GPS BASED MONITORING SYSTEM

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRACT
The Vehicle Positioning or Tracking System combines the installation of an electronic
device in a vehicle, or fleet of vehicles, with purpose designed software at least at one
operational base enable the owner or a third party to track the vehicles location, collecting data
in the process from the field and deliver it to the base of operation. Modern Vehicle tracking
System commonly use GPS Technology for locating the vehicle, but other types of technology
can also be used. Vehicle information can be viewed on electronic maps via the Internet or
specialized software. Urban public transit authorities are an increasingly common user of vehicle
tracking systems, particularly in large cities.
The VPS (Vehicle Positioning System) is a GPS based vehicle tracking system that is
used for security applications as well. The project uses two main underlying concepts. These are
GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication). The
main application of this system in this context is tracking the vehicle to which the GPS is
connected, giving the information about its position whenever required and for the security of
each person travelling by the vehicle. This is done with the help of the GPS satellite and the GPS
module attached to the vehicle which needs to be tracked. The GPS antenna present in the GPS
module receives the information from the GPS satellite in NMEA (National Marine Electronics
Association) format and thus it reveals the position information. This information got from the
GPS antenna has to be sent to the Base station wherein it is decoded. For this we use GSM
module which has an antenna too. Thus we have at the Base station; the complete data about the
vehicle.
Along with tracking the vehicle, the system is used for security applications as well. Each
passenger or employee will have an ID of their own and will be using a remote containing key
for Entry, Exit and Panic. The Panic button is used by the driver or the passenger so as to alert
the concerned of emergency conditions. On pressing this button, an alarm will be activated
which will help the passenger or employee in emergencies and keep them secure throughout the
journey .The vehicle can also be immobilized remotely.

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Several types of Vehicle Tracking devices exist. Typically they are classified as "Passive"
and "Active". "Passive" devices store GPS location, speed, heading and sometimes a trigger
event such as key on/off, door open/closed. Once the vehicle returns to a predetermined point,
the device is removed and the data downloaded to a computer for evaluation. Passive systems
include auto download type that transfer data via wireless download. "Active" devices also
collect the same information but usually transmit the data in real-time via cellular or satellite
networks to a computer or data center for evaluation.
Many modern vehicle tracking devices combine both active and passive tracking
abilities: when a cellular network is available and a tracking device is connected it transmits data
to a server; when a network is not available the device stores data in internal memory and will
transmit stored data to the server later when the network becomes available again.
Historically Vehicle Tracking has been accomplished by installing a box into the vehicle,
either self powered with batteries or wired into the vehicles power system. For detailed vehicle
locating and tracking this is still the predominant method, however, many companies are
increasingly interested in the emerging cell phone technologies that provide tracking of the sales
person and the vehicle. These systems also offer tracking of calls, texts, and web use and
generally provide a wider safety net for the staff member and the vehicle.

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW

Vehicle tracking systems are devices used for tracking location of vehicles in real time.
This is made possible by installing electronic devices in the vehicle; it is the signals sent out by
the devices that enable owners or other parties entrusted with the tracking job to trace and follow
the vehicle.
It was the shipping industry that first started using vehicle tracking systems. When large
fleet of vehicles were spread out over the vast expanses of ocean, the owner corporations often
found it difficult to keep track of what was happening. As the saying goes necessity is the mother
of invention; thus GPS tracking systems which originally were used in military operations found
their application here. The commercial application grew popular very soon and these days
consumer vehicles of all sorts use tracking systems as devices to prevent theft and enhance
retrieval.
GPS (Global Positioning System) is the technology most commonly used for vehicle
tracking these days. There are also other variants of AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location) that
enable easy location of vehicles. The GPS modules with their satellite linked positioning
technique make easy and accurate location of the vehicle possible. The information can be
viewed on electronic maps that are connected to the Internet or otherwise supported by
specialized software. Advanced GPS modules may also have cellular or satellite transmitters that
communicate with remote users apart from the central station from where the tracking is done.
As we saw earlier, the GPS system uses satellite signals. These systems were originally
developed by the government for defense purposes. The satellite part is thus available to civilians
and commercial users free of cost. All the user needs to do is install the appropriate devices for
sending out and receiving signals. This makes GPS an inexpensive technology.
The other AVL systems like Loran and LoJack are terrestrial based and use radio
frequency (RF) transmitters. RF transmitters send out powerful signals that can pass through

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walls, garages and other indoor barriers. Terrestrial or otherwise, most of these do not need
antenna to be in direct line of sight with the satellite. This is a major advantage of the
technologys progress.
Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought
this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances,
fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by
many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and
Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an
effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles. GPS is used
in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep
track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the
driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is
more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for
the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a
number of well-developed technologies.
To design the Vehicle Positioning System (VPS), we combined the GPSs ability to pinpoint location along with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to
communicate with a control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM
modules and a base station called the control center.
Let us briefly explain how GPS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with
a GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location
information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the
control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor
and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless
communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and
system updates.

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Fig 1: Working of GPS Positioning System

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The GPS Antenna is situated on the Moving Vehicle which receives the signal from the
Space Satellite. These give the exact location of the vehicle anywhere on earth. When the
Position is monitored by the antenna then it forwards its location to the base station or the
observer via Internet or any other mode of wireless communication.
In this project AT89S52 microcontroller is used for interfacing to various hardware
peripherals. The current design is an embedded application, which will continuously monitor a
moving Vehicle and report the status of the Vehicle on demand. For doing so an AT89S52
microcontroller is interfaced serially to a GSM Modem and GPS Receiver. A GSM modem is
used to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a remote place. The GPS
modem will continuously give the data i.e. the latitude and longitude indicating the position of
the vehicle. The GPS modem gives many parameters as the output, but only the NMEA data
coming out is read and displayed on to the LCD. The same data is sent to the mobile at the other
end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded.
The hardware interfaces to microcontroller are LCD display, GSM modem and GPS
Receiver. The design uses RS-232 protocol for serial communication between the modems and
the microcontroller. A serial driver IC is used for converting TTL voltage levels to RS-232
voltage levels. When the request by user is sent to the number at the modem, the system
automatically sends a return reply to that mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of
latitude and longitude.

