Hobbies & Leisure

Camping

published by Barnes & Noble

You need to get out more.

You dont need to be a mountaineer or an Eagle Scout to enjoy a weekend in the
wildgetting your dose of nature can be as simple as a couple nights in a tent at a
nearby park. So conquer the great outdoors with tips on how to:
Buy the right gearsleeping bags, tents, backpacks, boots, rope, and more
Pick a campsite, pitch a tent, tie essential knots, build a fire, and cook outdoors
Avoid and handle common problems, from poison ivy to mosquitoes to bears

Why Go Camping?
Camping is arguably the most adaptable form of vacation.
You can plan a camping trip to suit almost any circumstance, skill level, or interest, from leisurely tent camping
at a campground to serious backcountry mountaineering at
high elevation and with no facilities.
What all camping trips have in common is an unmatched
proximity to nature. As the number of people living in urban
areas increases, rustic solitude, outdoor adventure, and
crackling campfires become ever more appealing. Camping
can give you a chance to:
Enjoy the solitude and quiet of the outdoors
Explore wilderness areas and see scenery you wouldnt
come across otherwise
Learn new skills, from campfire cooking and knots to
stargazing and canoeing
Get some fresh air and good exercise
Save money compared to traditional hotel vacations

Difficulty level: How intense do you want your trip to

be? Some campsites provide few or no facilities, while
others have fire pits, bathrooms, and even electrical
hookups. Some sites are right by a roadside, while
others are miles from civilization and require strenuous
hikes to reach. Know your abilities, and dont plan a
trip thats too advanced. If youre a complete beginner,
consider a guided group trip, in which gear is provided
and experienced guides lead the way.

If you plan to explore a park extensively or off the beaten

track, get topographical maps, which give a more complete
picture of the terrain. You can find them at local camping
and hiking supply stores or order them directly from the U.S.
Geological Survey at www.usgs.gov.

Once you have an overall idea of how you want your trip to
go, you can work through the practical issues of planning.

Figure out in advance the fastest way back to

civilization from every site you plan to visit.
Map out alternate trail routes should you need to
shorten a hike.
Leave detailed schedules and routes with a contact
person at home. Arrange to call and check in with
that person when you return. (You might also check in
during your trip if your cell phone gets reception.)

Find a Campground
The National Park Service operates nearly 400 sites in the
United States and its territories. Camping areas are also
run by the National Forest Service, the Army Corps of
Engineers, and the Bureau of Land Management. (Private
companies operate campgrounds as well, but most of these
cater to RV campers.) Browse your options online at:

Make Contingency Plans

Always have a backup plan you can follow in case something goes wrong on your trip. In particular:

Do Some Pre-Trip Testing and Conditioning

Prepare for your trip by taking the following steps:

How to Organize a Camping Trip

With all the camping options available to you, organizing
a trip from scratch can be intimidating. To begin, consider
who will go on the trip, what youd like to experience, and
how intense you want your activities to be. Three considerations will help focus your plans:
Companions: Your camping team might consist
of friends or family members. Find out everyones
different strengths and delegate responsibilities
accordingly. A good cook could be put in charge of
meal preparation, whereas a mechanically minded
camper could set up the tents. Also keep in mind that,
though camping as a group is fun, safe, and practical,
its important to keep the group from becoming a
crowd. It can be difficult to maintain cohesiveness
and clear communicationnot to mention find a large
enough campsitewhen camping with more than five
people or so.
Setting: Though camping is often associated with
forests and trails, wooded areas are far from the only
places to camp. Many beaches have areas set aside
for camping, and beach tents can be anchored in the
sand. Other parks are set near lakes, on mountains,
in caverns, and in deserts, giving you easy access to
boating, mountain biking, skiing, rock climbing, and
other sports.

Recreation.gov: A clearinghouse of sorts for all U.S.

public land. You can search for public campgrounds by
state and type of site. See www.recreation.gov.
National Park Service: Comprehensive information,
maps, and pictures of all NPS lands. A search engine
helps you find sites with specific natural or historical
features. See www.nps.gov.
Also, ask friends about their past camping trips; their advice
can lead you to a site you might not have known about.

Make Reservations and Obtain Permits

Depending on where you camp, you generally need to either
make a reservation or get a camping permit. You can do
so through the park directly or through one of several independent camp-reservation services, such ReserveAmerica
(www.reserveamerica.com).
When planning to visit a well-known campground (or
any campground over a holiday), reserve early. Yosemite
National Parks campgrounds, for example, fill up six months
in advance for the busy May-to-September high season.

Assess your physical fitness level: If youre feeling

a little out of shape, consider starting an exercise
regimen prior to your trip. Cycling and climbing are
especially beneficial because they build stamina in the
lower body. Even simple steps such as taking the stairs
rather than the elevator on a regular basis can help.
Test out your equipment: Walk around with your
backpack on. Does it fit well? Is it comfortable? Is it
too heavy? If you notice a problem now, itll only be
magnified when youre on your trip. If you buy new
hiking boots or walking shoes, wear them around to
break them in. (For more on equipment, see Camping
Gear and Camping Clothing and Footwear.)
Test out the food you plan to eat: Try preparing
some of your camping-trip meals at home first. This will
ensure that you have all the ingredients and equipment
you need and that you like the taste of the food.
Try out your tent: Practice pitching your tent and
packing it back up so youre not caught unprepared.

Map Your Route

Camping Gear

If youll be camping in a national or state park, you can

almost always call and request that maps and brochures be
sent to you. Park-published maps usually show campsites,
restrooms, activity areas, and points of interest. Though fine
for a basic trip, they are not very geographically detailed.

