ADVANCES IN

NUCLEAR PHYSICS
VOLUME 19

CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME

c. J.

Batty

Rutherford Appleton Laboratory

Chilton, England

E. Friedman

Racah Institute of Physics

The Hebrew University
Jerusalem, Israel

H.J. Gils

Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe
Institut fiir Kernsphyslk
Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany

R. Machleidt

Department of Physics
University of California
Los Angeles, California
and Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico
Present address: Department of Physics
University of Idaho
Moscow, Idaho

H. Rebel

Kernforschungszentrum Karlsuhe
Institut fiir Kernsphysik
Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany

A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of
each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment.
For further information please contact the publisher.

ADVANCES IN
NUCLEAR PHYSICS
Edited by

J. W.

Negele

Center for Theoretical Physics

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Erich Vogt
Department of Physics
University of British Columbia
Vancouver, B.C., Canada

VOLUME 19

PLENUM PRESS NEW YORK-LONDON

The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows:
Advances in nuclear physics. v. 1New York, Plenum Press.

1968-

v. 24 cm. annual.
Editors: 1968M. Baranger and E. Vogt.
1. Nuclear physics-Period
I. Baranger, Michel, ed.
II. Vogt, Erich W. 1929ed.
QC173.A2545

539.7'05

67-29001

ISBN 978-1-4613-9909-4
ISBN 978-1-4613-9907-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-14613-9907-0

1989 Plenum Press, New York

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN EARLIER VOLUMES

Volume 1
The Reorientation Effect J. de Boer and J. Eichler
The Nuclear SUa Model M. Harvey
The Hartree-Fock Theory of Deformed Light Nuclei G. Ripka
The Statistical Theory of Nuclear Reactions E. Vogt
Three-Particle Scattering-A Review of Recent Work on the Nonrelativistic Theory
I. Duck

Volume 2
The Giant Dipole Resonance B. M. Spicer
Polarization Phenomena in Nuclear Reactions C. Glashausser and J. Thirion
The Pairing-Plus-Quadrupole Model D. R. Bes and R. A. Sorensen
The Nuclear Potential P. Signell
Muonic Atoms S. Devons and I. Duerdoth

Volume 3
The Nuclear Three-Body Problem A. N. Mitra
The Interactions of Pions with Nuclei D. S. Koltun
Complex Spectroscopy J. B. French, E. C. Halbert, J. B. McGrory, and S. S. M. Wong
Single Nucleon Transfer in Deformed Nuclei B. Elbeck and P. O. Tjom
Isoscalar Transition Rates in Nuclei from the (a, a') Reaction A. M. Bernstein

Volume 4
The Investigation of Hole States in Nuclei by Means of Knockout and Other Reactions
Daphne F. Jackson
High-Energy Scattering from Nuclei Wieslaw Czyz
Nucleosynthesis and Neutron-Capture Cross Sections B. J. Allen, J. H. Gibbons,
and R. L. Macklin
Nuclear Structure Studies in the Z = 50 Region Elizabeth Urey Baranger
An s-d Shell-Model Study for A = 18-22 E. C. Halbert, J. B. McGrory, B. H.
Wildenthal, and S. P. Pandya

Volume 5
Variational Techniques in the Nuclear Three-Body Problem L. M. Delves
Nuclear Matter Calculations Donald W. L. Sprung
Clustering in Light Nuclei Akita Arima, Hisashi Horiuchi, Kuniharu Kubodera, and
Noburu Takigawa

vi

Articles Published in Earlier Volumes

Volume 6
Nuclear Fission A. Michaudon
The Microscopic Theory of Nuclear Effective Interactions and Operators Bruce
R. Barrett and Michael W. Kirson
Two-Neutron Transfer Reactions and the Pairing Model Ricardo Broglia, Ole
Hansen, and Claus Riedel

Volume 7
Nucleon-Nucleus Collisions and Intermediate Structure Aram Mekjian
Coulomb Mixing Effects in Nuclei: A Survey Based on Sum Rules A. M. Lane and
A. Z. Mekjian
The Beta Strength Function P. G. Hansen
Gamma-Ray Strength Functions G. A. Bartholemew, E. D. Earle, A. J. Ferguson,
J. W. Knowles, and M. A. Lone

Volume 8
Strong Interactions in A-Hypernuclei A. Gal
Off-Shell Behavior of the Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction M. K. Strivastava
and D. W. L. Sprung
Theoretical and Experimental Determination of Nuclear Charge Distributions
J. L. Friar and J. W. Negele

Volume 9
One- and Two-Nucleon Transfer Reactions with Heavy Ions Sidney Kahana
and A. J. Baltz
Computational Methods for Shell-Model Calculations R. R. Whitehead, A. Watt,
B. J. Cole and I. Morrison
Radiative Pion Capture in Nuclei Helmut W. Baer, Kenneth M. Crowe,
and Peter Truol