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 HISTORY

The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based radio navigation systems, such
as LORAN and the Decca Navigator developed in the early 1940s, and used during World War
II. In 1956 Friedwardt Winterberg proposed a test of general relativity using accurate atomic
clocks placed in orbit in artificial satellites. To achieve accuracy requirements, GPS uses
principles of general relativity to correct the satellites' atomic clocks. Additional inspiration for
GPS came when the Soviet Union launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik in 1957. A team
of U.S. scientists led by Dr. Richard B. Kershner were monitoring Sputnik's radio transmissions.
They discovered that, because of the Doppler Effect, the frequency of the signal being
transmitted by Sputnik was higher as the satellite approached, and lower as it continued away
from them. They realized that because they knew their exact location on the globe, they could
pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit by measuring the Doppler distortion.
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The first satellite navigation system, Transit, used by the United States Navy, was first
successfully tested in 1960. It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a
navigational fix approximately once per hour. In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed
the Timation satellite that proved the ability to place accurate clocks in space, a technology
required by GPS. In the 1970s, the ground-based Omega Navigation System, based on phase
comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio
navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation
solution with greater accuracy.
While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost
none of those were seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research,
development, deployment, and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites. During
the Cold War arms race, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need
that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why
GPS was funded. The nuclear triad consisted of the United States Navy's submarine-launched
ballistic missiles (SLBMs) along with United States Air Force (USAF) strategic bombers
and intercontinental

ballistic

missiles (ICBMs).

Considered

vital

to

the nuclear

deterrence posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier.
Precise navigation would enable United States submarines to get an accurate fix of their
positions prior to launching their SLBMs. The USAF with two-thirds of the nuclear triad also
had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The Navy and Air Force
were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same
problem. To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch
platforms so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (Mobile System
for Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study called
Project 57 was worked in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born." That
same year the concept was pursued as Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you
now see in GPS"[5] and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs.
Updates from the Navy Transit system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation.
The Navy Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation (Time Navigation)
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satellites, first launched in 1967, and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock
into orbit.[6]
With these parallel developments in the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be
developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a
multi-service program.
During Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about 12 military officers at the Pentagon
discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS). It was at this meeting
that "the real synthesis that became GPS was created." Later that year, the DNSS program was
named Navstar. With the individual satellites being associated with the name Navstar (as with
the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the
constellation of Navstar satellites, Navstar-GPS, which was later shortened simply to GPS.[7]
After Korean Air Lines Flight 007, carrying 269 people, was shot down in 1983 after straying
into the USSR's prohibited airspace, in the vicinity of Sakhalin and Moneron Islands,
President Ronald Reagan issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it
was sufficiently developed, as a common good. The first satellite was launched in 1989, and the
24th satellite was launched in 1994.
Initially, the highest quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for
civilian use was intentionally degraded ("Selective Availability", SA). This changed with United
States President Bill Clinton ordering Selective Availability turned off at midnight May 1, 2000,
improving the precision of civilian GPS from 100 meters (about 300 feet) to 20 meters (about
65 feet). The United States military by then had the ability to deny GPS service to potential
adversaries on a regional basis.
GPS is owned and operated by the United States Government as a national resource.
Department of Defense (USDOD) is the steward of GPS. Interagency GPS Executive Board
(IGEB) oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that the National Space-Based
Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential
directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters
concerning the GPS and related systems. The executive committee is chaired jointly by the
deputy secretaries of defense and transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level
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officials from the departments of state, commerce, and homeland security, the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, and NASA. Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to
the executive committee, and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison.
USDOD is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the
federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will
be available on a continuous, worldwide basis," and "develop measures to prevent hostile use of
GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses."

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LITERATURE SURVEY

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LITERATURE SURVEY

COMPONENTS USED

MICROCONTROLLER

(AT89C51)

Lampex 16X2

TRANSFORMER

12 V

DC BATTERY

12 V

G P S ANTENNA
LCD DISPLAY
RADIO FREQUENCY MODULE
MAX 232
POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

MISCELLANEOUS
SERIAL INLINE RESISTOR
DB 9 SERIAL PORT

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Port 3 Pin Alternate Functions

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P3.0 RXD (serial input port)

P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)

RST
Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device.
ALE/PROG
Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during
accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash
programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator
frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one
ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can
be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a
MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable
bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

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Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52
is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle,
except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to
fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.
Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA
should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt
programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12 - volt programming is
selected.

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1. GPS RECEIVER WITH ACTIVE ANTENNA

Global Positioning System (GPS) Satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS receivers,
use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus precise time.
GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users
on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth. Sunroms
ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of satellites and output
position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and under poor signal
conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receivers - 160dBm tracking
sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application environments. The
output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol offering
industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping software and
embedded devices
.
Features

High sensitivity -160dBm

Searching up to 65 Channel of satellites

LED indicating data output

Low power consumption

GPS L1 C/A Code

Supports NMEA0183 V 3.01 data protocol

Real time navigation for location based services

Works from +5V DC signal and outputs 9600 bps serial data

Magnetic base active antenna with 3 meter wire length for vehicle
roof top installation

Applications
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Car Navigation and Marine Navigation, Fleet Management