The outdoor outfitting industry is massive, and countless

new or updated products appear each year. Always keep
the essential purposes of your gear in mind: doing so will
help you sort through the vast array of options and decide
which features are necessary and which are excessive.

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Sleeping Bags

Types of Tents

Sleeping bags are generally classified by their shape and filling.

Three popular tent designs are: A-frame tents, hoop tents, and dome tents.

Mummy Bags vs. Rectangular Bags

A-frame: Shaped like a capital A, with sharply sloping sides and a central point
Hoop: Features several arched poles that create a tunnel inside the tent
Dome: Has two or more large poles that overlap to form a hemispherical roof

Mummy bags are close-fitting and tapered at the

foot, with a snug hood. They are essential for coldweather camping but too hot to sleep in during the
summer. Some campers also find the mummy bags
shape to be claustrophobic. Classic rectangular
bags, on the other hand, lack the warming abilities
of mummy bags but allow for more movement, and
they can be more easily joined to other sleeping bags
to create two- or three-person bags. This style is
usually acceptable for recreational campers.

A-frame tent

Down Filling vs. Synthetic Filling

Sleeping bags with down filling are expensive but can be advantageous in the long run:
theyre lighter, more breathable, compress to a smaller size, and can last for decades
(whereas synthetic bags need to be replaced every few years). However, down bags that
become wet take a long time to dry, which can lead to uncomfortable nights. The main
benefit of sleeping bags with synthetic filling (often a polyester fiber such as Polarguard ,
Hollofil, or Quallofil ), besides the far-cheaper prices, is that they dry fairly quickly.

How to Choose a Sleeping Bag

When choosing a sleeping bag shape, consider the nighttime temperatures at the site you
plan to visit, as well as how much you usually move around and how cold you tend to get at
night. Because everyones metabolism is different, some need more insulation than others.
Test-run a bag before buying it. Practice getting in and out of it and see how comfortable
you feel. Inspect the zipper, which should be sturdy and two-way and run the full length
of the bag. The zipper should also have a draft tube, which covers and insulates the entire
inside of the zipperthe draft tube is key to preventing heat loss.

Sleeping Pads
A sleeping pad is placed under your sleeping bag and has two functions: to buffer you from
uncomfortable bumps on the ground and to keep you warm and dry. For warmth, a sleeping
bag alone is often insufficient: lying on the cold earth for hours on end causes significant
heat loss. Folded-up extra blankets will work in a pinch, but they may make a lumpy sleeping
surface and are heavy to carry around. There are more comfortable and easier options.

Self-Inflating Mattress
Essentially a lighter, more compact version of an air
mattress, a self-inflating mattress is comfortable
and durable. However, it needs to be repaired or
replaced if punctured or torn.

Closed-Cell Foam Pad

A closed-cell foam pad is much cheaper than a self-inflating mattress
and remains usable even if punctured or torn. A popular mattress of
this type is the RidgeRest , made by Therm-a-Rest.

Tents
A good tent must be lightweight, breathable, durable, and waterproof. A well-made tent
will have tight stitching, a smooth zipper system, and aluminum poles. Light-colored fabrics
reflect light to avoid absorbing excess heat. Tents are double-skinned: the inner layer is a
breathable nylon, whereas the outer layer, called the rain fly, keeps the inside dry. The rain
fly should cover the entire tentif it doesnt, it can make for a soggy night.

Vestibules are popular optional features. These are essentially tent foyers that provide
extra storage space and shelter the entrance of the tent from the elements. Vestibules are
useful in any kind of weather but are indispensable for winter camping.

hoop tent

dome tent

Tent Type

Advantages

Disadvantages

A-frame

Reliable
Rain-resistant
Inexpensive

Provides little headroom

Usually requires stakes to
stay rigid

Hoop

Lightweight
Easy to set up

Doesnt resist wind well

Provides little headroom

Dome

Resists wind well

Has ample floor space and headroom

Can be heavy

How to Choose a Tent

As a general guideline, figure that each camper will require 3' 7' of space in the tent. Keep
these dimensions in mind when looking at tents: some four-person tents may really be
more suitable for two. Tents are always a compromise between weight and spaciousness. If
youll be backpacking, consider every pound: youd be wise to sacrifice a roomy tent for one
that you can carry comfortably. If youre camping by car or plan to stay at only one sleeping
site the entire trip, the weight of your tent will be a less important consideration.
As with sleeping bags, test out several tents before deciding. Good camping-supply
stores will have a variety of tents set up and will let you take them down and repitch them.

Backpacks
If youre planning a short trip with a car nearby, a daypack may be all you need. But if youll
be carrying everything on your back, a well-made backpack is a vital investment. Carry no
more than 25% of your body weight on your back: for example, if you weigh 160 pounds,
carry no more than 40 pounds on your back. There are two main types of backpacks:
External-frame pack: This pack has a large, rectangular, usually
aluminum frame to which the pack and gear are attached. Its
designed to handle very heavy loads and distribute weight over
your hips to take pressure off your back. The space that the frame
puts between your back and the pack allows air to circulate more
freelya big asset in hot weather. In addition, you can tie extra
equipment onto the frame if need be. However, an external frame
is less than ideal for backpacking in situations where balance is
critical, such as on rocky terrain: the trade-off for the high center
of gravity and rigid frame structure is a decrease in stability.
Internal-frame pack: All the structural elements of an externalframe pack are found inside this pack. An internal-frame pack is
more flexible and is better suited for use on unstable ground. It
also contours to your body more precisely and will take on the
shape of your back over time. Though an internal frame can be
hot against your back and usually costs more than an external
frame, its advantages have made it a popular choice among
many backpackers.

