Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MAGNETISM
Andr-Marie Ampre is credited with the discovery of
electromagnetism, the relationship between electric
currents and magnetic fields.
Heinrich Hertz was the first to generate and detect
electromagnetic waves in the laboratory.
F = qvB sin
F = qv B
[Newtons N]
F = force [N]
q = charge [C]
v = velocity [m/s]
B = magnetic field [T]
= angle between v and B
F = BI l sin
F = I l B
mv
r=
qB
B=
0I
2r
i
B= 0
4r
N = number of turns
B = magnetic field [T]
I = amperage [A]
2
A = area [m ]
= angle between B and the
plane of the loop
( ne)Vw h = Bi
v d Bw = Vw
The force is
attractive if the currents are in the same direction.
F1 0 I1 I 2
=
l
2d
F = force [N]
l = length [m]
0 = the permeability of free
space 410-7 Tm/A
I = current [A]
d = distance center to center [m]
B = 0 nI
[Teslas T]
= NiA
= NBIA sin
[Newtons N]
F = force [N]
B = magnetic field [T]
I = amperage [A]
l = length [m]
= angle between B and the
direction of the current
[J/T]
= the magnetic dipole moment [J/T]
= BAcos
= B dA
Amperes' Law:
B ds = i
0 enc
d
E ds = E 2 r = dt B
B = BA = B r 2
d
dB
=A
dt
dt
d
= N
dt
Faradays Law of Induction states that the instantaneous emf induced in a circuit equals the rate of
change of magnetic flux through the circuit. Michael
Faraday
made
fundamental
discoveries
in
magnetism, electricity, and light.
= N
N = number of turns
= magnetic flux [Tm2]
t = time [s]
= Blv
= NAB sin t
N = number of turns
A = area of loop [m2]
B = magnetic field [T]
= angular velocity [rad/s]
t = time [s]
= L
I
t
L = inductance [H]
I = current [A]
t = time [s]
L
= 0 n 2 A
l
L = inductance [H]
l = length of the solenoid [m]
0 = the permeability of free space
410-7 Tm/A
n = number of turns of wire per unit
length [#/m]
2
A = area [m ]
N
L=
I
N = number of turns
= magnetic flux [Tm2]
I = current [A]
RL Circuit:
current rise:
V
I = (1 e t / L )
R
current decay:
I=
V t / L
e
R
U B = 12 LI 2
QV CV 2 Q 2
UE =
=
=
2
2
2C
fR =
=
1
2 LC
1
LC
q = Qe Rt / 2 L cos( t + )
where
= 2 ( R / 2L ) 2
= 1 / LC
When R is small and :
Q 2 Rt / L
U=
e
2C
X VX
=
R VR
V
R
cos = R =
V
Z
tan =
( would be negative
in a capacitive circuit)
IT = I R + ( IC I L )
2
Z 2 = R2 + X 2
E = IZ
Z XC
R
=
=
V VC V R
Z = R jX
tan =
XL
VL
Series RCL
Impedance
Z 2 = R2 + ( X L X C )2
IR
IC I L
IR
V
IL
R = ZT cos
X = ZT sin
AC CIRCUITS
XC
VR
I
VC
Z=
R
cos
V = voltage [V]
f = frequency [Hz]
t = time [s]
I = current [A]
V = voltage [V]
RLC Circuits:
V = VR 2 + (V L VC ) 2
tan =
X L XC
R
Z = R2 + ( X L X C )2
Pavg = IV cos
PF = cos
B
Susceptance
q
V = IR
C R
VX VR
=
=I
X
R
V 2 = VR 2 + VX 2
VC =
Y
e
nc
tta
i
m
Ad
G
Conductance
ELECTROMAGNETICS
WAVELENGTH
c = speed of light 2.998 108 m/s
= wavelength [m]
c = f
1 = 10-10m
cB = E
f = frequency [Hz]
E = electric field [N/C]
B = magnetic field [T]
c=E/B
1
1 2
S=
EB =
E
0
0
LIGHT
Quartz:
Glass, crown
Glass, flint
Water
Air
Indices of Refraction:
WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM
BAND
METERS
Longwave radio
Standard Broadcast
Shortwave radio
TV, FM
Microwave
1 - 100 km
100 - 1000 m
10 - 100 m
0.1 - 10 m
1 - 100 mm
0.8 - 1000 m
360 - 690 nm
360 nm
430 nm
490 nm
560 nm
600 nm
690 nm
10 - 390 nm
5 - 10,000 pm
100 - 5000 fm
< 100 fm
Infrared light
Visible light
violet
blue
green
yellow
orange
red
Ultraviolet light
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
ANGSTROMS
1013 - 1015
1012 - 1013
1011 - 1012
109 - 1011
107 - 109
8000 - 107
3600 - 6900
3600
4300
4900
5600
6000
6900
100 - 3900
0.05 - 100
0.001 - 0.05
< 0.001
1.458
1.52
1.66
1.333
1.000 293
Angle of Incidence:
c
v
n=
0
n
n = index of refraction
c = speed of light in a vacuum 3 108 m/s
v = speed of light in the material [m/s]
0 = wavelength of the light in a vacuum [m]
= its wavelength in the material [m]
= angle of incidence
traveling to a region of
greater density:
2 < 1
refracted
2 refracted
n2
n1
1
n1
1
Source
Source
I = intensity [w/m ]
Ps = power of source [watts]
r = distance [m]
2
4r = surface area of sphere
P
I= s2
4 r
F=
IA
c
Pr =
I
c
F=
2 IA
c
Pr =
2I
c
F = force [N]
2
I = intensity [w/m ]
2
A = area [m ]
Pr = radiation pressure [N/m2]
c = 2.99792 108 [m/s]
Critical Angle:
The maximum
angle of incidence for which light
can move from n1 to n2
sin c =
n2
n1
n2
refracted
n1
for n1 > n2
Source
reflected
Sign Conventions:
When M is
negative, the image is inverted. p is positive when the
object is in front of the mirror, surface, or lens. Q is
positive when the image is in front of the mirror or in back
of the surface or lens. f and r are positive if the center of
curvature is in front of the mirror or in back of the surface
or lens.
h
i
M=
=
h
p