Automotive Navigator Tracking, Vehicle Tracking

Majorly used in Defense Surveillance

Adventure Tours

Locate at any part of the World

AVL and Location-Based Services

Auto Pilot, Personal Navigation or touring devices

Tracking devices/systems and Mapping devices application

Emergency Locator

Geographic Surveying

Personal Positioning

Sporting and Recreation

Embedded applications which needs to be aware of its location on

earth

Archaeological Surveying

Specification

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Parameter

Value

Operating Voltage

5V

Operating Current

150

mA

Sensitivity

-160

dBm

Channels

65

65 parallel channels

Protocol output baud rate

9600

bps no handshaking(8-N-1)

Protocol format

Unit
V DC Regulated Power Supply

NMEA0183 V 3.01

GGA,GLL,GSA,GSV,RMC,VTG

Frequency

1,1575.42

Mhz

C/A Code

1.023

Mhz chip rate

Accuracy in Position

Meters

Accuracy in Velocity

0.1

Meters/Second

Accuracy in Time

0.1

Microsecond. Sync GPS time

Time to First Fix for

first power on

33

Time to Reacquisition

Second

Hz

Altitude Limit

18,000

Meters

Velocity Limit

515

Meters/Second

Update Rate

Second approx.

Table 1

GPS Method Of Operation

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A GPS receiver calculates its position by carefully timing the signals sent by the
constellation of GPS satellites high above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits
messages containing the time the message was sent, a precise orbit for the satellite sending the
message (the ephemeris), and the general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the
almanac). These signals travel at the speed of light through outer space, and slightly slower
through the atmosphere. The receiver uses the arrival time of each message to measure the
distance to each satellite thereby establishing that the GPS receiver is approximately on the
surfaces of spheres centered at each satellite. The GPS receiver also uses, when appropriate, the
knowledge that the GPS receiver is on (if vehicle altitude is known) or near the surface of a
sphere centered at the earth center. This information is then used to estimate the position of the
GPS receiver as the intersection of sphere surfaces. The resulting coordinates are converted to a
more convenient form for the user such as latitude and longitude, or location on a map, then
displayed.
It might seem that three sphere surfaces would be enough to solve for position, since
space has three dimensions. However a fourth condition is needed for two reasons. One has to do
with position and the other is to correct the GPS receiver clock.
It turns out that three sphere surfaces usually intersect in two points. Thus a fourth sphere
surface is needed to determine which intersection is the GPS receiver position. For near earth
vehicles, this knowledge that it is near earth is sufficient to determine the GPS receiver position
since for this case there is only one intersection which is near earth.
A fourth sphere surface is also needed to correct the GPS receiver clock. More precise
information is needed for this task. An estimate of the radius of the sphere is required. Therefore
an approximation of the earth altitude or radius of the sphere centered at the satellite must be
known.

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GPS Block Diagram

Fig 4: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GPS

The GPS Receiver consists of two units, first is active antenna which receives RF signals
and amplifies it. The antenna is active in the sense it takes power from the module and amplifies
the signal for high sensitivity. The RF signal is filtered and processed to generate NMEA format
serial data output.

GPS Receiver

The connector of GPS contains three wires

Red wire is TXD Out
Brown wire is +5V
Black wire is Ground

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Fig 5: GPS Receiver

These connections are marked on the PCB. Provide regulated +5V DC supply to +5V and
Ground. The TXD output wire can be connected to microcontroller directly.
The LED onboard will indicate that data is being transmitted out. It will blink every second
indicating data out.
Note: Do not connect TXD output pin to serial port of PC directly, It needs a MAX232
level conversion circuit since the unit has 5V level output signal.

Interfacing With MICROCONTROLLER

Here is an example of interfacing with microcontroller AT89S52 having UART at

5V level. Configure your microcontroller to communicate at 9600 baud rate and parse the
incoming data.

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Fig 6: GPS Interfaced with Micro Controller

Interfacing with DB 9
If you wish to interface the module with RS232 level like a PC serial port or any

other device you need a level convertor such as MAX232 as shown below.

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Fig 7: GPS Interfaced with DB9

General GPS Receiver Users Tips

a) If the satellite signals cannot be locked or experiencing receiving problem
(while in urban area), following steps are suggested:

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b) Please plug the external active antenna into GPS receiver and put the antenna
outdoor or on the roof of the vehicle for better receiving performance.
c) Move to another open space or reposition GPS receiver toward the direction
with least blockage
d) Move the GPS receiver away from the interference sources.
e) Wait until the weather condition is improved
f) Some vehicles having heavy metallic sun protecting coating on windshields
may affect signal receptions
g) Driving in and around high buildings may affect signal reception.
h) Driving under tunnels or in buildings may affect signal reception.
i)

In general, GPS receiver performs best in open space where it can see clean
sky. Weather will affect GPS reception rain & snow contribute to worsen
sensitivity.

j) When GPS receiver is moving, it will take longer time to get position fix. Wait
for satellite signals to be locked at a fixed point when first power-on the GPS
receiver to ensure quick

NMEA Protocol

This section provides a brief overview of the NMEA 0183 protocol, and describes both
the standard and optional messages offered by the GPS Receiver. NMEA 0183 is a simple, yet
comprehensive ASCII protocol which defines both the communication interface and the data
format. The NMEA 0183 protocol was originally established to allow marine navigation
equipment to share information. Since it is a well established industry standard, NMEA
0183 has also gained popularity for use in applications other than marine electronics. The GPS
receiver supports the latest release of NMEA 0183, Version 3.0 (July 1, 2000). The primary
change in release 3.0 is the addition of the mode indicators in the GLL, RMC, and VTG
messages.
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For those applications requiring output only from the GPS receiver, the standard NMEA
0183 sentences are a popular choice. Many standard application packages support the standard
NMEA output messages.
The standard NMEA output only messages are: GGA, GLL, GSA, GSV, RMC, VTC, and
ZDA.