The information contained in this and every Quamut guide is intended only for the general interest of its readers and should not be used as a basis for making medical, investment, legal or other important decisions.
Though Quamut makes efforts to create accurate guides, editorial and research mistakes can occur. Quamut
cannot, therefore, guarantee the accuracy of its guides. We disclaim all warranties, including warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose, and must advise you to use our guides at your own risk.
Quamut and its employees are not liable for loss of any nature resulting from the use of or reliance upon our
charts and the information found therein.

Photo Credits: Page 1: Kevin Spreekmeester/First Light/Getty Images; Page 2: Courtesy of Big Agnes (photos 1, 3, and 7), D. Hurst/Alamy (photo 2), Courtesy of Therm-a-Rest (photo
4), Andy Crawford/DK Images (photo 5), Courtesy of MSR (photo 6), Courtesy of The Coleman Company, Inc. (photo 8), Courtesy of Mountainsmith (photo 9); Page 3: Courtesy of
Mountainsmith (photo 1), Courtesy of The Coleman Company, Inc. (photos 2 and 4-6), Scott B. Rosen/Bill Smith Studio (photo 3), Courtesy of Columbia Sportswear Company (photos 7-9).
Illustrations by Precision Graphics.

www.quamut.com
Copyright 2008 Quamut
All rights reserved.
Quamut is a registered trademark of
Barnes & Noble, Inc.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States
Writer: Kate Jacobs

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Suspension System

shoulder
straps

The fit and comfort of your backpack depends on its suspension system, which consists of several components.
Make sure you can adjust all of them easily.

sternum

Hip belt: Anchors much of the packs weight to your

strap
lumbar
hips. The upper ridge of the hip belt should sit about 1"
pad
above your hipbone and be well padded.
Shoulder straps: Stabilize the pack. They too should
be well padded, and you should be able to adjust them
for maximum comfort, especially near your neck.
hip belt
Sternum strap: Straps across your chest to prevent
your shoulders from being pulled back by the weight of the pack.
Lumbar pad: Sits against your lower back to offer it support and protect it from sharp
objects in your pack. It can be positioned higher or lower, depending on your comfort
and the shape of your back.
When shopping for packs, try to wear each one for at least 1520 minutes to see how it feels
over time. If possible, test it holding as much weight as you think youll be carrying. Some
camping-supply stores keep sandbags on hand for exactly this purpose.

Stoves
Relying on a campfire to cook food can be risky: getting a fire started in wet weather is difficult, and during dry seasons, some sites prohibit starting them. A camp stove is the most
popular alternative to an open flame. There are three main types of stoves:
White gas: Ideal for those who camp often or spend long periods of time in the
wilderness; also the most efficient stove for cold-weather use
Butane/propane: Burns cleanly and has an easy-to-control flame
Woodburning: Burns twigs and other firewood
Type of Stove

Advantages

Disadvantages

Liquid fuel

Fuel is less expensive

A little fuel goes a long way

Stove is expensive
Requires more maintenance

Compressed
gas

Easy to adjust temperature

Low-maintenance

Less reliable in cold weather

Empty cartridges create extra
bulk in your backpack

Solid fuel

Lightweight
Low-maintenance

Needs constant refueling

Hard to adjust temperature

How to Choose a Stove

Beyond the above fuel type considerations, think about the following factors when picking
out a stove:
Weight: Will you be carrying the stove on your back? If so, look into a pack stove,
which usually has only one burner but packs flat for convenient storage and transport.
Wind susceptibility: A windy night can cause a lot of frustration if you have the wrong
type of stove. If youre sold on a specific stove but are still unsure of its ability to resist
the wind, you can usually buy an attachable windscreen.
Flame adjustment: Depending on how sophisticated your cooking will be, you may
want to ensure that the stoves flame can adapt easily from low to high heat.

Lanterns
Weight is a big consideration when choosing the proper lantern, as some models can be
quite heavy. Smaller packing lanterns are more suitable for backpacking than larger, sturdier models. There are several types of lanterns, each suitable for different needs:
Candle: This small glass-and-metal cylinder holds special
dripless candles. Though ecologically sound and good for
general lighting, a candle lantern cannot illuminate large areas
or be used as a spotlight. Never place a candle lantern on a
tent floor, and be sure to bring several spare candles along.
Gas-powered: This lantern runs on propane, butane, dual
fuel, or kerosene. Its suitable only for campsite use, not
backpacking. Never use a gas-powered lantern inside a tent.
Battery-powered: This lantern comes in a variety of sizes,
each of which takes different sizes of batteries and is safe to
take inside tents and cars. Most battery-powered lanterns use
fluorescent bulbs. Remember to bring several replacement
batteries with you.
LED-powered: LED (light-emitting diode) is a newer
technology for battery-powered lanterns. An LED never needs
to be replaced and drains a battery much more slowly than a
fluorescent bulb. An LED lantern is great for both long camping
trips and emergencies.

candle
gaspowered

Rope
You can never have too much ropeyoull need it for rigging
tarps, keeping food out of reach of animals, hanging clothes up
to dry, and more. Look for a thick, supple, rope that you can grab
bare-handed comfortably and thats made of synthetic rather than
natural fiber. Avoid buying simple clothesline, which stretches and
warps with moisture. Instead, buy nylon parachute cordits very versatile because of its
elasticity and strength. Look for cord with a test strength of at least 550 pounds.

