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1
Engineering Mechanics
1.1
Introduction
The Engineering Mechanics is that branch of Engineering-science which deals with the
principles of mechanics along with their applications to engineering problems. It is sub-divided into
the following two main groups:
(a) Statics, and
(b) Dynamics
The Statics is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and their
effects, while acting upon the bodies at rest.
The Dynamics is that branch of Engineering Mechanics which deals with the forces and their
effects, while acting upon the bodies in motion. It is further sub-divided into the following two
branches:
(i) Kinetics, and
(ii) Kinematics
The Kinetics is that branch of Dynamics, which deals with the bodies in motion due to the
application of forces.
The Kinematics is that branch of Dynamics which deals with the bodies in motion without
taking into account the forces which are responsible for the motion.
1.2
Force
It may be defined as an agent which produces or tends to produce, destroy or tends to destroy
the motion of a body. A force while acting on a body may
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
In order to determine the effects of a force acting on a body, we must know the following
characteristics of a force:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Resultant Force
It is a single force which produces the same effect as produced by all the given forces acting
on a body. The resultant force may be determined by the following three laws of forces :
1
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1. Parallelogram law of forces. It states that if two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle,
be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of a parallelogram which
passes through their points of intersection.
For example, let us consider two forces P and Q acting at angle at point O as shown in Fig. 1.1.
The resultant is given by,
R=
P 2 + Q 2 + 2 P Q cos
Q sin
P + Q cos
Fig. 1.1
2. Triangle law of forces. It states that if two forces, acting simultaneously on a particle, be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle taken in
opposite order.
3. Polygon law of forces. It states that if a number of forces, acting simultaneously on a
particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by sides of a polygon taken in order, then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon taken in
opposite order.
Notes : 1. The resultant of more than two intersecting forces may be found out by resolving all the forces
horizontally and vertically. In such cases, resultant of the forces is given by
R =
(H ) 2 + (V ) 2
where
1.4
System of Forces
When two or more than two forces act on a body, they are said to form a system of forces.
Following are the various system of forces:
1. Coplaner forces. The forces, whose lines of action lie on the same plane are known as
coplaner forces.
2.
Concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point, are known as concurrent forces.
3. Coplaner concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point and their lines of action
also lie on the same plane, are called coplaner concurrent forces.
4. Coplaner non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point but their
lines action lie on the same plane, are known as coplaner non-concurrent forces.
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
5. Non-coplaner concurrent forces. The forces, which meet at one point but their lines of
action do not lie on the same plane are known as non-coplaner concurrent forces.
6. Non- coplaner non-concurrent forces. The forces, which do not meet at one point and
their lines of actions do not lie on the same plane are called non-coplaner non-concurrent forces.
1.5
Lamis Theorem
P
Q
R
=
=
sin
sin
sin
where P, Q and R are the three forces and , and are the angles as
shown in Fig 1.2.
1.6
Moment of a Force
Fig. 1.2
It is the turning effect produced by a force, on the body, on which it acts. The moment of a force
is equal to the product of the force and the perpendicular distance of the point, about which the
moment is required and the line of action of the force. Mathematically, the moment of a force P about
point O as shown in Fig 1.3,
P
= P l
The unit of moment depends upon the units of force and
perpendicular distance. If the force is in newtons and the perpendicular distance in metres, then the unit of moment will be
newton-metre (briefly written as N-m).
1.7
Fig. 1.3
It states that if a number of coplaner forces acting on a particle are in equilibrium, then the
algebraic sum of their moments about any point is equal to the moment of their resultant force about
the same point.
1.8
Parallel Forces
The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other, are said to be parallel forces. If the
parallel forces act in the same direction then these are known as like parallel forces. When the parallel
forces act in opposite directions, then these are known as unlike parallel forces.
1.9
Couple
The two equal and opposite forces, whose lines of action are different, form a couple, as shown
in Fig. 1.4.
P
The perpendicular distance (x) between the lines of action of
two equal and opposite forces is known as arm of the couple. The
magnitude of the couple ( i.e. moment of a couple) is the product of
one of the forces and the arm of the couple. Mathematically,
Moment of a couple = P x
Fig. 1.4
A little consideration will show, that a couple does not produce any translatory motion (i.e.
motion in a straight line), but a couple produces a motion of rotation of the body on which it acts.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2h / 3
h
4r / 3
h /3
l
Fig. 1.5
1.
Fig. 1.7
Fig. 1.6
2. The centre of gravity (G) of a rectangle (or parallelogram) lies at a point where its diagonals
intersect, as shown in Fig. 1.5.
3. The centre of gravity (G) of a triangle lies at a point where the three medians of the triangle
intersect, as shown in Fig. 1.6.
Note : A median is a line joining the vertex and the middle point of the opposite side.
3r / 8
G
h /4
Fig. 1.8
Fig. 1.9
Fig. 1.10
4. The centre of gravity of a semi-circle lies at a distance of 4r / 3 from its base measured
along the vertical radius, as shown in Fig. 1.7.
5. The centre of gravity of a hemisphere lies at a distance of 3r / 8 from its base, measured
along the vertical radius, as shown in Fig. 1.8.
6.
The centre of gravity of a trapezium with parallel sides a and b, lies at a distance of
h 2a + 3
k1
k2
k3
m1
m2
m3
Fig. 1.11
R ig id
b od y
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
a.h 2
= IG +
where
1. The moment of inertia of a thin disc of mass m and radius r, about an axis passing through
its centre of gravity and perpendicular to the plane of the disc is
IG = m.r2 / 2 = 0.5 mr2
and moment of inertia about a diameter,
ID = m.r2 / 4 = 0.25 mr2
2. The moment of inertia of a thin rod of mass m and length l, about an axis passing through
its centre of gravity and perpendicular to its length is
IG = m.l2 / 12
and moment of inertia about a parallel axis through one end of the rod,
IP = m.l2 / 3
3. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section having width b and depth d as shown in
Fig. 1.12, is given by
Y
IX X =
bd 3
; and
12
4.
X d
Y
b
IYY =
db
12
Fig. 1.12
The moment of inertia of a hollow rectangular section, as shown in Fig. 1.13, is given by
IX X =
IYY =
BD3 bd 3
; and
12
12
DB
12
Y
G
X
b
db
12
Fig. 1.13
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
5.
The moment of inertia of a circular section of diameter D as shown in Fig. 1.14, is given by
I XX = I YY =
D4
64
Y
Yd
Fig. 1.14
Fig. 1.15
6. The moment of inertia of a hollow circular section of outer diameter D and inner diameter d,
as shown in Fig. 1.15, is given by
4
I XX = I YY =
D d 4
64
7. The moment of inertia of a triangular section of height h, about an axis passing through its
centre of gravity G and parallel to the base BC, as shown in Fig. 1.16, is given by
IG =
b h3
36
1.12 Friction
G
h /3
B
Fig. 1.16
A force acting in the opposite direction to the motion of the body is called force of friction or
simply friction. It is of the following two types :
1. Static friction ; and
2. Dynamic friction.
The friction, experienced by a body, when it slides over another body, is known as sliding
friction.
The friction experienced by a body, when balls or rollers are interposed between the two
surfaces, is known as rolling friction.
1.13 Limiting Friction
The maximum value of frictional force, which comes into play, when a body just begins to slide
over the surface of the other body, is known as limiting friction.
1.14 Laws of Static Friction
Following are the laws of static friction :
1.
move.
The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
2.
