The steam table below list the properties of steam at varying pr

Absolute
pressure
(kPa, kN/m2)

Temperature
(oC)

Specific
Volume
(m3/kg)

Density
-(kg/m3)

Specific Enth
Liquid
- hl -

0.8
2
5
10
20
28
35
45
55
65
75
85
95
100
101.331)
110
130
150
170
190
220
260
280
320
360
400
440
480
500
550
600
650
700
750

3.8
17.5
32.9
45.8
60.1
67.5
72.7
78.7
83.7
88
91.8
95.2
98.2
99.6
100
102.3
107.1
111.4
115.2
118.6
123.3
128.7
131.2
135.8
139.9
143.1
147.1
150.3
151.8
155.5
158.8
162
165
167.8

160
67
28.2
14.7
7.65
5.58
4.53
3.58
2.96
2.53
2.22
1.97
1.78
1.69
1.67
1.55
1.33
1.16
1.03
0.929
0.81
0.693
0.646
0.57
0.51
0.462
0.423
0.389
0.375
0.342
0.315
0.292
0.273
0.255

0.00626
0.0149
0.0354
0.0682
0.131
0.179
0.221
0.279
0.338
0.395
0.45
0.507
0.563
0.59
0.598
0.646
0.755
0.863
0.97
1.08
1.23
1.44
1.55
1.75
1.96
2.16
2.36
2.57
2.67
2.92
3.175
3.425
3.66
3.915

(kJ/kg)
15.8
73.5
137.8
191.8
251.5
282.7
304.3
329.6
350.6
368.6
384.5
398.6
411.5
417.5
419.1
428.8
449.2
467.1
483.2
497.8
517.6
540.9
551.4
570.9
588.5
604.7
619.6
633.5
640.1
655.8
670.4
684.1
697.1
709.3

800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1150
1250
1300
1500
1600
1800
2000
2100
2300
2400
2600
2700
2900
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
4000
1)

170.4
172.9
175.4
177.7
179.9
182
186
189.8
191.6
198.3
201.4
207.1
212.4
214.9
219.6
221.8
226
228.1
232
233.8
237.4
240.9
244.2
247.3
250.3

0.24
0.229
0.215
0.204
0.194
0.186
0.17
0.157
0.151
0.132
0.124
0.11
0.0995
0.0945
0.0868
0.0832
0.0769
0.074
0.0689
0.0666
0.0624
0.0587
0.0554
0.0524
0.0497

4.16
4.41
4.65
4.9
5.15
5.39
5.89
6.38
6.62
7.59
8.03
9.07
10.01
10.54
11.52
12.02
13.01
13.52
14.52
15
16.02
17.04
18.06
19.08
20.09

720.9
732
742.6
752.8
762.6
772
790
807
815
845
859
885
909
920
942
952
972
981
1000
1008
1025
1042
1058
1073
1087

Atmospheric pressure

Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric pressure.

Specific enthalpy or Sensible Heat is the quantity of heat in 1 kg of water according to the

Example - Boiling Water at 100 oC and 0 bar

At atmospheric pressure - 0 bar gauge or absolute 101.33 kN/m2 - water boils at 100 oC. 4

Therefore, at 0 bar gauge (absolute 101.33 kN/m2) and 100 oC - the specific enthalpy of wa

Another 2,257 kJ of energy is required to evaporate the 1 kg of water at 100 oC to steam at

The total specific enthalpy of the steam (or heat required to evaporate water to steam) at a
hs = 419 + 2,257
= 2,676 kJ/kg

 = 2.676 (kJ/kg) / 3600 (s/h) = 0.74 kWh/kg

(1 hour = 3600 seconds, 1 kW = 1 kJ/s)

Example - Boiling Water at 170 oC and 7 bar

Steam at atmospheric pressure is of limited practical use. It cannot be conveyed by its own

At 7 bar gauge (absolute 800 kN/m2) - the saturation temperature of water is 170 oC. More h

The heat energy (enthalpy of evaporation) needed at 7 bar gauge to evaporate the water t

Note! Because the specific volume of steam decreases with increasing pressure, the amou

m at varying pressures and temperatures:

Specific Enthalpy of
Evaporation
- he -

Steam
- hs -

(kJ/kg)
2493
2460
2424
2393
2358
2340
2327
2312
2299
2288
2279
2270
2262
2258
2257
2251
2238
2226
2216
2206
2193
2177
2170
2157
2144
2133
2122
2112
2107
2096
2085
2075
2065
2056

(kJ/kg)
2509
2534
2562
2585
2610
2623
2632
2642
2650
2657
2663
2668
2673
2675
2676
2680
2687
2698
2699
2704
2711
2718
2722
2728
2733
2738
2742
2746
2748
2752
2756
2759
2762
2765

Specific
Entropy
of Steam
-s(kJ/kgK)

9.058
8.725
8.396
8.151
7.909
7.793
7.717
7.631
7.562
7.506
7.457
7.415
7.377
7.36
7.355
7.328
7.271
7.223
7.181
7.144
7.095
7.039
7.014
6.969
6.93
6.894
6.862
6.833
6.819
6.787
6.758
6.73
6.705
6.682

2047
2038
2030
2021
2014
2006
1991
1977
1971
1945
1933
1910
1889
1878
1858
1849
1830
1821
1803
1794
1779
1760
1744
1728
1713

2768
2770
2772
2774
2776
2778
2781
2784
2785
2790
2792
2795
2797
2798
2800
2800
2801
2802
2802
2802
2802
2802
2802
2801
2800

6.66
6.639
6.619
6.601
6.583
6.566
6.534
6.505
6.491
6.441
6.418
6.375
6.337
6.319
6.285
6.269
6.239
6.224
6.197
6.184
6.158
6.134
6.112
6.09
6.069

er according to the selected temperature.

er boils at 100 oC. 419 kJ of energy is required to heat 1 kg of water from 0 oC to the saturation temperature 10

ecific enthalpy of water is 419 kJ/kg.

t 100 oC to steam at 100 oC. Therefore, at 0 bar gauge (absolute 101.33 kN/m2) - the specific enthalpy of evapor

water to steam) at atmospheric pressure and 100 oC can be summarized as:

conveyed by its own pressure along a steam pipe to the points of consumption.

ater is 170 oC. More heat energy is required to raise the temperature to the saturation point at 7 bar gauge than

vaporate the water to steam is actually less than the heat energy required at atmospheric pressure. The specific

pressure, the amount of heat energy transferred in the same volume actually increases with steam pressure. In

tion temperature 100 oC.

enthalpy of evaporation is 2,257 kJ/kg.

at 7 bar gauge than needed for water at atmospheric pressure. From the table a value of 720.9 kJ is needed to r

ressure. The specific enthalpy of evaporation decrease with steam pressure increase. The evaporation heat is 2

h steam pressure. In other words the same pipe may transfer more energy with high pressure steam than with l

of 720.9 kJ is needed to raise 1 kg of water from 0 oC to the saturation temperature 170 oC.

he evaporation heat is 2,047 kJ/kg according the table.

essure steam than with low pressure steam.