3. LCD DISPLAY

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light
modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs does not emit light directly. They are used in
a wide range of applications, including computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft
cockpit displays, signage, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players,
gaming devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones. LCDs have displaced cathode ray
tube (CRT) displays in most applications. They are usually more compact, lightweight, portable,
less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They are available in a wider range of
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screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use phosphors, they cannot
suffer image burn-in.
LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power
consumption

enables

it

to

be

used

in battery-powered electronic equipment.

It

is

an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid
crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in colour
or monochrome. The earliest discovery leading to the development of LCD technology, the
discovery of liquid crystals, dates from 1888. By 2008, worldwide sales of televisions with LCD
screens had surpassed the sale of CRT units.

Fig 8: LCD Display System 16 x 2

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Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between

two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which are (in
most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the
polarizing filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed)
polarizer. In most of the cases the liquid crystal has double refraction.
The surfaces of the electrodes that are in contact with the liquid crystal material are
treated so as to align the liquid crystal molecules in a particular direction. This treatment
typically consists of a thin polymer layer that is unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth.
The direction of the liquid crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing.
Electrodes are made of a transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).
Before applying an electric field, the orientation of the liquid crystal molecules is
determined by the alignment at the surfaces of electrodes. In a twisted nematic device (still the
most common liquid crystal device), the surface alignment directions at the two electrodes are
perpendicular to each other, and so the molecules arrange themselves in a helical structure, or
twist. This reduces the rotation of the polarization of the incident light, and the device
appears grey. If the applied voltage is large enough, the liquid crystal molecules in the center of
the layer are almost completely untwisted and the polarization of the incident light is not rotated
as

it passes

through the liquid crystal layer. This

light will then be mainly

polarized perpendicular to the second filter, and thus be blocked and the pixel will appear black.
By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be
allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.
This electric field also controls (reduces) the double refraction properties of the liquid crystal.
The optical effect of a twisted nematic device in the voltage-on state is far less dependent
on variations in the device thickness than that in the voltage-off state. Because of this, these
devices are usually operated between crossed polarizers such that they appear bright with no
voltage (the eye is much more sensitive to variations in the dark state than the bright state).
These devices can also be operated between parallel polarizers, in which case the bright and

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dark states are reversed. The voltage-off dark state in this configuration appears blotchy,
however, because of small variations of thickness across the device.
Both the liquid crystal material and the alignment layer material contain ionic compounds. If an
electric field of one particular polarity is applied for a long period of time, this ionic material is
attracted to the surfaces and degrades the device performance. This is avoided either by applying
an alternating current or by reversing the polarity of the electric field as the device is addressed
(the response of the liquid crystal layer is identical, regardless of the polarity of the applied
field).
When a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it is not technically possible to
drive each directly since then each pixel would require independent electrodes. Instead, the
display is multiplexed. In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped
and wired together (typically in columns), and each group gets its own voltage source. On the
other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage
sink. The groups are designed so each pixel has a unique, unshared combination of source and
sink. The electronics or the software driving the electronics then turns on sinks in sequence, and
drives sources for the pixels of each sink.

Brief history

1888: Friedrich Reinitzer (18581927) discovers the liquid crystalline nature of

cholesterol extracted from carrots (that is, two melting points and generation of colours) and
published his findings at a meeting of the Vienna Chemical Society on May 3, 1888 (F.
Reinitzer: Beitrge zur Kenntniss des Cholesterins, Monatshefte fr Chemie (Wien) 9, 421-441
(1888)).
1904: Otto Lehmann publishes his work "Flssige Kristalle" (Liquid Crystals).
1911: Charles Mauguin first experiments of liquids crystals confined between plates in
thin layers.
1922: Georges Friedel describes the structure and properties of liquid crystals and
classified them in 3 types (nematics, smectics and cholesterics).

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1927: Vsevolod Frederiks devises the electrically switched light valve, called
the Fredericksz transition, the essential effect of all LCD technology.
1936: The Marconi Wireless Telegraph company patents the first practical application of
the technology, "The Liquid Crystal Light Valve".
1962: The first major English language publication on the subject "Molecular Structure
and Properties of Liquid Crystals", by Dr. George W. Gray.
1962: Richard Williams of RCA found that liquid crystals had some interesting electrooptic characteristics and he realized an electro-optical effect by generating stripe-patterns in a
thin layer of liquid crystal material by the application of a voltage. This effect is based on an
electro-hydrodynamic instability forming what is now called Williams domains inside the
liquid crystal.

1964: George H. Heilmeier, then working in the RCA laboratories on the effect
discovered by Williams achieved the switching of colours by field-induced realignment of
dichroic dyes in a homeotropically oriented liquid crystal. Practical problems with this new
electro-optical effect made Heilmeier continue to work on scattering effects in liquid crystals and
finally the achievement of the first operational liquid crystal display based on what he called
the dynamic scattering mode (DSM). Application of a voltage to a DSM display switches the
initially clear transparent liquid crystal layer into a milky turbid state. DSM displays could be
operated in transmissive and in reflective mode but they required a considerable current to flow
for their operation. George H. Heilmeier was inducted in the National Inventors Hall of Fame
and credited with the invention of LCD.
1960s: Pioneering work on liquid crystals was undertaken in the late 1960s by
the UK's Royal Radar Establishment at Malvern, England. The team at RRE supported ongoing
work by George Gray and his team at the University of Hull who ultimately discovered the
cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals (which had correct stability and temperature properties for
application in LCDs).

