Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Eric Besnard
Hsun H. Chen
California State Univ., Long Beach
AIAA, Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 34th, Reno, NV, Jan. 15-18, 1996
A calculation method for multielement airfoils based on an interactive boundary-layer approach using an improved
Cebeci-Smith eddy viscosity formulation is described. Results are first presented for single airfoils at low and
moderate Reynolds numbers in order to demonstrate the need to calculate transition for accurate drag polar
prediction and the ability of the improved Cebeci-Smith turbulence model to predict flows with extensive separation
and therefore to predict maximum lift coefficient. Results, in terms of pressure distributions and lift and drag
coefficients, are presented for a series of two-element airfoils with flaps or slats. The method is extended to the
computation of configurations with flap wells. Results show that the same accuracy can be reached as for faired
geometries. The importance of compressibility effects and the turbulence model for stall, and the need to calculate the
onset of transition, are demonstrated. Recommendations are made for the preferred approach to predicting the
aerodynamic performance of multielement airfoils for use as a practical and efficient design tool. (Author)
Page 1
Abstract
A calculation method for multielement airfoils
based on an interactive boundary-layer approach
using an improved Cebeci-Smith eddy viscosity
formulation is described. Results are first presented
for single airfoils at low and moderate Reynolds
numbers in order to demonstrate the need to calculate
transition for accurate drag polar prediction and the
ability of the improved Cebeci-Smith turbulence
model to predict flows with extensive separation, and
therefore to predict maximum lift coefficient, (c^m^.
Results, in terms of pressure distributions and lift and
drag coefficients, are presented for a series of twoelement airfoils with flaps or slats. The method is
extended to the computation of configurations with
flap wells. Results show that the same accuracy can be
reached as for faired geometries. A slight
compressibility effect was accounted for by
introducing compressibility corrections to the HessSmith panel method. Again, the importance of the
compressibility effects and the turbulence model on
stall, and the need to calculate the onset of transition,
are demonstrated. Recommendations are then made
for the preferred approach to predicting the
aerodynamic performance of multielement airfoils for
use as a practical and efficient design tool.
1. Introduction
In recent years, there have been significant
accomplishments in computational fluid dynamics.
Whereas in the early 1960's calculations performed
for airfoil flows with panel methods and boundarylayer methods were under development for simple
flows, today the calculations are being performed
routinely with Navier-Stokes methods not only for
airfoil flows but also for complex aircraft
Professor and Chair, AIAA Fellow
Graduate Student
**
Professor, AIAA Associate Fellow
Copyright 1996 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics Inc. All rights reserved
(1)
i^pvir-p.u.rr-+iHGi-hp6.)ir <2>
where T is the temperature, H is the total enthalpy
given by
2
(4)
= c.T+
2. Calculation Method
2.1 Inviscid Method
The inviscid flow field is computed by the Hess
Smith panel method [7]. Three options were used in
the multielement panel method. As in a single airfoil
and
pv=pv+pV
(5)
In the absence of mass transfer, the boundary
conditions for an adiabatic surface are
y = 0, u = 0, v = 0,
an
=0
(6a)
dy
y->oo, u->u.(x),H->H.
(6b)
In the wake, where a dividing line at y = 0 is
required to separate the upper and lower parts of the
= 0, v = 0
dy
(7)
Solution procedure
(5T'=(5')'
x-a
(11)
(12)
S- =
(O. =4l( u . -
(9)
(10)
1-HDP^-
where
0.0168
-1.5
A = 26i
-T
(13a)
the
parameter
Rt=twA-puV)mtx,
represented by
which,
is
function
of
for t w 0,
is
R.^LO
1+2R,(2-R,)
1+R,
(15)
R.
(17)
(18)
The corresponding expressions for the eddyviscosity formulation in the wake are
(20)
where (e m ) u is the eddy viscosity at the trailing edge
computed from its value on the airfoil and (en)w is
the eddy-viscosity in the far wake given by the larger
of
u
= 0.064 J(u e -u).dy
and
(21a)
3.0
10.0 15.0 20
0.040
0.030
meaturcmenU
transition computed
traniitioo it the
leading edge
0.020
0.010
0.000
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5 r
Calculations
o measurements
- transition calculated
transition it the leading edge
0.0
-2,0
3.0
8.0
13.0
1S.O
(a)
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
-2.5
0.00
-5.0
0.0 0.2
0.0
(b)
5.0
10.0 15.
(b)
3.5 r
oMouurcmenti
-Cp
0.0
2.0 -1
20.0
(a)
-2.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
X/c
0.10 r
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0.00
0.0
(b)
'
-4.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
(b)
meuured merging
10.0
-Cp
6.0
2.0
-ZO
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
x/c
Fig. 8. Pressure distribution for the NASA slat/airfoil
configuration at a = 26.88*.
3.0 r
2.0
Measurements
Incompressible
Compressible
1.0
-10
10
Skt
15
00
0.0
10.0
0.15 r
15.0
20.0
23.0
30.0
a
0.130 -
0.10
0.125
o Mcurananti
Cilcubtion
0.100
Cd
0.075
0.05
0.050 0.00
0,0
(b)
2.0
1.0
0.025 r
3.0
o)
^^S^
n tm\
(b)
0.0
1.0
ZO
3.0
o.oio
a-8.59
Cf
a--8.11
0.005
dement
0.000
-a 0050.65
trailing edge
0.85
x/o
Cp
1.0
1.1 1.2
X/c
Cp
(c)
of shear layers.
References
10. E. Omar, T. Zierten and A. Mahal, "TwoDimensional Wind Tunnel Tests of a NASA
Supercritical Airfoil with Various High Lift
Systems," NASA CR-2215, 1977.