Volume 10
Phenomena in Fast Rotating Heavy Nuclei R. M. Lieder and H. Ryde
Valence and" Doorway Mechanisms in Resonance Neutron Capture B. J. Allen
and A. R. de L. Musgrove
Lifetime Measurements of Excited Nuclear Levels by Doppler-Shift Methods
T. K. Alexander and J. S. Forster

Volume 11
Clustering Phenomena and High-Energy Reactions

V. G. Neudatchin, Yu. F.
Smirnov, and N. F. Golovanova
Pion Production in Proton-Nucleus Collisions B. Holstad
Fourteen Years of Self-Consistent Field Calculations: What Has Been Learned
J. P. Svenne
Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Theory with Applications to Nuclei Alan L. Goodman
Hamiltonian Field Theory for Systems of Nucleons and Mesons Mark Bolsterli

Articles Published in Earlier Volumes

vii

Volume 12
Hypemetted-Chain Theory of Matter at Zero Temperature J. G. Zabolitzky
Nuclear Transition Density Determinations from Inelastic Electron Scattering

Jochen Heisenberg
High-Energy Proton Scattering Stephen J. Wallace

Volume 13
Chiral Symmetry and the Bag Model: A New Starting Point for Nuclear Physics

A. W. Thomas
The Interacting Boson Model A. Arima and F. lachello
High-Energy Nuclear Collisions S. Nagamiya and M. Gyulassy

Volume 14
Single-Particle Properties of Nuclei Through (e, e'p) Reactions Salvatore Frullani

and Jean Mougey

Volume 15
Analytic Insights into. Intermediate-Energy Hadron-Nucleus Scattering R. D. Amado
Recent Developments in Quasi-Free Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering P. Kitching,
W. J. McDonald, Th. A. J. Maris, and C. A. Z. Vasconcellos
Energetic Particle Emission in Nuclear Reactions David H. Boal

Volume 16
The Relativistic Nuclear Many-Body Problem

Brian D. Serot and John Dirk Walecka

Volume 17
P-Matrix Methods in Hadronic Scattering B. L. G. Bakker and P. J. Mulders
Dibaryon Resonances M. P. Locher, M. E. Sainio, and A. Svarc
Skyrmions in Nuclear Physics UI/-G. Meissner and Ismail Zahed
Microscopic Description of Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions Karlheinz Langanke and

Harald Friedrich

Volume 18
Nuclear Magnetic Properties and Gamow-Teller Transitions. A. Arima, K. Shimizu,

W. Bentz, and H. Hyuga

Advances in Intermediate-Energy Physics with Polarized Deuterons. J. Arvieux and

J. M. Cameron
pp Interaction and the Quest for Baryonium C. Amsler
Radiative Muon Capture and the Weak Pseudoscalar Coupling in Nuclei. M. Gmitro and
P. TrutH
Introduction to the Weak and Hypoweak Interactions. T. Goldman

ARTICLES PLANNED FOR FUTURE VOLUMES

Pion-Nucleus Scattering and Isobar Propagation in Nuclei. F. Lenz and E. J. Moniz

Gamow-Teller Giant Resonances. C. D. Goodman and T. N. Taddeucci
Relativistic Hamiltonian Dynamics in Nuclear and Particle Physics. B. D. Keister and
W. Polyzou
Internuclear Cascade Methods for Relativistic Heavy-Ion Reactions. Zeev Fraenkel
Electron Scattering and the Many-Body Problem. B. Frois, C. Papanicolas, and
V. Pandharipande
The Quest for Signatures of Quark -Gluon Plasma Formation. M. Chu and T. Matsui
Astrophysically Important Light Nuclear Reactions. G. Bliige and K. Langanke
Solar Neutrinos. W. Haxton

ix

PREFACE

The two comprehensive reviews in this volume address two fundamental

problems that have been of long-standing interest and are the focus of
current effort in contemporary nuclear physics: exploring experimentally
the density distributions of constituents within the nucleus and understanding nuclear structure and interactions in terms of hadronic degrees of
freedom.
One of the major goals of experimental probes of atomic nuclei has
been to discover the spatial distribution of the constituents within the
nucleus. As the energy and specificity of probes have increased over the
years, the degree of spatial resolution and ability to select specific charge,
current, spin, and isospin densities have correspondingly increased. In the
first chapter, Batty, Friedman, Gils, and Rebel provide a thorough review
of what has been learned about nuclear density distributions using electrons,
muons, nucleons, antinucleons, pions, alpha particles, and kaons as probes.
This current understanding, and the limitations thereof, are crucial in
framing the questions that motivate the next generation of experimental
facilities to study atomic nuclei with electromagnetic and hadronic probes.
The second chapter, by Machleidt, reviews our current understanding of
nuclear forces and structure in terms of hadronic degrees of freedom, that
is, in terms of mesons and nucleons. Such an understanding in terms of
hadronic variables is crucial for two reasons. First, since effective hadronic
theories are quite successful in describing a broad range of phenomena in
low-energy nuclear physics, and there are clear experimental signatures of
meson exchange currents in nuclei, we must understand their foundations.
Second, a viable hadronic theory is an essential prerequisite for establishing
the framework within which one investigates quark and gluon degrees of
freedom in nuclear systems. In addressing these issues, this contribution
reviews the foundations of the meson theory of hadronic interactions, and
applies this theory to nuclear matter and to finite nuclei.
J. W. NEGELE
E. W. VOGT
xi

CONTENTS

Chapter 1

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR STUDYING NUCLEAR

DENSITY DISTRIBUTIONS
C. J. Batty, E. Friedman, H. J. Gils, and H. Rebel

l.
2.