Page 31

1970: On December 4, 1970, the twisted nematic field effect in liquid crystals was filed
for patent by Hoffmann-LaRoche in Switzerland, (Swiss patent No. 532 261) with Wolfgang
Helfrich and Martin Schadt (then working for the Central Research Laboratories) listed as
inventors. Hoffmann-La Roche then licensed the invention to the Swiss manufacturer Brown,
Boveri & Cie who produced displays for wrist watches during the 1970s and also to Japanese
electronics industry which soon produced the first digital quartz wrist watches with TN-LCDs
and numerous other products. James Fergason while working with Sardari Arora and Alfred
Saupe at Kent State University Liquid Crystal Institute filed an identical patent in the USA on
April 22, 1971. In 1971 the company of Fergason ILIXCO (now LXD Incorporated) produced
the first LCDs based on the TN-effect, which soon superseded the poor-quality DSM types due
to improvements of lower operating voltages and lower power consumption.
1972: The first active-matrix liquid crystal display panel was produced in the United
States by Westinghouse, in Pittsburgh, PA.
1996: Samsung develops the optical patterning technique that enables multi-domain
LCD. Multi-domain and In Plane Switching subsequently remain the dominant LCD designs
through 2010.
1997: Hitachi resurrects the In Plane Switching (IPS) technology producing the first LCD
to have the visual quality acceptable for TV application.
2001: Jean Paul Gaultier uses LCD technology at his 2001 fall collection fashionshow
which brings LCD to mainstream.

2007: In the 4Q of 2007 for the first time LCD televisions surpassed CRT units in
worldwide sales.
2008: LCD TVs become the majority with a 50% market share of the 200 million TVs
forecast to ship globally in 2008 according to Display Bank.

Page 32

LCDs with a small number of segments, such as those used in digital watches and pocket
calculators,

have

individual

electrical

contacts

for

each

segment.

An

external

dedicated circuit supplies an electric charge to control each segment. This display structure is
unwieldy for more than a few display elements.
Small

monochrome

displays

such

as

those

found

in

personal

organizers,

electronic weighing scales, older laptop screens, and the original Nintendo Game Boy have a
passive-matrix structure employing super-twisted nematic (STN) or double-layer STN (DSTN)
technology (the latter of which addresses a colour-shifting problem with the former), and colourSTN (CSTN) in which colour is added by using an internal filter. Each row or column of the
display has a single electrical circuit. The pixels are addressed one at a time by row and column
addresses. This type of display is called passive-matrix addressed because the pixel must retain
its state between refreshes without the benefit of a steady electrical charge. As the number of
pixels (and, correspondingly, columns and rows) increases, this type of display becomes less
feasible. Very slow response times and poor contrast are typical of passive-matrix addressed
LCDs.

Monochrome passive-matrix LCDs was standard in most early laptops (although a few
used plasma displays). The commercially unsuccessful Macintosh Portable (released in 1989)
was one of the first to use an active-matrix display (though still monochrome), but passivematrix was the norm until the mid-1990s, when colour active-matrix became standard on all
laptops.
High-resolution colour

displays

such

as

modern

LCD computer

monitors and televisions use an active matrix structure. A matrix of thin-film transistors (TFTs) is
added to the polarizing and colour filters. Each pixel has its own dedicated transistor, allowing
each column line to access one pixel. When a row line is activated, all of the column lines are
connected to a row of pixels and the correct voltage is driven onto all of the column lines. The
row line is then deactivated and the next row line is activated. All of the row lines are activated
in sequence during a refresh operation. Active-matrix addressed displays look "brighter" and

Page 33

"sharper" than passive-matrix addressed displays of the same size, and generally have quicker
response times, producing much better images.

4. RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) MODULE

RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission. It
features adjustable data rate and reliable transmission distance. The communication protocol is
self controlled and completely transparent to user interface. The module can be embedded to
your current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily.

Features

Automatic switching between TX and RX mode.

FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference.
2.4 GHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license.
Protocol translation is self controlled, easy to use.
High sensitivity, reliable transmission range.

Page 34

Standard UART interface, TTL(3-5V) logic level.

Stable, small size, easier mounting.
No tuning required, PLL based self tuned.
Error checking (CRC) of data in built.

PIN

PIN Name

Details

RXD

Receive

Input serial data of 3 to 5 V logic level,

Input

usually connected to TXD pin of

TXD

Transmit

microcontroller
Output serial data of 3V logic level,usually

+5V

Output
Power

connected to RXD pi of microcontroller

Regulated 5V Supply

GND

Supply
Ground

Ground Level of power supply. Must be

common ground

Application

Sensor Networks / Data collection

Wireless metering
Access control / Identity discrimination
IT home appliance
Smart house products / Security Systems
Remote control / Remote measurement system
Weather stations

Specifications

Name

Min

Type

Working Voltage
Frequency of Operation
Output RF Power
Typical Operating Range
UART baud rate

4.5

5
9
2.4
1
30
9600/4800/38400/19200

Max

Pin definition

Page 35

Unit
V
GHz
dbm
Meters
bps

Fig 9: PIN Diagram of RF Module

RF MODEM Schematic Diagram

Page 36

Fig 10: RF Schematic Diagram

Operation

Page 37

This module works in half-duplex mode. Means it can either transmit or receive but not
both at same time. After each transmission, module will be switched to receiver mode
automatically. The LED for TX and RX indicates whether IC is currently receiving or
transmitting data. The data sent is checked for CRC error if any. If chip is transmitting and any
data is input to transmit, it will be kept in buffer for next transmission cycle. It has internal 64
bytes of buffer for incoming data. When you power on the unit, the TX LED will briefly blink
indicating that initialization is complete and it is ready to use.
The RX LED is directly on TX OUT pin to indicate that actual data is received and it is
sent to output pin.

1. MAX 232

Page 38

Fig11: MAX232

This is the device, which is used to convert TTL/CMOS and vice versa. The MAX232 is
a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply EIA-232 voltage
levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts EIA-232 inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS
levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can
accept 30-V inputs.

