

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

30

Expand Clusters
14||14=7
8+2=10
2

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

31

Keep Expanding
2+7+1=10
10||10=5
2

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

32

Start applying Ohms Law

5+5=10

= = 12V/10 = 1.2A

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

33

More Ohms Law

= = 1.2A*5 = 6V
2

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

34

The Sudoku Method

6V/10=0.6A

12V-6V=6V

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

35

The Sudoku Method

0.6A*8 = 4.8V
6-4.8=1.2V
1.2V/4 = 0.3A
2

8
12v

+
-

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

14
4

4
1

ECE 205A Spring 2014

36

Fast vs Dangerous
The Sudoku Method can be very fast for simple circuits
- even circuits that are large, but have simple topology

However, the method has two fundamental weaknesses

1. If you make a mistake, the error propagates
2. It can be very difficult to identify where the chain
of errors begins
If the results matter, formal methods are better.

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

37

Next Week
Formal Methods
Node Voltage
Loop/mesh Current
Superposition
Questions?

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

38

=========

Week 1, 21-23 Jan

ECE 205A Spring 2014

39