Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Design parameters
The following parameters have been used to design the solar water heater.
Hot water consumption in hanger for cleaning B777
The amount of water needed to wash a B777 air plane is 2000 gallons (About 7570 litters).
a)
Temperature
From the metrological data of Addis Ababa the average ambient temperature is 21 .
Wind Speed
From the metrological data of Addis Ababa the average wind speed is 3.1 but it is taken to be 5 m/s for our
calculation purpose.
Solar intensity
From the metrological data of Addis Ababa the solar intensity is 0.786 MJ/m2.
4.3 Expected Design Outputs
The desired outputs are the followings:
a)
b)
c)
4.4
The desired output temperature should not more than 71 degree Celsius
The desired output pressure should not more than 80 psi.
The desired volume of hot water should be 2000 gallon.
The solar collector selected to our prototype on the solar water heater is the flat plate type. This is due to the
following reasons.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Glass
pipe
Absorber
Storage tank
Insulation
Pump
Temperature sensor
1|Page
Steel pipe
Copper pipe
Thermocouple
Hot water out
Cold water in
Pump
Figure 3: Solar water heater
5.3.1.1 GLASS
Glass easily transmits short wave radiation, which means that it poses little interference to incoming solar energy,
but it is a very poor transmitter of long wave radiation. Once the suns energy has passed through the glass windows
and has been absorbed by some material inside, the heat will not be radiated back outside. Glass therefore, act as a
heat trap. A phenomenon which has been recognized for some time in the construction of green houses, which can
be get quite warm on sunny days, even in the middle of winter; this has come to be known in fact. As the
(Green house effect) flat plate, collectors usually have one or more glass covers.
The front covers are generally glass (may be one or more) that is transparent to in-coming solar radiation from the
absorber. The glass covers act as a convection shield to reduce the losses from the absorber plate beneath. Glass is
generally used for the transparent covers but certain plastic films may be satisfactory. Glass is the most favorable
material. Thickness of 3 and 4 mm are commonly used. The usual practice is to have 1 or 2 covers with a specific
ranging from 1.5 to 3cm.
Advantage of first glass, which is added above the first one are:
a) Losses due to air convection are further reduced. This is important in windy areas
b) Radiation losses in the infra-red spectrum are reduced by a further 25%, because half of the 50%, which is
emitted outwards from the first glass plate, is back radiated. It is not worthwhile to use more than two glass plates.
This is due to the fact that each plate reflects about 15% of the incoming sunlight.
The performance of solar collectors is described in energy balance that indicates the distribution of incident solar
radiation in to the useful energy gain and various losses .the thermal losses can be separated into three components
1. Conductive losses
2. Convective losses
3. Radiation losses
Under steady state conditions, the useful heat delivered by solar collector is equal to the energy absorbed in the
metal surface minus the heat losses from the surface directly and indirectly to the surrounding. This principle can be
stated in the relationship
Qu=Ac[S-UL{Tpm-Ta}]
Where,
Qu -Useful energy delivered by collector
Collector area
c
S- Absorbed energy
( )
(
S=
2|Page
) .
)(
) .
= Ut+ Ub+ Ue
)
((
))
T
T
h
Where:
N - number of glasses
(
C=520(1-.0000512) for 0
)(
)
)(
0
pm
5.7 3.8V w
-8
To calculate the mean plate temperature, steady state heat conduction from the plate to the fluid is used, which
latter is iterated until similar result is obtained with the correct useful energy.
Tpm=Tfi+
(1-FR)
Where:
FR- Collector heat removal factor
QU -Useful energy from collector
UL -Total heat loss coefficient
Tfi -Inlet fluid temperature
b)
Bottom loss coefficient (Ub)
This loss accounts the convective and conductive loss through the insulation.
Mathematically:
Ub=K/L
3|Page
Where,
L - Thickness of insulation
K- Thermal conductivity of insulation
Ub -Bottom loss coefficient
c)
Edge loss, (Ue)
This heat dissipation comes from the edge loss to the environment. It is given by
U e=
Where
(UA)e Edge loss coefficient-area product
AC Collector area
Know the overall heat loss coefficient,(UL)is
UL=Ut+Ub+Ue
5.3.1.1fin Efficiency, Fe
Fin efficiency of the collector is given by the following relation;
(
F=
0
1
(
)
Where
W fin width
D outer diameter of heat pipe.
m
K thermal conductivity of fin
Fin thickness
F Standard Fin efficiency
5.3.1.2 Collector Fin Efficiency Factor, F
]
+ -
Where,
Cb bond conductance
fi
+]
Where,
m ass flow rate of the fluid
Cp specific heat capacity for water
F collector Fin Efficiency Factor
5.3.1.4 Collector flow factor (F)
4|Page
)+
Fin material selected for this purpose is Aluminum because of the following two reasons;
Low cost
g .88
Emmitance of glass
m
s
w
m2
w
Beam solar radiation Ib =104 2
m
w
Diffuse solar radiation Id=114 2
m
Incident solar radiation, I = 218
Tube diameter D = 20 mm
=0
((
((
))
5|Page
(
))
)(
)
c=519.99
Then the top loss coefficient will be
Ut=2.448
b)
The bottom loss coefficient(Ub)
Ub=K/L
Where
L Thickness of insulation 0.06m
K Thermal conductivity of insulation 0.025
Ub Bottom loss coefficient
Therefore Ub=0.42
C) Edge loss, (Ue)
(
U e=
U=
where
k is the termal insulation conductivity.(0.025)
te is edge insulation thickness(0.03)
then U=0.833
A=perimeter of the collector * edge insulation thickness
A=6*0.03
=0.18m2
Ac=length of the collector* the width of the collector
= 2m2
Then
Ue=0.022
Therefore, the overall heat transfer coefficient
UL=Ut+Ub+Ue
= 2.89
Fin Efficiency, F
F=
m = =5.11
F= 0.959
5.6 Collector Fin Efficiency Factor, F
+ -
FR= 0.791
The solar absorbed energy;
( )
( ) .
S=
S= 373.57
6|Page
)(
) .
+]
To transfer the cold water from the tanker to the flat plate
While the tanker is heating during the sunshine hour, heat loss should not be significant
to reduce the temperature of the water.
During the night, the hot water will be stored in the tanker for the use in the next day in
the morning. So, the heat loss should be minimized to make temperature of the water in the
desired magnitude.
.
The insulation material available is urethane f previously cited properties.
The tanker has six faces with two of them identical in area. The dimensions for one panel containing
7570 liter of water are as follows.
7|Page
2m
1.5m
2.7m
Area of each face is
A1=2.7*1.5= 4.05 m2
A2=1.5*2= 3 m2
A3=2.5*2= 5 m2
Total area is Atot= 12.05 m2
material for tanker is steel which is available in the companys workshop with
antirust
paint its thermal conductivity , k=54w/m-k
5.3.1.4 Pump
Its function is to give head to the tap water which flow rate is 0.01k g/s.
In order to find flow rate Q
Q= /
Q = 0.01/1000
Q = 1*10-5 liter
So we can by or order the pump from pump factories which satisfy the above results.
5.3.1.5 Temperature sensor (Thermocouple)
Its function is to indicate the temperature of water.
If the temperature of water is below 71 then the water should have to recycle until it is reached
to 71 .
If the water is reached 71 then the hot water can be used to the required task.
Note that after the storage tank there is a hose and a pump which is used to transmit the hot water and to give the
desired pressure (80psi). And these two materials are available in the company.
8|Page