Topic4:TeletrafficEngineering

Feb.12/Feb.24,2015

QuickReview
Cellularconceptandfrequencyreuse
o Eachbasestationisallocatedaportionofthetotalnumber

ofchannels
o Differentcellsthatareseparatedbyadistancelargeenough
canreusethesamegroupofchannelstocovertokeep
interferencetolerable cochannelcells
o RelationshipofNwithS/Iratio:
N,numberofchannelsassignedtoeachcell

Callcapacityofcell cochannelinterference

o Howmanychannelsareneededforacelltoaccommodate

userdemandsinasatisfactorymanner?
o Anyothercomplementarymethodtoincreasecellcapacity?
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Trunking
Trunking
o Eachuserisallocatedachannelonapercallbasis,andupon

terminationofthecall,theoccupiedchannelisimmediately
returnedtothepoolofavailablechannels
Trunkingexploitsthestatistical behaviorofuserssothata

fixednumberofchannelsorcircuitsmayaccommodatea
large,randomusercommunity.
Gradeofservice(GoS)
o Specifythelikelihoodofauserobtainingchannelaccess

TypesofTrunkedSystems
Blockedcallscleared (ErlangBsystem)
o Ifnochannelsareavailable,therequestinguserisblocked

withoutaccessandisfreetotryagainlater.
Blockedcallsdelayed (ErlangCsystem)
o Ifachannelisnotavailableimmediately,aqueuemaybe

usedtoholdtherequestingusersuntilachannelbecomes
available
o Thecallrequestmaybedelayed

Questions
Theprobabilitythatacallisblockedinalosssystem
Theprobabilitythatacallisdelayedinadelaysystem
Theaveragedelaytimeifacallisdelayedduetolackof

resources
Theprobabilitythatadelayedcallwaitsforatimegreater
thanalimit

ReviewonQueueingTheory

EvaluateTrunkingSystem

DefinitionofTrunkedSystem
Requestrate():averagenumberofcallrequestspertimeunit

peruser
o

Poissonarrivals

Holdingtime(H):averagedurationofatypicalcall
o Exponentialdistribution
Trafficintensity(A):measureofchanneltimeutilizationin

Erlangs
ThetrafficintensityofferedbyeachuserisAu = H
o ForasystemwithU usersandanunspecifiednumberofchannels,the
totalofferedtrafficintensityis
o

A = U Au = U H
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GoS(1)
Callblockingprobability
o ModeledbyanM/M/m/mqueue
o ErlangBformula

mC
A /

GoS(2)
Calldelayedprobability
o ModeledbyanM/M/mqueue:infinitebuffersize
o ErlangCformula

10

mC
A/C = /(m)
A m = /

Background
BlockingprobabilityofanM/M/m/mqueueingsystem
o ErlangBformula
mC
A/C = /(m)
A m = /

DelayedprobabilityofanM/M/mqueueingsystem
o ErlangCformula

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GoS(3)
Ifno channelsareimmediatelyavailablethecallisdelayed,

andtheprobabilitythatthedelayedcallisforcedtowait
morethant secondsis

Theaveragedelayforallcallsinthequeueingsystemis

givenby

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Background
ForanM/M/mqueueingsystem,averagewaitingtimeof

customersstayinginthequeue:
1
W Pq
m

Pq = P[W > 0]

Erlang-C formula

ForanM/M/mqueueingsystem,waitingtimeofcustomers

stayinginthequeue*:

mC
1/ H
A/H

m = C/H A/H
= (C A) /H

*W.C.ChanandY.B.Lin,WaitingtimedistributionfortheM/M/mqueue,IEEProceedings,vol.

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150,no.3,pp.159162,June2003.

Example:BlockedCallsCleared
SystemAhas394cellswith19channelseach.Findthenumber

ofusersthatcanbesupportedat2%blockingifeachuser
averagestwocallsperhouratanaveragecalldurationofthree
minutes.
Solution:
o
o
o
o
o
o

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Probabilityofblocking=2%=0.02
Numberofchannelspercellusedinthesystem,C=19
Trafficintensityperuser,Au =H=2 (3/60)=0.1Erlangs
ForGOS=0.02andC=19,fromtheErlangBformula,thetotalcarried
traffic,A,isobtainedas12Erlangs.
Therefore,thenumberofusersthatcanbesupportedpercellis
U=A/Au=12/0.1=120
Sincethereare394cells,thetotalnumberofsubscribersthatcanbe
supportedbySystemAisequalto120 394=47,280

Example:BlockedCallsDelayed
Ahexagonalcellwithinafourcellsystemhasaradiusof

1.387km.Atotalof60channelsareusedwithintheentire
system.Iftheloadperuseris0.029Erlangs,and=1
call/hour,foranErlangCsystemthathasa5%probability
ofadelayedcall:
o Howmanyuserspersquarekilometerwillthissystem

support?
o Whatistheprobabilitythatacallwillbedelayedformore
than10seconds?

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Solution:BlockedCallsDelayed(1)
Ahexagonalcellwithinafourcellsystemhasaradiusof

1.387km.Atotalof60channelsareusedwithintheentire
system.Iftheloadperuseris0.029Erlangs,and=1
call/hour,foranErlang Csystemthathasa5%probability
ofadelayedcall.
o Cellradius,R=1.387km
o Areacoveredpercellis2.598 (1.387)2 =5km2
Areaofahexagonofsidet isgivenby:
o Totalnumberofchannels=60
o Numberofcellspercluster=4
o Numberofchannelspercell=60/4=15channels

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Solution:BlockedCallsDelayed(2)
Numberofchannelspercell=60/4=15channels
FromErlangCformula,for5%probabilityofdelaywith

C=15,trafficintensityA=9.0Erlangs
Numberofusers=totaltrafficintensity/trafficperuser=
9.0/0.029=310users 310users/5km2 =62users/km2
Probabilitythatacallisdelayedmorethan10seconds:

o
o
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