3.

Introduction
Nuclear Charge Distributions
2.l. Electron Scattering
2.2. Muonic Atoms
2.3. Electronic X Rays
2.4. Optical Isotope Shifts
2.5. Comparisons and Comments
Information on Specific Orbitals
3.l. Coulomb Displacement Energies
3.2. Nucleon Transfer Reactions
3.3. Charge-Exchange Reactions to Analog States
3.4. Magnetic Scattering of Electrons
3.5. Comparisons and Comments

4.

Information on the Periphery of the Nucleus

4.l. Kaonic and Antiprotonic Atoms
4.2. Pionic Atoms
4.3. K- and p Reactions with Nuclei
4.4. Comments
5. Information on the Nuclear Surface
5.l. Total and Reaction Cross Sections at High Energies
xiii

1
8
8
12
16

19
27
29
29
33
42
46
48
49
51
58
58
68
68
70

Contents

xiv

5.2.

6.

7.

Model-Independent Methods for the Analysis of Scattering

Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3. Folding Model Approaches to the Optical Potential . . .
5.4. Low- and Medium-Energy Proton Scattering . . . . . .
5.5. Diffraction Scattering of Low- and Medium-Energy Alpha
.............
Particles
5.6. Scattering of Intermediate-Energy Pions
5.7. Scattering of Low-Energy Antiprotons
Toward the Nuclear Interior . . . . . .
6.1. Intermediate-Energy Alpha-Particle Scattering
6.2. Double-Folding versus Single-Folding in Analyses of Complex Particle Scattering and the Choice of the Interaction
6.3. Scattering of Intermediate-Energy Protons
6.4. Scattering of Low-Energy Pions
.........
Future Methods and Probes
7.1. Combined Analysis of Different Types of Experiments
7.2. K+ Scattering

8. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References . . . . . .

79
87
95
102
112
115
120
120
134
141
155
161
161
164
168
171
172

Chapter 2

THE MESON THEORY OF NUCLEAR FORCES

AND NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
R. Machleidt

1.
2.

Introduction
Historical Overview
2.1. The "Hypothetical" Period
2.2. The Pion as the Quantum
2.3. "Dispersive" Approaches
2.4. A Tale of Two Cities
2.5. More Recent Developments

189
190
190
194
199
202
204

Contents

3.

Pedagogical Introduction . . . . . . . . .
3.1. Empirical Features of the Nuclear Force
3.2. The Idea of Massive-Particle Exchange
3.3. Field Theory, Perturbation Theory, and
Diagrams
............
3.4. Various Boson Fields and their Role in NN

4.

xv

205
205
209
Feynman

The One-Boson Exchange Model . . . . . . .

4.1. Covariant Equations . . . . . . . . . .
4.2. Meson Parameters and Two-Nucleon Properties
5. Advanced Meson Exchange Models
5.1. Models for the 21T Exchange
5.2. 1Tp Contributions . . . . .
5.3. Other Two-Meson-Exchange Contributions
5.4. Results . . . .
5.5. Off-Shell Aspects
6. Charge Dependence
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Empirical Evidence
6.3. Some Results from Theory
7. Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering above the Inelastic Threshold
7.1. At Intermediate Energies . .
7.2. The Ge V Region
.....
8. Some Related Hadronic Interactions
8.1. Pion-Nucleon Scattering
8.2. The NN Potential . . . . .
8.3. Strange Nuclear Interactions
9. Nuclear Matter I-Conventional
9.1. Introduction
......
9.2. History of the Conventional Many-Body Problem
9.3. Conventional Theories . . . . .
9.4. Results and Problems . . . . .
10.

11.

Nuclear Matter II-Beyond Convention

10.1. Possible Extensions . . . .
10.2. Meson Degrees of Freedom
10.3. Isobar Degrees of Freedom
10.4. Many-Body Forces
10.5. Relativistic Effects
Finite Nuclei
.....
11.1. The Three-Nucleon System
11.2. The Ground State of Closed-Shell Nuclei
11.3. Excited States . . . . . . . . . . . .

210
212
220
220
225
235
235
239
244
245
247
253
253
254
257
265
265
279
280
281
283
287
288
289
291
292
297
304
304
310
318
322
328
336
336
339
340

xvi

12. Summary, Conclusions, and Outlook

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A: One- Boson Exchange Potentials
AI. Interaction Lagrangians and OBE Amplitudes
A2. Relativistic Momentum Space OBEP
A3. Coordinate Space Potentials
Appendix B: Models Including Isobar Degrees of Freedom
Appendix C: Deuteron Wave Functions
References

Contents

340
342
342
342
345
348
351
355
363