FOUNDATION IN SCIENCE

Name:

Veena Vashnee D/O Vijayakumar

Lecturer name:

Leong Yim Kheng

Date/Year:

March 29, 2015

State of Matter In Our Daily Life Usage

Abstract
Objects that take up space and have mass are called matter. Everything
around you is made up of matter. Matter is everything around you. Atoms and
molecules are all composed of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes
up space. Matter is sometimes related to light and electromagnetic radiation. Even
though matter can be found all over the Universe, you will only find it in a few
forms on Earth. We cover five states of matter on the site. Each of those states is
sometimes called a phase. There are many other states of matter that exist in
extreme environments. There are mainly three different kinds of the physical
states of matter, namely solid, liquid & gas. Plasma a fourth class of matter has
also been identified. These states of matter are also termed as phases. Solids are
characterized by their definite shape and also their considerable mechanical
strength and rigidity. Solids tend to resist the deformation of their shape due to
strong intra molecular forces and absence of the translatory motion of the
structural units (atoms, ions etc). A solid is relatively non compressible, i.e.
temperature and pressure have only a slight effect on its volume. Solids are
broadly classified as crystalline or amorphous. A liquid has no definite shape and
it takes the shape of the vessel containing it. Like solids, the volume of a liquid is
slightly altered by variations in temperature and pressure. Liquids have three
typical physical properties, namely vapor pressure, surface tension and viscosity.
A gas has no bounding surface at all and will occupy completely any vessel in
which it is filled. It has no definite volume or shape and can be easily expanded or
compressed. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. It is a type of gas containing
positively and negatively charged particles in approximately equal numbers and
present in the sun and most stars.

Introduction

In solids, atoms are bonded fairly firmly together, though they do move
about a bit. It stays where it is because its atoms are locked tightly into a definite
shape that, ordinarily, doesn't change. If a solid is reasonably soft and you press it,
you can make it change shape by pushing its atoms into new positions.
Heat a solid enough and you'll give its atoms enough energy to break
apart, forming a liquid. In liquids, the atoms are more randomly arranged and a
little bit further apart. The forces between them are weaker and they can jiggle
about and flow past one another quite easily. That's why liquids pour.
Gases have much more randomly arranged atoms than either liquids or
solids. The forces between the atoms are very weak, so the atoms can speed
around freely with lots of energy.
The Relationship of Matter and Energy is the atomic theory of matter. It is
now known that matter and energy are intimately related. According to the law of
mass-energy equivalence, developed by Albert Einstein as part of his theory of
relativity, a quantity of matter of mass m possesses an intrinsic rest mass energy E
given by E = mc 2, where c is the speed of light.
The converse reaction, the conversion of energy to matter, has been
observed frequently in the creation of many new elementary particles. The study
of elementary particles has not solved the question of the nature of matter but only
shifted it to a smaller scale.
As stated by Dalton, the atomic theory of matter consists of three
postulates that each chemical element is made up of very small particles called
atoms. All of the atoms of a given element are identical. Atoms combine with each
other to form compounds.

Objectives

1. To identify the properties of state of matter.

2. To describe and classify samples of matter as solids, liquids, and gases in
our daily life usage.
3. To understand and differentiate about the changes of states.
4. To identify the purpose and role of matter constituent in daily life
application.

Material & Apparatus

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Butter
Orange juice
Bio-Aerosol
Dry ice
Coffee mixture
Bunsen burner

7. Beaker glass
8. Freezer
9. Ice tray
10. Tripod stand
11. Glass tray

12.
13. Procedure
1. All the necessary material and apparatus were prepared, rinsed and cleaned
with a clean condition.
2. The experiment was started of using butter, the butter was be placed into a
beaker in the solid form and its given heat source by the Bunsen burner
and the observation was recorded.
3. Secondly, orange juice was poured into the ice tray and it was placed into
the freezer with the lowest temperature for at approximately 4 hours.
Record the observation.
4. A beaker is half filled with the coffee mixture and its placed on top the
tripod under the heat from Bunsen burner and it is closed with a glass tray
and the observation was recorded.
5. Later on, the tip of an Bio-aerosol is placed into a beaker and the nozzle of
the aerosol is pressed and observation will be recorded.
6. A dry ice was collected into a beaker and its placed under the room
temperature and observes the reaction occurs.
14.
15. Observation and Results
16. Material-method
18. Butter heated with Bunsen