The magnitude of force of friction is exactly equal to the force, which tends the body to
move.
3. The magnitude of the limiting friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two surfaces.
4.
The force of friction is independent of the area of contact between the two surfaces.
5.
The force of friction always acts in a direction, opposite to that in which the body tends to
move.
2. The magnitude of the kinetic friction bears a constant ratio to the normal reaction between
the two surfaces.
3. For moderate speeds, the force of friction remains constant. But it decreases slightly with
the increase of speed.
1.16 Coefficient of Friction
It is defined as the ratio of limiting friction (F) to the normal reaction (RN) between the two
bodies. It is generally denoted by . Mathematically,
Coefficient of friction, =
F
RN
F
R
N
F = m. R N
B
A
P
Fig. 1.17
2.
3.
The reaction R must, therefore, be equal and opposite to the resultant of W and P and will be
inclined at an angle to the normal reaction (RN). This angle is called the limiting angle of friction
or simply angle of friction. From Fig. 1.17, we find that
tan =
. RN
F
=
=
RN
RN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RN
W sin = F = . RN = . W cos
tan = = tan
or
f
no
c t iot io n
e
ir
R D mo
A
F
s in
W c os
Fig. 1.18
P cos = F = . RN = (W P sin )
= tan (W P sin )
sin (W P sin )
=
cos
RN
...( Q = tan )
F = m. R N
P s in
P c os
B
W
Fig. 1.19
W sin
P =
cos ( )
=0
or
In other words, the effort P is minimum when its inclination () with the horizontal is equal to the
angle of friction ().
Pmin = W sin
P =
where
W sin ( + )
sin [ ( + )]
f
no
t io
c
e
D ir
RN
Po =
W sin
sin ( )
mo
F=
N
m. R
Fig. 1.20
tio
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
2. When effort P is applied horizontally, then = 90. In that case
P =
W sin ( + )
= W tan ( + )
cos ( + )
W sin ( + )
= W (sin + cos )
cos
P =
W sin ( )
sin [ ( )]
W sin ()
P0 = sin ( )
2. When effort is applied horizontally, then = 90. In that case,
P =
3.
W sin ( )
= W tan ( )
cos ( )
Fig. 1.21
W sin ( )
= W (sin cos)
cos
= Po / P
1.23 Screw Jack
The principle, on which a screw jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane. If one complete
turn of a screw thread is imagined to be unwound, from the body of the screw jack and developed, it
will form an inclined plane, as shown in Fig. 1.22.
From the geometry of the figure,
tan =
where
d
= Helix angle,
Fig. 1.22
In a screw jack, the effort (P) required at the circumference of screw is same as discussed for
inclined plane, i.e.
For raising the load, P = W tan ( + )
and for lowering the load,
P = W tan ( )
10
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
max =
1 sin
1 + sin
Mechanical advantage (M.A.). It is the ratio of load lifted (W) to the effort applied (P).
2. Velocity ratio (V.R.). It is the ratio of the distance moved by the effort (y) to the distance
moved by the load (x).
3. Input of the machine. It is the workdone on the machine. It is equal to the product of effort
and the distance through which it moves (i.e. P y).
4. Output of the machine. It is the workdone by the machine. It is equal to the product of load
lifted and the distance through which it has been lifted (i.e. W x).
5. Efficiency of the machine. It is ratio of output to the input of the machine. Mathematically,
efficiency of the machine,
Output
Workdone by the machine
Wx
W
1
M . A.
=
=
=
=
Input
Workdone on the machine
P y
P
y/x
V .R.
6. Ideal machine. If the efficiency of the machine is 100 %, i.e. if output is equal to input, then
the machine is said to be a perfect or ideal machine.
7. Reversible machine. If a machine is capable of doing some work in the reversed direction,
after the effort is removed, then the machine is known as reversible machine. The condition for a
machine to be reversible is that its efficiency should be more than 50 %.
8. Non- reversible or self locking machine. If a machine is not capable of doing some work
in the reversed direction, after the effort is removed, then the machine is known as non-reversible or
self locking machine. The condition for a machine to be non-reversible or self locking is that its
efficiency should be less than 50 %.
9. Law of the machine. It is the relationship between the load lifted (W) and the effort applied
(P). It is given by the equation,
P = m. W + C
where
B
P
A
C
W
Fig. 1.23
11
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1
m V .R.
where
n = Number of pulleys
2.
3.
1.26 Frame
A frame may be defined as a structure, made up of several bars, riveted or welded together.
These are made up of angle irons or channel sections and are called members of the frame or framed
structure. The frames may be classified into the following two groups:
1. Perfect frame, and
2. Imperfect frame.
A perfect frame is that which is composed of members just sufficient to keep it in equlibrium,
when loaded, without any change in its shape. A perfect frame should satisfy the following
expression:
n = 2j3
where
An imperfect frame is one which does not satisfy the above equation (n = 2j 3). The imperfect
frame which has number of members (n) less than 2j 3, is known as deficient frame. If the number of
members are greater than 2j 3, then the imperfect frame is known redundant frame.
1.27 Speed
It is the rate of change of displacement with respect to its surrounding. Since the speed of a
body is irrespective of its direction, therefore it is a scalar quantity.
1.28 Velocity
It is also the rate of change of displacement with respect to its surrounding, in a particular
direction. Since the velocity is always expressed in a particular direction, therefore it is a vector
quantity.
1.29 Acceleration
It is the rate of change of velocity of a body. It is said to be positive, when the velocity of a body
increases with time and it is negative when the velocity decreases with time. The negative acceleration
is also called retardation.
1.30 Equations of Linear Motion
The following are the equations of linear motion :
12
where
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
1. v = u + a.t
2.
s = u.t +
3. v2 = u2 + 2 a.s, and
4.
s =
1
2
a. t2
(u + v ) t
2
u = Initial velocity,
v = Final velocity,
a = Acceleration, and
s = Displacement of the body in time t seconds.
2 g .h
u
P m
t
where k is a constant of proportionality.
or
P m .a
or
P = k .m.a
For the sake of convenience, the unit of force adopted is such that it produces unit acceleration
(i.e. 1 m / s2) to a body of unit mass (i.e. 1 kg).
P = m.a = Mass Accelration
In S.I system of units, the unit of force is newton (briefly written as N). A newton may be
defined as the force, while acting upon a body of mass 1 kg, produces an acceleration of 1m / s2 in the
direction of which it acts. Thus
13
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1N = 1 kg 1 m/s2 = 1 kg-m/s2
Note : A force equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and collinear with the applied force or impressed
force producing the acceleration, is known as inertia force. Mathematically, inertia force,
FI = m.a
or P m.a = 0
or
P + FI = 0
Thus D-Alemberts principle states that the resultant force acting on the body together with
the reversed effective force or inertia force are in equilibrium.
1.34 Motion of a Lift
Consider a lift (elevator or cage) carrying some mass and moving with uniform acceleration.
Let
R
L ift
L ift
m .g
(a )
m .g
(b )
When the lift is moving downwards as shown in Fig. 1.24 (b), then
m.g R = m.a or R = m.g m.a = m (g a)
1.35 Motion of Two Bodies Connected by a String
Fig. 1.24
Consider a light inextensible string passing over a smooth pulley, as shown in Fig. 1.25, so that
the tension (T) in both the strings is same. Let mass m1 is greater than mass m2.