Camping Clothing and Footwear

Your clothing choices can make or break a camping trip, especially during extreme or
inclement weather. Though the specific clothes to bring depend on your planned activities
and the weather, follow these universal guidelines.

Fabrics
The best fabrics for outdoor use are breathable, durable, and dry quicklywearing damp
fabric in chilly weather is dangerous and can cause hypothermia. For this reason, cotton is
a poor choice: it sops up sweat and takes a long time to dry. Avoid cotton in all forms: jeans,
cotton T-shirts, and cotton underwear or socks.
Instead, choose synthetic materials such as polyester and polypropylene. GORE-TEX is
the ideal camping fabric: its both waterproof and breathable, which means it wicks away
sweat and will also keep you dry in a heavy storm. For cold weather, fleece is a good midlayer, and down jackets and vests compress very well in a pack.

Layering
Always wear clothes in layers. Layering not only allows you to remove or add clothes as
temperatures change but also helps regulate your body temperature by allowing perspiration to evaporate more efficiently. Dress in three thin layers:
Inner layer: Wicks moisture away from your skin and moves it to the next layer of
clothing. Polyester or polypropylene long underwear are good for this layer.
Middle layer: Draws sweat from the inner layer and encourages evaporation. This
layer provides warmth but should also be adaptable for warmer weather. Look for
garments with buttoned or zippered flaps or other methods of ventilation.
Outer layer: Your first defense against the environment, protecting you from rain and
wind. This layer should also allow body moisture to escape. Fabrics and thickness will
vary depending on the weather. GORE-TEX and fleece are popular choices.
With all clothes, look for deep, sealable pockets and garments without belt loops or other
attachments that could cause chafing.

Boots
For a casual hiking or camping trip, sturdy athletic shoes may be all you need. But hiking
boots offer advantages over all-purpose shoes. Designed specifically for handling uneven
terrain, boots increase traction and protect your feet from harsh conditions and ankle
injuries. Boots are divided into categories by weight. Choose the lightest category that fits
your needs:
Lightweight (less than 3 pounds): Many of these boots
are made by athletic-shoe manufacturers. Theyre ideal for
low-impact camping and summertime use, but theyre not
waterproof and offer less ankle support than heavier boots.
Midweight (2.754 pounds): Often made of leather, these
waterproof boots have stiffer midsoles, more cushioning,
and more dynamic treads for greater traction. However,
theyre less flexible and must be softened and broken in
before wilderness use. Follow the 50-mile rule: wear your
boots for 50 miles before you wear them camping.
Heavyweight (more than 4 pounds): These sturdy
boots are for serious mountain climbers. Theyre the
most waterproof of all boots, have thick soles, and offer
significant ankle support. They also require a longer breakin period. Most boots leather uppers are made of segments
that are stitched together (you can see these seams in most
sneakers and other shoes). More seams allow the boot to fit more snugly, but they
also allow water to seep in and are often the first part of the boot to blow out on the
trail. Heavyweight uppers are made of one piece of leather and therefore have minimal
seams, which makes the boots sturdier and more waterproof.
Its crucial that you test potential boots extensively before buying. Some shopping tips:

LED

batterypowered

Try boots on in the late afternoon or evening. Your feet tend to swell a bit by the end of
the day, so you want to try boots on when your feet have expanded to their fullest size.
Wear the socks you plan to wear while camping and hiking. Their thickness can affect
the boot size thats best for you.

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When you stand, your toes should not touch the front
of the boot. If they do, try a bigger size.
Your feet should remain stationary in the boots as you
walk. Make sure this is the case even when you walk
down an incline.
In addition to boots, bring a change of footwear on your trip.
You may want to get out of your boots and into something
more casual when youre relaxing at the site.

Socks
Socks should wick away moisture and protect your feet
from boot chafing. Many campers wear two pairs of socks:
a thin liner under a thicker wool sock. (Again, avoid cotton,
as it holds moisture and takes a long time to dry.) Look for
well-cushioned, soft-fiber socks with smooth seams.

Rain Gear
Disposable rain gear, such as a plastic poncho, is cheap and
works in a pinch, but it wont do much good in heavy rain or
hold up after a few hours. It can also be stiff and restrictive.
Though more expensive, a parka made of GORE-TEX or a
similar fabric is a far better option. Choose a large size that
will fit over your other layers of clothes. Also look for a good
hood, lots of pockets, and a mesh liner (which will keep you
cool during summertime showers.)

How to Choose a Campsite

Once youre on your camping trip, dont wait until dusk to
decide where exactly to set up your tent. Not only is it difficult to pitch a tent and organize your belongings in the dark,
but you may end up rushing and picking an ill-advised site.