Features:

Operate With Single 5-V Power Supply

Operate Up to 120 kbit/s

Two Drivers and Two Receivers

30-V Input Levels

Applications:

TIA/EIA-232-F

Battery-Powered Systems

Terminals

Page 39

Modems

RS-232 Protocol

RS-232 was created for one purpose, to interface between Data Terminal Equipment
(DTE) and Data Communications Equipment (DCE) employing serial binary data interchange.
So as stated the DTE is the terminal or computer and the DCE is the modem or other
communications device.
RS 232 CONVERTER is a chip to convert the TTL voltage levels into RS 232 level and
vice versa. In this project MODEM is communicating with the microcontroller through serial
port, the microcontroller will send the commands to the modem through RS 232.and the data is
read through serial port therefore to make compatible computer serial port with microcontroller
serial port we are using the RS 232 converter.

PIN Configuration

Page 40

Interfacing microcontroller with MAX 232

Fig12: Interfacing microcontroller with MAX232

2. Power Supply
The microcontroller and other devices get power supply from AC to DC adapter through
7805, 5 volts regulator. The voltage produced by an unregulated power supply will vary
depending on the load and on variations in the AC supply voltage. For critical electronics
applications a linear regulator may be used to set the voltage to a precise value, stabilized against
fluctuations in input voltage and load. The regulator also greatly reduces the ripple and noise in
the output direct current. Linear regulators often provide current limiting, protecting the power
supply and attached circuit from over current.
The adapter output voltage will be 12V DC non-regulated. The 7805 voltage regulator is
used to convert 12 V to 5V DC.

Page 41

Fig13: 12 V Power Supply Circuit

7805 is a 5V fixed three terminal positive voltage regulator IC . The IC has features such
as safe operating area protection, thermal shut down, internal current limiting which makes the
IC very rugged. Out currents up to 1A can be drawn from the IC provided that there is a proper
heat sink. A 9V transformer steps down the main voltage, 1A bridge rectifier rectifies it and
capacitor C1 filters it and 7805 regulates it to produce a steady 5V DC.

Page 42

3. Transformer

A transformer is a static device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductorsthe transformer's coils. A varying current in
the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a
varying magnetic through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a
varying electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is
called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary
winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the
transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding
(Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns
in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current
(AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by
making Ns less than Np.
In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic
core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.

Page 43

Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a

stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions
of power grids. All operate with the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide.
While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits,
transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household ("mains")
voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes
long-distance transmission economically practical.

Page 44

Fig 14: A 12V AC Transformer

The transformer is based on two principles: first, that an electric current can produce
a magnetic field (electromagnetism), and, second that a changing magnetic field within a coil of
wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the

Page 45

current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic
flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.

4. DC BATTERY

A battery is a device that can store electricity. Some are rechargeable, and some are not.
They store direct current (DC) electricity. A battery really means two or more wet or dry cells
connected in series for more voltage, or in parallel for more current, although people often call a
cell a battery. The voltage of a cell depends on the chemicals used while the amount of power or
current it can supply also depends on how large the cell is; a bigger cell of a given type can
supply more amps, or for a longer time.
The chemical reactions that occur in a battery are exothermic reactions and, thus, produce
heat. For example, if you leave your laptop on for a long time, and then touch the battery, it will
be warm or hot. However, the batteries used in laptops are called lithium-ion batteries and they
sometimes do have a fire hazard (A few years ago, dell laptops that that were powered by lithium
batteries began to catch fire, though this event was rare.).
Batteries come in lots of different shapes and sizes and voltages. It is possible, but not
easy, to run wires to use an odd size battery for an odd purpose. Batteries are always more
costly/expensive than mains electricity. But mains electricity is not suitable for things that
are mobile. Bicycles have tail-lights that can be operated by batteries, and sometimes by a
little generator powered by the wheels. Wind-up generators are now available to power
small clockwork radios, clockwork torches, etc.
Rechargeable batteries are recharged by reversing the chemical reaction that occurs
within the battery. But a rechargeable battery can only be recharged a given amount of time
(recharge life). Even iPods, with built in batteries, cannot be recharged forever. Moreover, each
time a battery is recharged, its ability to hold a charge is degraded a bit. Non-rechargeable

Page 46

batteries should not be charged as various caustic and corrosive substances can leak out, such as
potassium hydroxide.

Fig 15: 12 V DC Battery

Page 47

5. MISCELLANEOUS

Resistors

A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component which implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a
current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. This constant of
proportionality is called conductance, G. The reciprocal of the conductance is known as
the resistance R, since, with a given voltage V, a larger value of R further "resists" the flow of
current I as given by Ohm's law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickelchrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices,
and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.
The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than 9 orders of magnitude. When
specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may
require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific
application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some
precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating
which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is

Page 48

mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are
physically larger and may require heat sinking. In a high voltage circuit, attention must
sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

The series inductance of a practical resistor causes its behavior to depart from ohms law;
this specification can be important in some high-frequency applications for smaller values of
resistance. In a low-noise amplifier or pre-amp the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an
issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent
on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified
individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A
family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of
the device and position of its leads (or terminals) which is relevant in the practical manufacturing
of circuits using them.

Fig 16: Co-axial Resistor

Page 49

Capacitor

A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The
forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a
non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils
separated by a layer of insulating film.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated
by a dielectric (insulator). When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a
static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate
and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal
capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the
ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power
supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies and for many other
purposes.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of
conductor; hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates", referring to an early means of
construction. In practice the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage

Page 50

current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the
conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.