Since the string is inextensible, the upward acceleration of mass m2 will be
equal to the downward acceleration of mass m1. This acceleration is given by
a =
g (m1 m2 )
m / s2
m1 + m2
m2
2m1 .m2 .g
N
T =
m1 + m2
m1
m 2 .g
m 1 .g
Fig. 1.25
Let us now consider the following cases of motion of two bodies connected by a string.
1. First of all, let us consider the motion of two bodies connected
by an inextensible string, one of which is hanging freely and the other is
lying on a smooth horizontal plane as shown in Fig. 1.26. Since the string
is inextensible, the tension (T) in both the strings will be equal . The acceleration of the system is given by
a=
m2
m 2g
m1
m1 . g
m / s2
m1 + m2
m1g
Fig. 1.26
14
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
T = m2 . a =
and
m1 . m2 . g
N
m1 + m2
2. If instead of smooth plane, it is a rough horizontal plane, as shown in Fig. 1.27, then
frictional force equal to . RN = . m2.g, will act in the opposite direction to the motion of mass m2,
where is the coefficient of friction. In such a case,
RN
g (m1 . m2 )
m / s2
a =
m1 + m2
T =
and
m.R N
m2
m 2g
m1
m1 . m2 . g (1 + )
N
m1 + m2
m 1.g
Fig. 1.27
3.
When the plane is a smooth inclined plane, as shown in Fig. 1.28, then
and
a=
g ( m1 m2 sin )
m / s2
m1 + m2
T =
m1 . m2 . g (1 + sin )
N
m1 + m2
Fig. 1.28
4.
When the plane is a rough inclined plane, as shown in Fig. 1.29, then
a=
g ( m1 m2 sin . m2 cos )
m / s2
m1 + m2
and
RN
mR N
T
m2
m 2g
m1
m 1g
Fig. 1.29
1.36 Projectile
A particle moving under the combined effect of vertical and horizontal forces, is called a
projectile. The following terms are commonly used in projectiles:
1.
2.
3.
Angle of projection. It is the angle,with the horizontal,at which the projectile is projected.
4. Time of flight. It is the total time taken by a projectile, to reach maximum height and to
return back to the ground.
5. Range. It is the distance between the point of projection and the point where the projectile
strikes the ground.
1.37 Equation of the Path of a Projectile
Let
O = Point of projection,
u = Velocity of projection, and
= Angle of projection with the horizontal.
15
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
Y
u
y = x tan
g .x
P
y
2 u 2 cos2
Fig. 1.30
Since this is the equation of a parabola, therefore the path traced by a projectile is a porabola.
The following are the important equations used in projectiles:
1.
t =
2.
2 u sin
g
R =
u 2 sin 2
g
For a given velocity of projectile, the range will be maximum when sin 2 = 1 or = 45.
3.
H =
u 2 sin 2
2g
4. The time of flight of a projectile when it is projected from O on an upward inclined plane as
shown in Fig. 1.31, is given by
A
u
2u sin ( )
t =
g cos
where is the inclination of plane OA with the horizontal.
When the projectile is projected on a downward inclined plane, then
t =
R
C
Fig. 1.31
2u sin ( + )
g cos
R = OB =
2u 2 sin ( ) cos
u2
=
g cos 2
g cos 2
=
+
2
4
2
When the projectile is projected on a downward inclined plane, then
= 45 +
R =
2u 2 sin ( + ) cos
g cos 2
[sin (2 ) sin ]
16
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
2.
3.
2 N
rad / s
60
Note: If the body is rotating at rad / s along a circular path of radius r , then its linear velocity (v) is given by
v = . r
ac =
v2
= 2 . r
r
3. When the body moves along a circular path with uniform velocity, then there will be no tangential
acceleration, but it will have only centripetal acceleration.
4. When the body moves along a straight path, then there will be no centripetal acceleration, but it will
have only tangential acceleration, in the same direction as its velocity and displacement.
1c yc le
P
X\
O
r
N
x
Y\
A m p litude
2 3 4
A n gle turned in rad
Fig. 1.32
17
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
1. Amplitude. It is the maximum displacement of a body from its mean position. In Fig. 1.32,
OX and OX' is the amplitude of particle P. The amplitude is always equal to the radius of the circle.
2.
Periodic time. It is the time taken for one complete revolution of the particle. Mathemati-
cally,
Periodic time, t p =
2
seconds
3. Frequency. It is the number of cycles per second and it is the reciprocal of time period (tp).
Mathematically,
Frequency, n =
Hz
=
2
tp
Note : In S.I. units, the unit of frequency is hertz (briefly written as Hz) which is equal to one cycle per second.
1.42 Velocity and Acceleration of a Particle Moving with Simple Harmonic Motion
Consider a particle, moving round the circumference of a circle of radius r, with a uniform
angular velocity rad / s, as shown in Fig. 1.32. Let P be any position of the particle after t seconds
and be the angle turned by the particle in t seconds. We know that
= . t, and
x = r cos = r cos t
The velocity of N (which is the projection of P on X X') is the component of the velocity of P
parallel to X X'.
vN = v sin = .r sin
...(Q r sin = NP =
= r 2 x2
r 2 x2 )
The velocity is maximum, when x = 0, i.e. when N passes through O ( i.e. mean position).
vmax = . r
The acceleration of N is the component of the acceleration of P parallel to XX' and is directed
towards the centre O.
aN = 2 . r cos = 2 . x
The acceleration is maximum, when x = r, i.e. when P is at X or X'.
amax = 2 .r
L
than 4, then the bob will oscillate between B and C with simple harmonic motion.
For a simple pendulum, periodic time,
A
Fig. 1.33
n =
1
1
=
2
tp
L
t p = 2
g
g
L
C
m .g
18
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Notes : 1. The motion of the bob from one extremity to the other (i.e. from B to C or C to B) is known as beat
or swing. Thus one beat = 1/2 oscillation, and periodic time for one beat,
tp =
L
g
2. A pendulum, which executes one beat per second ( i.e. one complete oscillation in two seconds) is
known as seconds pendulum.
t p = 2
A
w = m .g
A
x
B
Fig. 1.34
m
= 2
second
s
g
m.g
... Q =
n =
where
1
1
=
2
tp
1
s
=
m 2
g
Hz
1
2
s
m+
m1
3
where
( kG ) 2 + h 2
g .h
1
1
=
2
tp
g .h
( kG )2 + h 2
W = m .g
Fig. 1.35
Notes : 1. The equivalent length of a simple pendulum (L) which gives the same frequency as that of compound
pendulum is given by
19
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
L =
(kG )2 + h2
h
2. The periodic time of compound pendulum is minimum when the distance between the point of
suspension and the centre of gravity (i.e. h) is equal to the radius of gyration of the body about its centre of
gravity (i.e. kG).
tp
( min )
= 2
2kG
g
(k )2
l = G
h
Fig. 1.36
2. The distance between the centre of suspension (O) and the centre of percussion (C) is
equal to the equivalent length of simple pendulum, i.e.
L = l+h
3.