Its unethical, and sometimes illegal, to move brush or
trees to accommodate your site needs, so find a naturally
good spot. Keep these factors in mind when picking a site:
Ground quality: Look for a nice spread of land without
too many rocks or tree roots. Check the moisture of the
ground: if you kneel and your knees get wet, imagine
how wet youll be after sleeping on it for a full night.
Avoid meadows, as mossy ground tends to act as a
sponge and take a long time to dry. If you plan to build
a fire, though, be equally careful about campsites that
are very dry, especially if theres a lot of flammable dry
grass or pine needles.
Slope: Always pitch a tent on level ground if possible.
If you cant find a flat area, sleep with your head higher
than your feet, because when your head is lower, the
chances are greater that youll sleep badly and wake
with a headache.
Elevation: Pitch your tent on high ground that has
good drainage. Camping in a ditch or depression
might protect you from wind, but if it rains, youll get
drenched. Worse, a sudden downpour can cause flash
flooding in low areas, which can be dangerous or even
life-threatening.
Sun and wind exposure: An ideal campsite will
get sun in the morning and shade in the afternoon.
Camping on the east side of a slope will give you
good morning warmth and shade during the hottest
hours of the day. In hot weather, choose a site with
many trees for more shade. Conversely, choose lightly
shaded areas in rainy weather; the extra sun will help
your equipment dry faster. A dense bank of bushes
or nest of pines will provide good cover from winds.
Always avoid camping near dead trees, which can fall
unexpectedly, and lone trees, which attract lightning.
Insects: To keep bugs at bay, choose a site with a
breeze, and avoid swampy or grassy locales and
mosquito-attracting stagnant water. Look at the ground
carefully to make sure you dont set up on an anthill.
Proximity to water: Though a water source is
necessary for drinking, cooking, and bathing, being too
close to a body of water can be problematic. Standing

Bowline

water attracts bugs, and camp activities may cause a

runoff of dirty water and other substances that may
contaminate water. Be sure your campsite is at least
200 feet away from the nearest lake, river, or stream.

No matter how much stress is put on this strong loop, the

bowline can always be untied easily. Its used for attaching
canoes to cars, helping people in rescue situations, and
suspending food from trees so animals cant reach it.

Once youve chosen a campsite, delegate tasks among your

team to quicken campsite setup. Assign different campers
to pitch tents, unroll bedding, put packs away, hang rope,
and set up your food preparation area.

How to Pitch a Tent

Practice setting up your tent a few times before you go on
your trip. Being comfortable with the basic setup will make
the task go more smoothly at the campsite and allow you to
adapt more quickly to unforeseen weather conditions.
Each tent comes with its own instruction manual (which
you should bring with you on your trip), but some general
guidelines apply:
1. Before you do anything else, lay a groundsheet a
plastic tarp that prevents the floor of your tent from
getting wet or puncturingon the ground where
you plan to pitch the tent. If possible, bring a second
groundsheet for the interior of your tent for extra
protection. You can make groundsheets yourself: buy
two pieces of heavy-duty plastic sheeting at an outdoor
or hardware store, and cut them to fit the size of your
tent floor exactly. Make sure the outer sheet is exactly
the size of your tent floor and no bigger: if it exceeds
the size of the tent floor, rainwater can accumulate on
it and funnel into the tent.
2. Once your groundsheet is down, lay the tent, rain fly,
and other parts flat on the groundsheet with pole loops
exposed. Starting neatly reduces confusion during the
actual setup of your tent.
3. Once the tent is raised, make sure the material is pulled
taut and stakes are driven securely into the ground.
This will give you more room inside and also make the
tent more stable.

How to Pitch a Tent in Windy Conditions

If you have to set up your tent in high winds, do so with
your back to the wind. Have everyone in your group help,
and use your bodies and any heavy objects you have to
weigh down the groundsheet and tent as you lay them out
on the ground.
Once all the prep work is done, lift the tent as quickly as
possible. To maintain stability, anchor the tent as firmly as
you can with stakes, and use extra stakes if necessary.

How to Tie Camping Knots

A few simple knots will enable you to hang food from trees,
pitch clotheslines, lug firewood, and secure tarps.

Square Knot
The square knot is a good general-purpose binding knot
that joins two ropes. Its secure and also easy to untie.

1. Make a small loop (the hole) at one end of the rope,

making sure that the shorter end of the rope lies over
(rather than under) the longer end.
2. Bring the shorter end up through the hole, around the
longer end, and back down into the hole.
3. Pull tight. (For added security, tie the loose end of the
rope to the loop with a simple overhand knot.)

Timber Hitch
Used to attach a single piece of rope to a piece of wood or
tree trunk, the timber hitch can create a clothesline, rig a
tarp, drag a heavy log, and perform countless other tasks.
1. Wrap one end of the
rope (A) completely
B
B
around the tree or
piece of wood and
cross it under the
rest of the rope (B).
Double A back in
the direction from
A
which it came and
A
pull snug.
2. Tuck A under B
several times, working back in the direction from which
A came until you run out of rope. Pull hard on B to
tighten the knot.
For step-by-step instructions for tying many other useful
knots, see the Quamut guide to Knots.

How to Build a Campfire

Though stoves and lanterns can perform just about all
the practical functions of open fires, they cant replace
the warmth and ambiance of a crackling wood campfire.
However, campfires have become controversial, as they
can cause enormous wildfires if built carelessly in dry or
windy conditions.
When youre on your trip, make sure you know your specific campgrounds campfire rules. Fires are often prohibited during dry seasons, and campgrounds may have other
additional regulations.

Choose a Space or Create a Fire Ring

A
B

A
3

1. Hold one rope (rope A) in your right hand and the other
(rope B) in your left. Cross rope A over rope B, forming
an X shape. Wrap rope A around rope B one time.
2. Cross rope A back over rope B, forming a second X.
3. Wrap rope A under and around rope B and pull tight.

To keep your impact on nature to a minimum, use an existing fire ring or fire pit. There are usually plenty to pick from
in established campgroundsjust look for a ring of rocks
surrounded by a cleared area.
If you cant find an existing fire ring, you can dig your own
fire pit that is roughly 2 feet in diameter and 8" deep. (The
area around the fire pit should also be cleared by at least 8
feet.) Use the soil that youve dug up to form a wall around
the perimeter of the pit and act as a windbreak. You can also
use rocks to build this wall, but take care to never use any
rocks that have been near water, as the moisture trapped
inside can boil and cause the rock to explode. In addition,
take care never to set your fire under overhanging branches
it needs a clear chimney to the open sky.