Fig 17: 100mF Capacitor

Page 51

Fig 18: 1000mF Capacitor

6. SERIAL IN LINE RESISTOR

The Serial In Line Resistor networks are available in 6 pins, 8 pins and 10 pins styles in both
standard and custom circuits. They incorporate Vishay Thin Films patented passivated nichrome
film to give superior performance on temperature coefficient of resistance, thermal stability,
noise, voltage coefficient, power handling and resistance stability. The leads are attached to the
metalized alumina substrates by Thermo-Compression bonding. The body is molded thermo set
plastic with gold plated copper alloy leads. This product will outperform all of the requirements

Page 52

Fig 19: Serial In Line Resistor

7. DB-9 SERIAL PORT

An Asynchronous port on the computer used to connect a serial device to the computer
and capable of transmitting one bit at a time. Serial ports are typically identified on IBM
compatible computers as COM (communications) ports. For example, a mouse might be
connected to COM1 and a modem to COM2. With the introduction of USB, FireWire, and other
faster solutions serial ports are rarely used when compared to how often they've been used in the
past. DB 9 and DB 25 Are most common Serial port used for Communication.

Page 53

Fig 20: DB 9 Male Receptable

Page 54

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

Page 55

BLOCK DESCRIPTION
BLOCK DIAGRAM

System Block Diagram of moving Vehicle

GPS

Rx

Microcontroller
AT89C51
RF
Tx

Power supply

Fig 15: Block Diagram

Page 56

C
D

System Block Diagram of Static Monitoring Point

RF
Rx

Logic
Convert
er

Fig 16: Block Diagram

Page 57

PC

 DESCRIPTION

A network of satellite that continuously transmit coded information, which makes it

possible to precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from satellites.
By having received the almanac and ephemeris data, the GPS receiver knows the
position (location) of the satellites at all times
The device consists of microcontroller interfaced with a GPS and a RF Module. The
GPS module receives the information of the vehicle and passes it to the controller.
The controller extracts the required information and makes a packet outfit that
consists of geographical data and other information
This packet is passed to the RF Transmitter that is configured for point to point
service. Te remote receiver consists of a RF Receiver interfaced with PC.A software
will display the current position of the vehicle on the screen window or on the map.
The Block Diagram of GPS based Vehicle Positioning System (VPS) is analysed fully
on this basis.
Also the LCD Hardware is interfaced to the microcontroller which shows the same
data so that the person driving the vehicle can also get his exact position on Earth
along with the person monitoring him at the static station.

Page 58

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

Page 59

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 17: Circuit Schematic Diagram

Page 60

 DESCRIPTION

The project is vehicle positioning and navigation system we can locate the vehicle around
the globe with 8052 micro controller, GPS receiver, RF module, MAX 232, EEPROM.
Microcontroller used is AT89S52. The code is written in the internal memory of Microcontroller
i.e. ROM. With help of instruction set it processes the instructions and it acts as interface
between RF and GPS with help of serial communication of 8052. GPS always transmits the data
and GSM transmits and receive the data.
GPS pin TX is connected to microcontroller via MAX232. RF pins TX and RX are
connected to microcontroller serial ports.
Microcontroller communicates with the help of serial communication. First it takes the
data from the GPS receiver and then sends the information to the owner in the form of numerical
values with help of RF modem.
GPS receiver works on 9600 baud rate is used to receive the data from space Segment
(from Satellites), the GPS values of different Satellites are sent to microcontroller AT89S52,
where these are processed and forwarded to RF Modem. At the time of processing GPS receives
only $GPRMC values only. From these values microcontroller takes only latitude and longitude
values excluding time, altitude, name of the satellite, authentication etc. E.g. LAT: 1728:2470
LOG: 7843.3089. RF modem with a baud rate 9600. EEPROM is an Electrically Erasable read
only memory which stores is used to store the mobile number.
The power is supplied to components like RF, GPS and Micro control circuitry using a
12V/3.2A battery. RF requires 5v, GPS and microcontroller requires 5v .with the help of
regulators we regulate the power between three components.

Page 61

 P C B LAYOUT

Fig 18: Circuit Board Diagram

Page 62

WORKING

Page 63

WORKING
Of all the applications of GPS, Vehicle tracking and navigational systems have brought
this technology to the day-to-day life of the common man. Today GPS fitted cars, ambulances,
fleets and police vehicles are common sights on the roads of developed countries. Known by
many names such as Automatic Vehicle Locating System (AVLS), Vehicle Tracking and
Information System (VTIS), Mobile Asset Management System (MAMS), these systems offer an
effective tool for improving the operational efficiency and utilization of the vehicles. GPS is used
in the vehicles for both tracking and navigation. Tracking systems enable a base station to keep
track of the vehicles without the intervention of the driver whereas navigation system helps the
driver to reach the destination. Whether navigation system or tracking system, the architecture is
more or less similar. The navigation system will have convenient, usually a graphic display for
the driver which is not needed for the tracking system. Vehicle tracking systems combine a
number of well-developed technologies.
To design the VMSS system, we combined the GPSs ability to pin-point location along
with the ability of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) to communicate with a
control center in a wireless fashion. The system includes GPS-GSM modules and a base station
called the control center.
Let us briefly explain how VMSS works. In order to monitor the vehicle, it is equipped with a
GPS-GSM VMSS system. It receives GPS signals from satellites, computes the location
information, and then sends it to the control center. With the vehicle location information, the
control center displays all of the vehicle positions on an electronic map in order to easily monitor
and control their routes. Besides tracking control, the control center can also maintain wireless
communication with the GPS units to provide other services such as alarms, status control, and
system updates.

Page 64

Page 65

FLOW CHART

Page 66

FLOW CHART

Fig 19: Flow chart of the System

Page 67

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

Page 68

RESULT AND CONCLUSION

A properly designed Vehicle Monitoring System saves time and work by eliminating the
need for service personnel to visit each site for inspection, data collection/logging or make
adjustments.
Here we are using simplex transmission and not duplex transmission. So data can only be
sent from remote end to the central end.
We can also send the data regarding the speed, altitude, fuel level or any other quantity, to
the industry end, from remote places at any time.