The centre of suspension (O) and the centre of percussion (C) are inter-changeable.
tp =
2k
r
l
g
B o dy
1
r
=
n =
2 k
tp
where
g
l
W = m .g
Fig. 1.37
Fc = m .2 .r
20
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
This force acts radially inwards and is essential for circular motion. According to Newtons
third law of motion, the body must exert a force radially outwards of equal magnitude. This force is
known as centrifugal force, whose magnitude is given by
Fc = m . 2 .r
1.49 Superelevation
Whenever a roadway (or railway) is laid on a curved path, then its outer edge is always made
higher than the inner edge, to keep the vehicle in equilibrium while in motion. The amount by which
the outer edge is raised, is known as cant or superelevation. In case of roadways, the process of
providing superelevation is known as banking of the road. The general practice, to define the
superelevation in roadways, is to mention the angle of inclination (also called angle of banking) of the
road surface, such that
tan =
where
v2
g.r
In case of railways, the general practice to define the superelevation, is to mention the
difference of levels between the two rails. In such a case, superelevation is given by
S =
where
G.v 2
g.r
Notes : 1. When a vehicle is moving on a level circular path, then the maximum velocity of the vehicle, in order
to avoid overturning is given by
vmax =
g.r .a
h
vmax =
.g .r
where
m.g
2
v 2 .h
1
g .r .a
m.g
2
v 2 .h
1 +
g .r .a
where
21
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
two bodies. The behaviour of these colliding bodies during the complete period of impact will depend
upon the properties of the materials of which they are made. The material of the two bodies may be
perfectly elastic or perfectly inelastic.
The bodies which rebound after impact are called elastic bodies and the bodies which does
not rebound at all after its impact are called inelastic bodies. The impact between two lead spheres or
two clay spheres is approximately an inelastic impact.
The loss of kinetic energy (EL) during impact of inelastic bodies is given by
EL =
where
m1 . m2
(u1 u2 ) 2
2( m1 + m2 )
EL =
where
m1 . m2
(u1 u2 )2 (1 e2 )
2( m1 + m2 )
e = Coefficient of restitution.
Notes : 1. The relative velocity of two bodies after impact is always less than the relative velocity before
impact.
2. The value of e = 0, for perfectly inelastic bodies and e = 1, for perfectly elastic bodies. In case the
bodies are neither perfectly inelastic nor perfectly elastic, then the value of e lies between zero and one.
1.51 Work
Whenever a force (F) acts on a body and the body undergoes a displacement (x) in the
direction of the force, then the work is said to be done. Mathematically,
Workdone = F x
If the force varies from 0 to a maximum value of F, then
0+ F
F
x =
x
2
2
The unit of work depends upon the unit of force and the displacement. In S.I. system of units,
the practical unit of work is N-m. It is the work done by a force of 1 newton when it displaces a body
through 1 metre. The work of 1 N-m is known as joule (briefly written as J), such that 1 N-m = 1 J.
Work done =
Note : If a couple or torque (T) acting on a body causes the angular displacement () about an axis perpendicular
to the plane of the couple, then,
Workdone = T .
1.52 Power
It is the rate of doing work or workdone per unit time. In S.I. system of units, the unit of power
is watt (briefly written as W) which is equal to 1N-m / s or 1J / s. Generally a bigger unit of power called
kilowatt (briefly written as kW) is used which is equal to 1000 W.
22
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Note : If T is the torque transmitted in N-m or J and is the angular speed in rad / s, then
Power = T. = T
where
2N
watts
60
N = Speed in r.p.m.
1.53 Energy
It is the capacity of doing work. The mechanical energy is equal to the workdone on a body in
altering either its position or its velocity. Following are the three types of mechanical energies :
1. Potential energy. It is the energy possessed by a body for doing work, by virtue of its
position.
Let
2. Strain energy. It is the potential energy stored by an elastic body when deformed. A
compressed spring posseses this type of energy, because it can do some work in recovering its
original shape. Thus if a compressed spring of stiffness s newton per unit extension or compression,
is deformed through a distance x by a load W, then
Strain energy = Workdone =
1
2
Wx =
1
2
s.x2
...(Q W = s x)
3. Kinetic energy. It is the energy possessed by a body, for doing work, by virtue of its
mass (m) and velocity of motion (v). Mathematically, kinetic energy of the body or kinetic energy of
translation,
=
1
2
m.v2
Notes: 1. When a body of mass moment of inertia (I) about a given axis is rotated about that axis with an angular
velocity , then it possesses some kinetic energy. In this case,
1
1
2
m.v2 +
1
2
I.2
(b) Disagree
23
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(b) kilogram
(c) newton
(d) watt
(b) 8.9 N
(c) 9.8 N
(d) 12 N
6. A resultant force is a single force which produces the same effect as produced by all the given
forces acting on a body.
(a) True
(b) False
(b) resolution
8. The algebraic sum of the resolved parts of a number of forces in a given direction is equal to
the resolved part of their resultant in the same direction. This in known as
(a) principle of independence of forces
9. Vectors method for the resultant force is also called polygon law of forces.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ sin
(b)
P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos
(c)
P 2 + Q 2 2 PQ cos
(d)
P 2 + Q 2 2 PQ tan
11. If the resultant of two forces P and Q acting at an angle , makes an angle with the force P,
then
P sin
P cos
(a) tan =
(b) tan =
P + Q cos
P + Q cos
(c) tan =
Q sin
(d) tan =
P + Q cos
Q cos
P + Q sin
12. The resultant of two forces P and Q (such that P > Q ) acting along the same straight line, but
in opposite direction, is given by
(a) P + Q
(b) P Q
(c) P / Q
(d) Q / P
(b) 2 P cos / 2
(c) 2 P tan / 2
(d) 2 P cot / 2
14. The resultant of two forces each equal to P and acting at right angles is
(a) P / 2
(b) P / 2
(c) P / 2 2
(d)
2P
15. The angle between two forces when the resultant is maximum and minimum respectively are
(a) 0 and 180
(d) 90 and 0
16. If the resultant of the two forces has the same magnitude as either of the forces, then the angle
between the two forces is
(a) 30
(b) 60
(c) 90
(d) 120
24
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
17. The resultant of the two forces P and Q is R. If Q is doubled, the new resultant is perpendicular
to P. Then
(a) P = Q
(b) Q = R
(c) Q = 2R
18. Two forces are acting at an angle of 120. The bigger force is 40N and the resultant is
perpendicular to the smaller one. The smaller force is
(a) 20 N
(b) 40 N
(c) 80 N
19. The terms leverage and mechanical advantage of a compound lever have got the same
meaning.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
(b)
( V ) 2 + ( H ) 2
(c) (V )2 + (H )2 + 2(V ) (H )
(d)
( V ) 2 + ( H ) 2 + 2 ( V ) ( H )
P
22. Fig. 1.38 shows the two forces at right angles acting at a point. The value
of force R acting along their bisector and in opposite direction is
(a) P / 2
(b) 2 P
(c)
(d) P / 2
2P
Q
R
Fig. 1.38
23. If a number of forces are acting at a point, their resultant will be inclined at an angle with the
horizontal, such that
(a) tan = H / V
(b) tan = V / H
(c) tan = V H
(c) tan = V + H
24. The triangle law of forces states that if two forces acting simultaneously on a particle, be
represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in order, then their
resultant may be represented in magnitude and direction by the third side of a triangle, taken in
opposite order.
(a) True
(b) False
25. The polygon law of forces states that if a number of forces, acting simultaneously on a
particle, be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides a polygon taken in order, then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon, taken in
opposite direction.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
25
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
27. If the resultant of a number of forces acting on a body is zero, then the body will not be in
equilibrium.
(a) Yes
(b) No
28. The forces, which meet at one point and their lines of action also lie on the same plane, are
known as
(a) coplaner concurrent forces
29. The forces, which do not meet at one point, but their lines of action lie on the same plane, are
known as coplaner non-concurrent forces.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
30. The forces which meet at one point, but their lines of action ................ on the same plane, are
known as non-coplaner non-concurrent forces.