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Find Suitable Firewood
Only dead timber is dry enough to burnbranches from living trees contain water and are very difficult to ignite. Walk
around your campsite and collect dead branches from the
bases of treeslook for dry pieces of wood that fell recently
and arent yet rotting.
Gather an assortment of small sizes, from small kindling
thats about the diameter of a pencil to larger pieces of fuel
the diameter of your arm. Also collect any dry slivers of bark
or wood chips that you see to use as tinder to start your fire.
Do not use dry leaves for tinderwhen lit, leaves simply
create a lot of thick smoke and arent much practical use.

Construct the Fire

You can build a campfire in any number of ways. One easy
method is outlined below.
1. Tinder: Create a loose pile of tinder about 56" high
in the center of your fire pit or circle. Dont pack it too
tightly, or the fire wont have enough oxygen to start.
2. Kindling: Lean small
pieces of kindling
against one another
vertically, directly
above the tinder, to
form a small teepee
about 810" high.
3. Fuel: Just outside
the kindling teepee,
arrange larger
pieces of fuel wood
(but not too large
about 2"-diameter
pieces at most) in
crisscrossing rows,
like a log cabin.
Create a log cabin
about a foot high.

Light the Fire

Light the tinder with a waterproof match or butane grill
lighter. Allow the fire to catch, and do not pile on additional
firewood right awaytoo much fuel and too little space
will crowd the fire and deprive it of oxygen, smothering
the flame. If necessary, blow gently on the burning tinder
to provide it with more oxygen. Only after the fuel pieces
(in the log cabin) are burning strongly should you consider
gradually adding larger pieces for fuel.

Camping Trip Food

The food you bring on your trip should be healthy and easy
to prepare and carry. It must also last safely for days in a
cooler. Some ideas for suitable foods:
Produce: Fresh cabbage, carrots, onions, and apples
last longer than other types of produce. Also bring
freeze-dried and dehydrated fruits and vegetables.
Freeze-dried food is usually meant to be reconstituted;
dehydrated food is more often meant to be eaten as is.
Protein: Canned or preserved meats such as sausages
will fill you up at meals, and peanut butter and nuts are
good snacks. Dried beans should be soaked in a sealed
container of water for 24 hours before use.
Starches: Pita bread and bagels last longer than other
types of bread. Stock up on pasta, rice, and grains such
as millet, quinoa, and bulgur.
Dairy: Keep hard-boiled eggs in their shells until use
unshelled eggs attract bacteria. Also bring powdered
milk and sturdy cheeses such as aged cheddar,
Parmesan, aged Gouda, Romano, and Asiago.
Canned and boxed prepared foods: Add canned or
powdered soups to pasta or rice for a one-dish meal.
Boxed macaroni and cheese, instant stuffing mix, and
instant mashed potatoes are also good choices.
Flavorings: Season your meals with salt and pepper,
a small variety-pack spice shaker, Tabasco sauce, soy
sauce, sugar, honey, or jam.

In the morning (if you wont be needing the fire again to cook
breakfast), let the fire die and douse it with water. Then hold
your hands close to the fire site: if its still hot on your palms,
its still hot enough to cause damage, so add more water.
Make sure the fire is completely out. If you dug a hole when
building your campfire, refill it by collapsing the surrounding
walls into it.

Superficial Scrapes and Cuts

To treat superficial scrapes and cuts:
1. Clean the wound immediately with soap and water.
2. Apply antibiotic ointment such as bacitracin.
3. Cover the wound with a sterile bandage or gauze pad
to prevent infection while the skin heals.

Deeper Cuts
With deeper cuts, your goal is to stop the flow of blood until
it can clot and you can get to a doctor.

Breakfast Ideas
Hot cereal such as oatmeal or cream of wheat (add
dehydrated fruit, raisins, nuts, and/or brown sugar to
the water before cooking)
Bagel with bacon, cheese, and egg
Instant pancakes with maple syrup

Lunch Ideas
Sausage and cheese sandwiches on pita or bagels
Peanut butter and jelly sandwiches
Crackers and canned soup

Snack Ideas

Extinguish the Fire

Like any outdoor activity, camping involves a certain amount

of risk. No matter how cautious you are, its essential that
you know how to deal with minor emergencies and how
to recognize major ones. Having the first aid tools to
address common camping mishaps will make your expedition smoother and safer. (For more comprehensive coverage of first aid, see the Quamut guide to First Aid & CPR.)

Depending on how vigorous your activities will be on your

camping trip, you may need to increase or even double the
calories you normally consume in the course of a day. Plan
for each person to eat about two pounds of food a day.

Dinner Ideas

When youre ready to retire for the night, let the fire burn
down to big coals, then cover the embers with ashes. Called
banking the fire, this will reduce the fire to a smolder that
will neither burst into flames nor die overnight. A banked fire
can remain in this state for up to about 10 hours.