The following advantages have been found:

The circuit is quite simple.
The technique is suitable for long distances and large geographical area.
Remote monitoring systems are designed to allow a smaller number of
operators to monitor a large number of individual assets.
It is cheaper.
Works anywhere on earth and on any time.

Page 69

FUTURE SCOPE

Page 70

FUTURE SCOPE
Many issues surround the future of Global Positioning System technology and
operability. The most certain aspect of the future of GPS is its increased usage and its expansion
into new areas of application. Bradford Parkinson, from the University of Minnesota Center for
Transportation Studies, predicts that by 2010 there will be more than 50 million GPS users that
perform applications relating to the following fields:

automobiles

ships

farm vehicles

Aircraft

military systems

Technology

Additional advances in GPS technology will also include increased positional accuracy
and more reliable calculations. The addition of civilian codes and civilian frequencies will be
developed to solely meet the needs of civilian users with little to no military application. (Marine
Computer Systems)

GPS Satellite System Interoperability

With the advent of the European GALILEO system, GPS developers and users have
increasingly pondered the benefits of interoperating the NAVSTAR and GALILEO systems. The
possible benefits include:

more available signals that will allow GPS users to access more satellites from
remote areas

Page 71

additional signal power and spectrum diversity will lessen the impact of
expected signal noise and interference

improved signal redundancy

Drawbacks

Some potential drawbacks, costs and challenges that will be incurred with interoperability
include:

increased equipment cost to the user to be able to access both systems

additional noise and interference environment

setting satellite orbits to ensure that interoperability actually benefits the user

Advantages

There are many advantages of having a GPS system:

A GPS system comes with a panic button. When this button is pressed an
operator at the GPS carrier can listen in on the conversation and either help
you out or alert the authorities. This will keep you safe in case of accidents or
hi jacks.

Your car will never lose your car at any place. The GPS service will track the
car for you and send its lights flashing.

If your vehicle is ever stolen the GPS system will track the vehicle and the
authorities will be able to get it back in no time.

A GPS system in a car, boat, plane or haversack will ensure that you are
never lost.

Page 72

A GPS system streamlines supply chains and truck movements. The system
cans their destination. Track goods at any point of time and accurately predict
when goods will reach

GPS systems are used to detect structural problems in buildings and roads
and

to

predict

disasters

like

earthquakes

and

so

on.

The

scientific applications of a GPS system are many.

A GPS system can be used to locate a lost child, pet or family. The device is
quite small and is like a watch or button on a collar.

A GPS is a great exercise monitor and will help you keep track of your speed.

Page 73

COST ANALYSIS

Page 74

COST ANALYSIS

Page 75

S.No

Name of component

Quantity

Prize

LCD

120

Microcontroller 8051

80

GPS Receiver

4500

RF Module

3000

Battery

200

4 dc gear motor

280

4 Wheel Chassis

200

Max 232

80

Remote N-switch

30

10

Capacitor

11

Register

12

Rectifier

15

13

Crystal oscillator

40

14

PCB

70

TOTAL

20

8618

APPENDIX

Page 76

TABLE

APPENDIX
A. GPS Receiver with Active Antenna
Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites broadcast signals from space that GPS
receivers, use to provide three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus
precise time.
GPS receivers provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide
users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth.
Sunroms ultra-sensitive GPS receiver can acquire GPS signals from 65 channels of
satellites and output position data with high accuracy in extremely challenging environments and
under poor signal conditions due to its active antenna and high sensitivity. The GPS receivers
-160dBm tracking sensitivity allows continuous position coverage in nearly all application
environments.
The output is serial data of 9600 baud rate which is standard NMEA 0183 v3.0 protocol
offering industry standard data messages and a command set for easy interface to mapping
software and embedded devices.

Page 77

Details

This GSM modem is a highly flexible plug and play quad band GSM modem for direct
and easy integration to RS232. Supports features like Voice, Data/Fax, SMS,GPRS and
integrated TCP/IP stack.
GSM/GPRS wireless data modem is the ready solution for remote wireless applications,
machine to machine or user to machine and remote data communications.

Features
High sensitivity-160dBm
Searching up to 65 channel of satellites
LED indicating data output
Low power consumption
GPS L1 C/A code
Supports NMEA0183 v 3.01 data protocol
Real time navigation for location based services.

Applications
Sensor networks/ data collection
Wireless metering
Access control/ identify discrimination
IT home appliances
Smart house products/ security systems.

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B. RF MODEM,2.4GHZ,40METERS RANGE

RF data modem working at 2.4 Ghz frequency in half duplex mode with automatic
switching of receive/transmit mode with LED indication. Receives and Transmits serial data of
adjustable baud rate of 9600/4800/38400/19200 bps at 5V or 3V level for direct interfacing to
microcontrollers. This model can work with other 2.4 Ghz Sunrom models 1197(30 meters
range).
RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission. It
features high data rate and longer transmission distance. The communication protocol is self
controlled and completely transparent to user interface. The module can be embedded to your
current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily.

Features

Page 79

Automatic switching between TX and RX mode.

FSK technology, half duplex mode, robust to interference
2.4 GHz band, no need to apply frequency usage license
Protocol translation is self controlled easy to use
High sensitivity ,reliable transmission range
Standard UART interface,TTL(3-5)logic level.

Applications
Sensor networks/data collections
Wireless metering
Access control/identify discrimination
IT home appliance
Smart house products/security systems
Remote control/remote measurement system
Weather stations.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Page 80

BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikipedia.com
www.sunrom.com
www.electronicsforu.com
www.8051projects.net
www.discoverprojects.com
www.freewebs.com
www.futurelec.com

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