(a) lie
31. The forces which do not meet at one point and their lines of action do not lie on the same plane
are known as
(a) coplaner concurrent forces
32. Coplaner non-concurrent forces are those forces which .............. at one point, but their lines of
action do not lie on the same plane.
(a) meet
(b) Wrong
26
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
37. Fig. 1.39 shows the three coplaner forces P, Q and R acting at a point O. If these forces are in
equilibrium, then
(a)
P
Q
R
=
=
sin
sin
sin
P
Q
R
=
=
(c)
sin sin sin
(b)
P
Q
R
=
=
sin sin sin
P
Q
R
=
=
(d)
sin sin sin
Fig. 1.39
(d) if the three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium, then each force is proportional to the
sine of the angle between the other two
39. If a given force (or a given system of forces) acting on a body............. the position of the body,
but keeps it in equilibrium, then its effect is to produce internal stress in the body.
(a) change
40. If three forces acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides
of a triangle, taken in order, then the forces are in equilibrium.
(a) Yes
(b) No
41. If a number of forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the three
sides of a triangle, taken in order, then the forces are not in equilibrium.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
(b) P OB
(c) P OC
(d) P AC
P
A
Fig. 1.40
44. If a number of coplaner forces acting at a point be in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise
moments must be........... the sum of anticlockwise moments, about any point.
(a) equal to
45. Varingons theorem of moments states that if a number of coplaner forces acting on a particle
are in equilibrium, then
(a) their algebraic sum is zero
(b)
their lines of action are at equal distances
(c) the algebraic sum of their moments about any point in their plane is zero
(d) the algebraic sum of their moments about any point is equal to the moment of their
resultant force about the same point.
27
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
46. According to the law of moments, if a number of coplaner forces acting on a particle are in
equilibrium, then
(a) their algebraic sum is zero
(b) their lines of action are at equal distances
(c) the algebraic sum of their moments about any point in their plane is zero
(d) the algebraic sum of their moments about any point is equal to the moment of their
resultant force about the same point.
47. For any system of coplaner forces, the condition of equilibrium is that the
(a) algebraic sum of the horizontal components of all the forces should be zero
(b) algebraic sum of the vertical components of all the forces should be zero
(c) algebraic sum of moments of all the forces about any point should be zero
(d) all of the above
48. The forces, whose lines of action are parallel to each other and act in the same directions, are
known as
(a) coplaner concurrent forces
49. The three forces of 100 N, 200 N and 300 N have their lines of action parallel to each other but
act in the opposite directions. These forces are known as
(a) coplaner concurrent forces
50. Two like parallel forces are acting at a distance of 24 mm apart and their resultant is 20 N. If the
line of action of the resultant is 60 mm from any given force, the two forces are
(a) 15 N and 5 N
(b) 20 N and 5 N
(c) 15 N and 15 N
52. A smooth cylinder lying on its convex surface remains in .......... equilibrium.
(a) stable
(b) unstable
(c) neutral
53. Three forces acting on a rigid body are represented in magnitude, direction and line of action
by the three sides of a triangle taken in order. The forces are equivalent to a couple whose moment is
equal to
(a) area of the triangle
54. The principle of transmissibility of forces states that, when a force acts upon a body, its effect
is
(a) same at every point on its line of action
(b) different at different points on its line of action
(c) minimum, if it acts at the centre of gravity of the body
(d) maximum, if it acts at the centre of gravity of the body
28
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
56. If three forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides
of a triangle, taken in order, the forces shall be in equilibrium.
(a) True
(b) False
57. Two equal and opposite parallel forces whose lines of action are different, can be replaced by
a single force parallel to the given forces.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
58. Two equal and opposite parallel forces whose lines of action are different form a couple.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
Group B
(A) P + Q
(B) P Q
(C)
Q sin
P + Q cos
(D) 2 P cos
62. The force induced in the string AB due to the load W, as shown in Fig. 1.41, is
(a) W sin
(b) W cos
(c) W sec
(d) W cosec
63. The force induced in the string BC due to the load W as shown in
Fig. 1.41, is
(a) W sin
(b) W cos
(c) W tan
(d) W cot
B
W
Fig. 1.41
29
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
64. The point, through which the whole weight of the body acts, irrespective of its position, is
known as
(a) moment of inertia
(b) No
67. The centre of gravity of a rectangle lies at a point where its two diagonals meet each other.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
68. The centre of gravity of a triangle lies at a point where its medians intersect each other.
(a) True
(b) False
69. The centre of gravity of an issosceles triangle with base ( p) and sides (q) from its base is
(a)
4 p2 q2
6
(b)
4 p2 q2
6
(c)
p2 q2
4
(d)
p2 + q2
4
70. The centre of gravity of an equilateral triangle with each side a, is..............from any of the three
sides.
(a) 3 a / 2
(b) 23 a
(c) a / 2 3
(d) 32 a
71. The centre of gravity of a semi-circle lies at a distance of..............from its base measured along
the vertical radius.
(a) 3r / 8
(b) 4r / 3
(c) 8r / 3
(d) 3r / 4
72. The centre of gravity of a hemisphere lies at a distance of 3r / 8 from its base measured along
the vertical radius.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
73. The centre of gravity of a trapezium with parallel sides a and b lies at a distance of y from the
base b, as shown in Fig. 1.42. The value of y is
a
2a + b
(a) h
a+b
(c)
h 2a + b
(b)
2 a+b
h 2a + b
3 a+b
(d)
h a+b
3 2a + b
y
b
Fig. 1.42
74. The centre of gravity of a right circular solid cone is at a distance of..................from its base,
measured along the vertical axis.
(a) h / 2
(b) h / 3
(c) h / 4
(d) h / 6
30
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
75. The centre of gravity of a right angled triangle lies at its geometrical centre.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
76. Match the correct answer from Group B for the statements given in Group A.
Group A
Group B
77. The centre of gravity of a quadrant of a circle lies along its central radius (r) at a distance of
(a) 0.5 r
(b) 0.6 r
(c) 0.7 r
(d) 0.8 r
78. The centre of gravity a T-section 100 mm 150 mm 50 mm from its bottom is
(a) 50 mm
(b) 75 mm
(c) 87.5 mm
(d) 125 mm
79. A circular hole of 50 mm diameter is cut out from a circular disc of 100 mm
diameter as shown in Fig. 1.43. The centre of gravity of the section will lie
(a) in the shaded area (b) in the hole
(c) at O
Fig. 1.43
(b) kg-m-s2
(c) kg / m2
(d) m4
(b) False
83. A spherical body is symmetrical about its perpendicular axis. According to Rouths rule, the
moment of inertia of a body about an axis passing through its centre of gravity is
(a)
MS
3
where
(b)
MS
4
(c)
MS
5
84. The radius of gyration is the distance where the whole mass (or area) of a body is assumed to
be concentrated.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
31
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
85. Mass moment of inertia of a uniform thin rod of mass M and length (l) about its mid-point and
perpendicular to its length is
(a)
2
3
Ml2
(b)
1
3
M l2
(c)
3
4
Ml2
(d)
4
3
Ml2
86. Mass moment of inertia of a thin rod about its one end is........the mass moment of inertia of the
same rod about its mid-point
(a) same as
(b) twice
(c) thrice
87. Moment of inertia of a rectangular section having width (b) and depth (d) about an axis
passing through its C.G. and parallel to the width (b), is
(a)
db3
12
(b)
bd 3
12
(c)
db3
36
(d)
bd 3
36
88. Moment of inertia of a rectangular section having width (b) and depth (d) about an axis
passing through its C.G. and parallel to the depth (d), is
(a)
db3
12
(b)
bd 3
12
(c)
db3
36
(d)
bd 3
36
89. The moment of inertia of a square of side (a) about an axis through its centre of gravity is
(a) a4 / 4
(b) a4 / 8
(c) a4 / 12
(d) a4 / 36
90. The moment of inertia of a rectangular section 3cm wide and 4cm deep about XX axis is
(a) 9 cm4
(b) 12 cm4
(c) 16 cm4
(d) 20 cm4
(b) False
(b) a3 / 12
(c) a4 / 12
(d) a4 / 16
BD3 bd 3
12
12
(b)
DB 3 db3
12
12
Y
X
BD3 bd 3
36
36
(d)
DB 3 db3
36
36
(c)
Fig. 1.44
94. Moment of inertia of a hollow rectangular section as shown Fig. 1.44, about Y-Y axis, is not the
same as that about X-X axis.