Camping First Aid

Meal and Snack Ideas

Pasta with cheese, canned meat, and dehydrated

vegetables (rehydrate them in water)
Canned soup, ham steaks, and instant mashed potatoes
Pita pizzas with tomato paste, cheese, sausage, and
canned olives

Bank the Fire

Double-bag your food to reduce odors, and tie the bag

to the end of the rope. Hang the rope at least 10 feet
off the ground and 68 feet away from the tree trunk.
Utensils: Pots and pans can blacken with campfire use.
Keep them in a separate bag so that their soot doesnt
get on your other gear.
Cleanup: Washing dishes in rivers, lakes, and streams
can contaminate them. Clean your dishes at least 100
feet away from the nearest body of water, and use only
hot water, not soap. Sprinkle the dishwater over an
open expanse of land to disperse it.

Trail mix
Mixed nuts
Energy bars

Food and Cooking Tips

Along with your stove, bring two pots and a frying pan. Also
pack plastic bowls and silverware thats sturdy enough to
stand up to repeated use and washing.
Packing and storage: Pack food efficiently by
removing all unnecessary packaging and putting what
you can in Ziploc bags. Cushion items that are easily
crushed in cardboard containers (such as plastic
peanut-butter jars), and pack liquids in plastic bottles
with screw-cap lids. For convenience, package each
meal as one bagged unit and label it.
Food protection: Suspend all your food from trees
overnight to make it inaccessible to raccoons, bears,
and other animals. Throw a rope over a high tree
branch at least 300 feet away from your campsite.

1. Apply pressure to the wound, using a sterile bandage.

2. Wrap medical tape snugly but not tightly around the
injury, pushing the opened skin back together. If you
have any butterfly bandages (small bandages that pull
the sides of a wound together), use those instead.
3. If the limb turns cold or numb, remove the bandage and
rewrap it more loosely.
4. If you suspect a fracture, splint the limb using
a branch or tent pole to immobilize it and call for
help immediately.

Poison Ivy
Poison ivy can be difficult to recognize: it can spread across
the ground or climb trees like a vine, and its appearance
and color can vary by location and season. Nonetheless, all
poison ivy plants have three leaflets on each stalk and may
have small white-colored berries. Most people who come
into contact with poison ivy will get an itchy, blister-filled red
rash. If this happens:
1. Wash the affected area immediately with soap and
water, and swab it with rubbing alcohol.
2. If a rash develops, apply a hydrocortisone cream.
3. To combat itching, take antihistamines or apply
calamine lotion directly to the rash.
4. Avoid touching skin or clothing that has come into
contact with these plants.

Bee, Wasp, and Hornet Stings

If youre severely allergic to insect stings, get an EpiPen
from your doctor to take on the trip. This stops the allergic
reaction quickly if injected immediately after a sting and
gives you time to seek medical attention.

Hypothermia
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature drops
more than 3F below normala drop of just 8F in body
temperature can be life-threatening. Though most common
in winter, hypothermia can occur during any season. It may
take many hours to develop, or it may occur suddenly. People who are tired or in poor physical shape are more at risk
of hypothermia. Symptoms include uncontrollable shivering,

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weakness, disorientation, cold, pale skin, and drowsiness. If
you suspect that youre suffering from hypothermia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Remove any wet clothing.

Wrap yourself in a sleeping bag or blankets.
Apply warm compresses to your chest, neck, and groin.
Drink hot drinks and eat high-calorie snacks.
If possible, place a hot pack over the major blood
vessels on the neck, armpit, and groin.
6. If symptoms do not improve, seek help immediately.

Heat Exposure
Unremitting sun, strenuous physical activity, and dehydration can cause heat exhaustion. Signs of overheating
include heavy sweating, flushed skin, headache, nausea,
and dizziness. Severe overheating can lead to heatstroke,
a potentially fatal condition. Take precautions to prevent
overheating, and treat it immediately if it occurs.

Prevention
Drink at least 34 quarts of water per day. Drink
frequently and before you feel thirsty.
Wear a wide-brimmed hat to shield yourself from the
sun, or avoid direct sun altogether.
Take frequent breaks during vigorous activities.
Wear breathable clothing.

Treatment
1.
2.
3.
4.

Get out of the sun.

Apply cool, water-soaked cloths to the skin.
Drink water.
Seek immediate help if condition worsens.

Items for a Wilderness First Aid Kit

An ideal wilderness first aid kit includes:

Ibuprofen
Antidiarrheal aids
Antacid tablets
Laxatives
Antihistamines
Calamine lotion
Antibiotic ointment
Alcohol swabs
Vaseline
Cotton swabs
Butterfly bandages
Band-Aids
Medical tape

Elastic bandages
Gauze
Small scissors
Nail clippers
Tweezers
Needle
Safety pins
Matches
Moleskin (for blisters)
Ice pack
Hot water bottle
Iodine
Water purification tablets

A Note on Insect Repellents

DEET is the most common insect repellent. You can find
repellents containing extra DEET, made specifically for the
woods, at camping stores. If youre concerned about the
chemical content of DEET, you can try oil of lemon eucalyptus. Whichever type you choose, use liquid, cream, or rollon repellents, which are more potent than spray repellents.

Wildlife Precautions When Camping

Being close to wildlife can be one of the most exciting
aspects of camping, but wild animals can be unpredict
able. Though dangerous scenarios are unlikely, you should
be prepared to address possible encounters.

Bears
Though most bears are timid and stay away from humans,
they can also be curious, feisty, and hungry. Pack all food in
tightly sealed containers that suppress odors, and suspend
food from a tree away from your campsite overnight.
Bears are more likely to attack if surprised. Never
approach a bears recent kill or get between a mother bear
and her cubs. Stay on established human trails, and give bears
fair warning that youre approaching by making noise: talk or
sing as you hike, for example. Be careful when hiking near running water or in strong wind, as a bear may not hear you.