17. Reaction/Observation
19. The butter melts and turns to

burner
20. Orange

liquid state
21. It changes from the liquid

juice

was

under

freezer
22. Aerosol sprayed

state to solid state

23. A little amount of liquid was

24. Coffee

collected into the beaker

25. During heating, there was gas

mixture

heated

by

closing with a glass tray

released from the mixture and

it forms a thin liquid layer on

26. Dry

ice

temperature
28.

under

room

top the glass tray.

27. It produces a gas or smoky
condition around the area.

29. Discussions
30. According to the experiment conducted, state of matter simply means that
objects that take up space and have mass. Everything around you is made
up of matter. Matter is everything around you. Atoms and molecules are all
composed of matter. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
Matter is sometimes related to light and electromagnetic radiation. Even
though matter can be found all over the Universe, you will only find it in a
few forms on Earth. The experiment conducted enables us to identify the
properties of state of matter and to describe and classify samples of matter
as solids, liquids, and gases in our daily life usage. As we can see around
us, we have got four fundamental states which cover the solid, liquid, gas
and plasma. Experiment conducted was to identify the phase transition in
matter. First of all, we conducted the experiment by heating a butter which
is a solid form. This process is known as melting. Upon receiving energy
in the form heat, the particles which are packed with a definite shape and
volume under a dense condition will dissociate to a form of liquid state.
This is proven because when heat is provided to a solid material, the
particles has the kinetic energy inside gets stronger and the movement
increases as the temperature and pressure increase. It can be also explained
that the transition of solid to liquid involves the endothermic reaction,
where the heat given is absorbed by the molecule in the solid.
31. Secondly, we used the orange juice to be freeze under a cold temperature.
This procedure explains about the transition of liquid to becoming solid.
The process is known as freezing. The transition happens where the orange
juice which is in the liquid form that has particles in it which are loosely
packed, it has no fixed shape and fixed volume of particles, it has the
ability to move around freely but with a limited space. In this process, the
particle releases heat which is the exothermic reaction because it loses
energy to return to its solid state. Generally, the freezing point of water is

0oc, but the orange juice has different chemical structure therefore it
should be having a freezing point below water.
32. To explain about the aerosol usage in our daily life, it definitely relates
chemistry because it has the transition state where the liquid inside the
aerosol gets converted to gas or vaporized particle. When we talk about
gas, it relates to the condition where the particles in it is disordered and
has much lower density compared to solid and liquid form. It also doesnt
have a definite shape and volume. Gases are very compressible. The
particles in gas state is freely moving or flowing compared to solid and
liquid and its molecules are very far apart which means it has high velocity
in term of movement. Aerosol works with the principle of kinetic theory
where the pressure and temperature affects. Aerosol can dispense a liquid
under a pressure. Whereby the pressure is exerted by the gas inside the
container and the gas is known as propellant. Inside the can under high
pressure, the propellant is mainly a liquid. It evaporates into a gas easily
when pressure is reduced. We may know that liquids always have the same
volume. They always take up the same amount of space. When a liquid
changes into a gas, its volume expands. When the spray button is pushed,
the propellant evaporates. This creates high pressure above the liquid
product and this is where we can conclude that gas is compressible.
33. Further on the experiment was conducted with some amount of coffee
mixture heated upon closing the mouth of the container with a glass tray.
As a result, during heating, there was gas released from the mixture and it
forms a thin liquid layer on top the glass tray.
34.
35.
36.
37.

38.
39.
40. Reference
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Natural

and

Artificial

Methods

of

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