(a) Yes
(b) No
(b) d 3 / 32
(c) d 4 / 32
(d) d 4 / 64
96. Moment of inertia of a circular section about an axis perpendicular to the section is
(a) d 3 / 16
(b) d 3 / 32
(c) d 4 / 32
(d) d 4 / 64
32
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
97. Moment of inertia of a hollow circular section, as shown as shown in Fig. 1.45, about X-X axis,
is
Y
(a)
(c)
(D2 d 2 )
16
(b)
(D4 d 4 )
32
(d)
(D3 d 3 )
16
(D4 d 4 )
64
Yd
D
(b) same
Fig. 1.45
(c) half
99. Moment of inertia of a triangular section of base (b) and height (h) about an axis passing
through its C.G. and parallel to the base, is
(a) bh3 / 4
(b) bh3 / 8
(c) bh3 / 12
(d) bh3 / 36
100. Moment of inertia of a triangular section of base (b) and height (h) about an axis through its
base, is
(a) bh3 / 4
(b) bh3 / 8
(c) bh3 / 12
(d) bh3 / 36
101. Moment of inertia of a triangular section of base (b) and height (h) about an axis passing
through its vertex and parallel to the base, is........than that passing through its C.G. and parallel to the
base.
(a) nine times
102. According to parallel axis theorem, the moment of inertia of a section about an axis parallel to
the axis through centre of gravity (i.e. IP) is given by
Ah 2
2
2
2
=
I
(b) I P = IG Ah
(c) I P = IG / Ah
(d) P
(a) I P = I G + Ah
IG
where
A = Area of the section,
IG = Moment of inertia of the section about an axis passing through
its C.G., and
h = Distance between C.G. and the parallel axis.
103. The moment of inertia of a thin disc of mass m and radius r, about an axis through its centre of
gravity and perpendicular to the plane of the disc is
(a) mr2 / 2
(b) mr2 / 4
(c) mr2 / 6
(d) mr2 / 8
104. The moment of inertia of a thin rod of mass m and length l, about an axis through its centre of
gravity and perpendicular to its length is
(a) ml2 / 4
(b) ml2 / 6
(c) ml2 / 8
(d) ml2 / 12
105. The moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of mass m, radius r and length l about the longitudinal axis or polar axis is
(a) mr2 / 2
(b) mr2 / 4
(c) mr2 / 6
(d) mr2 / 8
106. The moment of inertia of a thin spherical shell of mass m and radius r, about its diameter is
(a) mr2 / 3
(b) 2mr2 / 3
(c) 2mr2 / 5
(d) 3mr2 / 5
107. The moment of inertia of a sphere of mass m and radius r, about an axis tangential to it, is
(a) 2mr2 / 3
(b) 2mr2 / 5
(c) 7mr2 / 3
(d) 7mr2 / 5
33
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(b) 3mr2 / 10
(c) 2mr2 / 5
(d) 4mr2 / 5
110. A force acting in the opposite direction to the motion of the body is called force of friction.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
111. The maximum frictional force, which comes into play, when a body just begins to slide over the
surface of the other body, is known as
(a) static friction
117. The angle of the inclined plane at which a body just begins to slide down the plane, is called
helix angle.
(a) True
(b) False
118. The angle which the normal reaction makes with the resultant reaction is called angle of
friction.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
119. The angle of inclination of the plane at which the body begins to move down the plane, is
called
(a) angle of friction
120. The minimum force required to slide a body of weight W on a rough horizontal plane is
(a) W sin
(b) W cos
(c) W tan
121. A body will begin to move down an inclined plane if the angle of inclination of the plane
is.........the angle of friction.
(a) equal to
34
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
122. A body of weight W is required to move up on rough inclined plane whose angle of inclination
with the horizontal is . The effort applied parallel to the plane is given by
(a) P = W tan
(b) P = W tan ( + )
where = tan = Coefficient of friction between the plane and the body.
123. Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the limiting friction to the normal reaction between the two
bodies.
(a) Yes
(b) No
125. The force required to move the body up the plane will be minimum if it makes an angle with the
inclined plane............... the angle of friction.
(a) equal to
126. A ladder is resting on a smooth ground and leaning against a rough vertical wall. The force of
friction will act
(a) towards the wall at its upper and
127. A ladder is resting on a rough ground and leaning against a smooth vertical wall. The force of
friction will act
(a) downward at its upper end
128. In a screw jack, the effort required to lift the load is given by
(a) P = W tan ( )
(b) P = W tan ( + )
(c) P = W tan ( )
(d) P = W cos ( + )
(b) equal to
tan ( + )
tan
tan
(b) tan ( + )
(c)
tan ( )
tan
tan
(d) tan ( )
(b) = 45 / 2
(c) = 90 +
(d) = 90
1 sin
1 + sin
(b)
1 + sin
1 sin
(c)
1 tan
1 + tan
(d)
1 + tan
1 tan
35
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
133. The velocity ratio in case of an inclined plane inclined at angle to the horizontal and weight
being pulled up the inclined plane by vertical effort is
(a) sin
(b) cos
(c) tan
(d) cosec
(d) 100 %
(b) inversely
140. A lifting machine lifts a load of 1000N through a distance of 0.2 m by means of an effort of
200N through a distance of 1m. This machine is an ideal one.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
(b) No
144. A machine which is not capable of doing any work in the reversed direction, after the effort is
removed, is called a reversible machine.
(a) True
(b) False
36
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(b) Disagree
147. A weight of 1000 N can be lifted by an effort of 80 N. If the velocity ratio is 20, the machine is
(a) reversible
(b) non-reversible
(c) ideal
(d) 100%
(c) P = mW + C
(d) P = C mW
(b) P = m / W + C
(b) 1 m
(c) 1 / m
(d) m
(c) m / V.R.
(d) 1 / m V.R.