If you encounter a bear, dont run or make sudden

movementsspread your arms wide to appear bigger, and
back off slowly. Bears woof and clack their teeth when
angry. If this happens, climb a tree at least 15 feet up if you
can. Dont play dead. If you have pepper spray, use it.

Wildlife Behavior

Snakes

Thunderstorms

There are only four species of poisonous snakes in the

United Statesthe copperhead, cottonmouth, rattlesnake,
and coral snakebut you should take precautions nonetheless. Snakes tend to strike at the ankles, so wear high-cut
boots, heavy socks, and preferably pants instead of shorts.
If youre doing any rock climbing or bouldering, especially in
the Southwest, be careful where you place your hands.
Snakes are nocturnal, so avoid hiking after dark if youre
in snake country. If you do encounter a snake, never tease
or try to catch it. And always sleep inside a tent, not out
under the stars. If youre bitten by a snake:

If a thunderstorm starts, take refuge in the lowest, driest

place you can find. If you have a tarp, take cover under it.
Lightning strikes high points, so avoid lone trees and take
cover under one that isnt the tallest in the area. Remove
any metal backpacks and place a sleeping pad, mat, or pack
under you to insulate yourself from lightning that may travel
along the ground. Lightning can travel along tree roots, so
avoid superficial roots or rocky areas with little soil cover.

1. Move the bitten part of the body as little as possible.

2. Wash the bite with soap and water, then bandage it and
let the limb hang down.
3. If you know or suspect that the bite was caused by a
poisonous snake, get immediate medical attention
these bites are life-threatening emergencies.

Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are more prevalent near marshes, lakes, and
other standing water, especially in early spring, when
mosquitoes are newly hatched. Mosquitoes are attracted
to dark colors, especially navy blue, so wear light-colored
clothing. Lighting a fire will also help keep mosquitoes away.
To treat mosquito bites:

Animals are far more attuned to approaching weather than

humans. Before a storm, vocal creatures such as birds,
cicadas, and squirrels get busy taking cover and stop making noise (causing the so-called calm before the storm).

Leaving Camp
When departing a campsite, leave it as you found it. Pack
up all your garbage, and if you find any trash from previous
campers, pack that up too. Cover any holes youve made
from equipment or tent stakes with pine needles and other
ground cover. Make sure all campfires are fully extinguished.
The site should look as though you were never there.
When you get home, call your contact person to say
youve arrived safely. Throw away garbage and dispose of
propane canisters in the appropriate facilities. Unpack and
wash your clothes immediately to avoid mildew. Let your
tent air out, and when you repack it, stuff it into its sack
rather than fold it, as folding weakens the fabric fibers.

Camping Trip Checklist

Pack these basic supplies for a weekend camping trip:

1. Heat water on your stove and apply a hot-water

compress to the bitten area.
2. If you have the supplies on hand, create a salve
of baking soda and water. Or use an over-thecounter remedy that contains aloe, which soothes
inflammation, inhibits swelling, and keeps skin moist.

Bedding

Clothing

Sleeping bag
Pillow
Sleeping pad (and patch
kit, if its an air mattress)

Ticks

Shelter

Ticks are not only a nuisance but also a health danger, as

many carry the bacteria that causes Lyme disease. Ticks
are especially prevalent in grassy woodland areas in the
East. Wear long pants and high socks, and inspect your legs
carefully every few hours. Each evening, check the creases
of your body: behind the knees, in the armpits, and in the
groin. If youre bitten by a tick:

Tent
Ground cloth(s)
Shade/rain tarp

1. Using tweezers, grasp the tick as close as possible

to the surface of your skin. Pull out the tick firmly but
slowly, without twisting, being sure that the head
comes out with the rest of the tick and doesnt remain
lodged in your skin.
2. Dispose of the tick in rubbing alcohol or a firedo not
crush it with your bare fingers.
3. Wash the area with soap and water, then apply
rubbing alcohol.
4. If you develop flulike symptoms, joint aches, or a bullseyeshaped rash near the bite, see a doctor.

Weather During Your Camping Trip

Check the weather forecast before your trip and, if you have
a radio, during the trip as well. If you dont have a radio, you
can rely on natures clues to guide you.

Cloud Activity
Clouds move away from oncoming weather. Clouds moving
from the north suggest an oncoming cold front, while those
moving from the south indicate warmer air. Also observe
how the clouds move in relation to ground winds. If theyre
blowing in opposite directions, a storm may be coming.

Personal Care

Insect repellent
Sunscreen
Lip balm
Toilet paper
Tissues
Towelettes
Soap
Towel and washcloth
Toothpaste
Toothbrush
Deodorant
Small metal mirror
Extra glasses or contact
lenses (if needed)
Medications (if needed)

Cooking

Camp stove
Spatula
Water carrier
Pot scrubber
Aluminum foil
Plastic sandwich bags
Tupperware
Pots and pans
Pot holders
Can opener (if needed)
Plastic silverware
Plastic bowls

T-shirts
Pants and shorts
Hat or bandanna
Hiking boots
Sneakers
Thick socks
Underwear
Long underwear
Swimsuit
Rain gear
Windbreaker
Fleece or down jacket
Gloves/hat/scarf (for
winter camping)

Other

Backpack
Compass
Rope or parachute cord
Bungee cord
Waterproof matches
Lantern
Flashlight
Extra batteries
Pocketknife
Small shovel
Wristwatch
Radio
Sunglasses
Garbage bags
First aid kit
Duct tape
Nalgene water bottle
Camera
Pocket binoculars
Hammock
Collapsible chair