(b) V.R. / m
(b) n 2
(c) 2n
(d) 2n 1
(b) False
(b) n 2
(c) 2n
(d) 2n 1
155. The velocity ratio of a differential pulley block with D and d as the diameters of larger and
smaller pulley, is
(a)
D
Dd
(b)
D
D+d
(c)
2D
Dd
(d)
2D
D+d
(b) 8
(c) 16
(d) 20
37
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
158. Match the correct answer from Group B for the statements given in Group A.
Group A
Group B
(A)
1 sin
1 + sin
(B)
1/m
(C)
(D)
(E)
d4
64
1
m V.R.
tan
tan ( + )
159. If the number of pulleys in a system is equal to its velocity ratio, then it is a.......system of
pulleys
(a) first
(b) second
(c) third
160. The velocity ratio of a simple wheel and axle with D and d as the diameters of effort wheel and
load axle, is
(a) D + d
(b) D d
(c) D d
(d) D / d
161. The velocity ratio of a differential wheel and axle with D as the diameter of effort wheel and
d1and d2 as the diameters of larger and smaller axles respectively, is
D
(a) d + d
1
2
D
(b) d d
1
2
(c)
2D
d1 + d2
2D
(d) d d
1
2
162. The velocity ratio of a single purchase crab winch can be increased by
(a) increasing the length of the handle
(b) increasing the radius of the load drum
(c) increasing the number of teeth of the pinion
(d) all of the above
163. A differential pulley block has larger and smaller diameters of 100 mm and 80 mm respectively.
Its velocity ratio is
(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 40
164. In a single threaded worm and worm wheel, the number of teeth on the worm is 50. The
diameter of the effort wheel is 100 mm and that of load drum is 50 mm. The velocity ratio is
(a) 50
(b) 100
(c) 150
(d) 200
165. In a wormed geared pulley block, if the number of teeth on the worm wheel is doubled, then its
velocity ratio is also doubled.
(a) True
(b) False
38
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
166. The velocity ratio of a simple screw jack with p as the pitch of the screw and l as the length of
effort arm, is
(a)
2l
p
(b)
l
p
(c)
2p
l
(d)
2p
l
167. All the steel trusses of the bridges, have one of their end roller supported, and other end
hinged. The main advantage of such a support is that the truss remains stable.
(a) True
(b) False
168. A framed structure is perfect, if the number of members are..............(2j 3), where j is the
number of joints.
(a) equal to
(b) imperfect
(c) deficient
Fig. 1.46
172. In a framed structure, as shown in Fig. 1.47, the force in the member
BC is
(a) W / 3 (compression)
(b) W / 3 (tension)
(c) 2W / 3 (compression)
(d) 2W / 3 (tension)
60 0
60 0
B
W
Fig. 1.47
173. In a framed structure, as shown in Fig. 1.47, the force in the member
AC is numerically equal to the force in member BC.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
174. In a framed structure, as shown in Fig. 1.47, the force in the member AB is .........the force in
member AC.
(a) half
(b) equal to
(c) double
175. In a framed structure, as shown in Fig. 1.47, the force in the member CD is tensile in nature.,
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
176. In a framed structure, as shown in Fig. 1.48, the forces in the members AB and BC are
respectively .
W
(a)
A
30
3W (compressive)
Fig. 1.48
39
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(b) Speed
(c) Velocity
(d) Acceleration
(b) acceleration
(c) momentum
(b) False
181. If the body falls freely under gravity, then the gravitational acceleration is taken as
(a) + 8.9 m/s2
182. If a body is thrown upwards, then the gravitational acceleration is taken as zero.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
183. If the gravitational acceleration at any place is doubled, then the weight of a body will be
(a) g / 2
(c) 2 g
(b) g
(d) 2g
(b)
(c)
gh
2gh
(d) 2g h
(b) g cos
(c) g tan
(b) s = u.t +
1
2
at2
(c) v 2 = u 2 + 2a.s
189. A science teacher claimed that Newtons third law of motion is involved while studying the
motion of rockets. Is his statement
(a) justified
190. D Alemberts principle basically depends upon Newtons second law of motion.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
40
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
191. The rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the impressed force, and takes
place in the same direction in which the force acts. This statement is known as
(a) Newtons first law of motion
193. If P is the force acting on the body, m is the mass of the body and a is the acceleration of the
body, then according to Newtons second law of motion,
(a) P + m.a = 0
(b) P m.a = 0
(c) P m.a = 0
(d) P / m.a = 0
(c) weight
(d) momentum
(b) mass
195. The force, by which the body is attracted, towards the centre of the earth, is called
(a) impulsive force
(b) mass
(c) weight
(d) momentum
(b) minimum
(c) maximum
(b) mass
(c) weight
(d) momentum
198. A newton is defined as the force while acting upon a mass of one kg, produces an acceleration
of 1 m / s2 in the direction of which it acts.
(a) Yes
(b) No
199. The force applied on a body of mass 100 kg to produce an acceleration of 5 m/s2, is
(a) 20 N
(b) 100 N
(c) 500 N
200. A lift moves downwards with an acceleration of 9.8 m/s2. The pressure exerted by a man on the
floor of the lift is zero.
(a) True
(b) False
201. When the lift is moving upwards with some acceleration, the pressure exerted by a man
is..................proportional to its acceleration.
(a) directly
(b) inversely
202. Tension in the cable supporting a lift is more when the lift is moving...........with an
acceleration.
(a) upwards
(b) downwards
203. If tension in the cable supporting a lift moving downwards is half the tension when it is
moving upwards, the acceleration of the lift is
(a) g / 2
(b) g / 3
(c) g / 4
41
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
204. Two bodies of masses m1and m2 are hung from of the ends of a rope, passing
over a frictionless pulley as shown in Fig. 1.49, The acceleration of the string will
be
2 g (m1 m2 )
g (m1 m2 )
(a)
(b)
m1 + m2
m1 + m2
(c)
g (m1 + m2 )
m1 m2
(d)
T
T
2 g (m1 + m2 )
m1 m2
m2
m1
205. In the above question, as shown in Fig. 1.49, the tension (T) in the string will
be
(a)
m1 . m2 .g
m1 + m2
(b)
(c)
m1 + m2
m1 . m2 .g
m1 + m2
(d) 2 . .
m1 m2 g
Fig. 1.49
2m1 . m2 .g
m1 + m2
206. If the masses of both the bodies, as shown in Fig. 1.49, are doubled, then the acceleration in
the string will be
(a) same
(b) half
(c) double
207. If the masses of both the bodies, as shown in Fig. 1.49, are reduced to 50 percent, then tension
in the string will be
(a) same
(b) half
(c) double
208. Two blocks A and B of masses 150 kg and 50 kg respectively are connected
by means of a string as shown in Fig. 1.50. The tension in all the three strings........be
same.
(a) will
B
50 kg
209. If two blocks of equal mass are attached to the two ends of a light string
and one of the blocks is placed over a smooth horizontal plane while the other is
hung freely after passing over a smooth pulley, then the two blocks will have
some motion.
(a) Agree
A
150 kg
Fig. 1.50
(b) Disagree
T T
(b) decrease
T
20k g
T
5k g
(c) m1.m2 / m1 + m2
m1 . m2 . g (1 + sin )
(d)
m1 + m2
Fig. 1.51
T
m1
T
m2
Fig. 1.52
42
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
212. In Fig. 1.52, if the angle of inclination of the plane is increased, then acceleration of the system
will
(a) increase
(b) decrease
213. In Fig. 1.52, if the mass m1 is placed on an inclined rough plane having coefficient of friction
, then the tension in the string will be
(a)
m1 . m2 . g (1 + sin + cos )
m1 + m2
(b)
m1 . m2 . g (1 + sin + cos )
m1 + m2
(c)
m1 . m2 . g (1 + cos )
m1 + m2
(d)
m1 . m2 . g (1 + cos )
m1 + m2
(b) No
gx 2
+ x tan
2u cos2
(a) y =
(b) y =
(c) y = x tan
where
gx 2
gx 2
x tan
2u cos2
2
(d) y = x tan +
2u 2 cos 2
gx 2
2u 2 cos 2
u = Velocity of projection,
= Angle of projection and,
x, y = Co-ordinates of any point on the trajectory after t seconds.
(b) False
2u sin
g
(b) t =
2u cos
g
(c) t =
2u tan
g
(d) t =
2u
g sin
219. The distance, between the point of projection and the point where the projectile strikes the
ground, is known as range.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
u 2 cos 2
g
(b) R =
u 2 sin 2
g
(c) R =
u 2 cos
g
(d) R =
u 2 sin
g
43
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(b) 45
(c) 60
(d) 90
u 2 sin 2
u 2 cos2
u 2 sin 2
(b)
(c)
2g
g
g
223. The time of flight (t) of a projectile on an upward inclined plane is
(a)
(d)
g cos
(a) t = 2u sin ( )
(b) t =
2u sin ( )
g cos
g cos
2u sin ( +)
(d) t =
2u sin ( +)
g cos
(c) t =
where
u 2 cos2
g
u = Velocity of projection,
= Angle of projection, and
= Inclination of the plane with the horizontal.
224. The time of flight of a projectile on downward inclined plane depends upon
(a) angle of projection
g cos2
(a)
2u 2 sin ( +) cos
2u 2 sin ( +) cos
(b)
g cos2
g cos 2
(c)
2u 2 sin ( ) cos
2u 2 sin ( ) cos
(d)
g cos2
226. The range of projectile will be maximum for a given velocity of projectile, when the angle of
projection () is
(a) / 2
(b) 30 + / 2
(c) 45 + / 2
(d) 60 + / 2
227. The range of projectile on a downward inclined plane is..........the range on upward inclined
plane for the same velocity of projection and angle of projection.
(a) less than
(c) equal to
228. Match the correct answer from Group B for the given statements in Group A.
Group A
(a) The cartesian equation of trajectory is
(b) The time of flight of a projectile on a horizontal plane is
(c) The horizontal range of projectile is
Group B
2u sin
g
2u sin ( )
(B)
g cos
2
(C) u sin 2
g
(A)
(D) x tan
(E)
u 2 sin 2
2g
gx 2
2u 2 cos 2
44
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(b) rad / s
230. The angular velocity (in rad / s) of a body rotating at N revolutions per minute is
(a) N / 60
(b) N / 180
(c) 2 N / 60
(d) 2 N / 180
(c) m / s2
(d) rad / s2
(b) m / s
232. The linear velocity of a body rotating at rad / s along a circular path of radius r is given by
(a) / r
(b) .r
(c) 2 / r
(d) 2.r
233. The linear acceleration (a) of a body rotating along a circular path of radius (r) with an angular
acceleration of rad / s2, is
(a) a = / r
(b) a = .r
(c) a = r /
(b) rotary
(c) circular
237. When a particle moves along a circular path, its acceleration has two components, one is
normal component and the other is tangential component of acceleration.
(a) True
(b) False
238. When a particle moves along a straight path, there will be centripetal acceleration as well
tangential acceleration.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
239. When a particle moves along a circular path with uniform velocity, there will be no tangential
acceleration.
(a) Correct
(b) Incorrect
240. The maximum displacement of a body, from its mean position is called amplitude.
(a) Right
(b) Wrong
(b) No
242. The time taken by a particle for one complete oscillation is known as periodic time.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
243. The periodic time of a particle with simple harmonic motion is.........proportional to the angular
velocity.
(a) directly
(b) inversely
244. The amplitude is always........radius of the circle.
(a) equal to
(b) less than
(c) greater than
45
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(b) 2 /
(c) 2
(d) /
(b) False
247. The velocity of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is.........at the mean position.
(a) zero
(b) minimum
(c) maximum
248. The acceleration of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is..........at the mean position.
(a) zero
(b) minimum
(c) maximum
249. The velocity of a particle (v) moving with simple harmonic motion, at any instant is given by
(a) y 2 r 2
where
(b) r 2 y 2
(c) 2
y2 r2
(d) 2 r 2 y 2
250. The acceleration of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion, at any instant is given by
(a) . y
(b) 2 . y
(c) 2 / y
(d) 3 .y
251. The maximum velocity of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is
(a)
(b) r
(d) / r
(c) 2r
252. The maximum acceleration of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is
(a)
(b) r
(c) 2r
(d) / r
253. One end of a helical spring is fixed while the other end carries the load W which moves with
simple harmonic motion. The frequency of motion is given by
(a) 2
where
1 g
(c) 2
2
= Deflection of the spring.
(b)
(d)
1
2
254. The acceleration of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is proportional to the
displacement of the particle from the mean position.
(a) True
(b) False
1
2
l
g
where
1 g
(c) 2
2 l
l = Length of the pendulum.
(b)
l
g
(d) 2
g
l
256. In order to double the period of simple pendulum, the length of the string should be
(a) halved
(b) doubled
(c) quadrupled
257. The motion of the body from one extremity to the other is known as a beat.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
46
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
259. If a pendulum is taken 1 km below the earth surface in a mine, it will......in time.
(a) gain
(b) loose
(b) 99.4 cm
(c) 100 cm
(d) 101 cm
261. When a rigid body is suspended vertically, and it oscillates with a small amplitude under the
action of the force of gravity, the body is known as
(a) simple pendulum
(a) 2
kG2
where
+h
(b) 2
kG2 + h 2
gh
(c)
1
2
gh
kG2
+h
(d)
1
2
kG2 + h 2
gh
263. The centre of oscillation and centre of suspension for a compound pendulum are interchangeable.
(a) True
(b) False
264. The equivalent length of a simple pendulum which gives the same frequency as compound
pendulum is
h2
kG2 + h2
kG2 + h2
(a) 2
(b)
(c)
(d)
2
2
2
kG + h
kG + h
h
h2
265. The centre of percussion is below the centre of gravity of the body and is at a distance equal
to
h
(a) h / kG
(b) h2 / kG
(c) kG2 / h
(d) h kG
r
l
2 k
g
(b)
(c)
2 k
g
r
l
267. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a)
2 r
g
k
l
(d)
r
g
2 k
l
(a) The periodic time of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is the time taken by a
particle for one complete oscillation.
(b) The periodic time of a particle moving with simple harmonic motion is directly proportional to its angular velocity.
(c) The velocity of the particle moving with simple harmonic motion is zero at the mean
position.
(d) The acceleration of the particle moving with simple harmonic motion is maximum at the
mean position.
47
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
268. Match the correct answer from Group B for the given statements in Group A, in connection
with simple harmonic motion.
Group A
Group B
(A) frequency
(D) amplitude
270. When a person, on a bicycle, drives round a curve, he has to lean..........to maintain equilibrium.
(a) inward
(b) outward
271. The angle of inclination of a vehicle when moving along a circular path...........upon its mass.
(a) depends
272. The angle of inclination with the vertical is ............ if the cyclist is running at a faster speed
than that when he is running at a slower speed.
(a) more
(b) less
273. The force which acts along the radius of a circle and directed towards the centre of the circle
is known as centripetal force.
(a) True
(b) False
274. The force which acts along the radius of a circle and directed away from the centre of the circle
is called centrifugal force.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
275. The slope on the road surface generally provided on the curves is known as
(a) angle of friction
276. The ideal angle of banking provided on the curves on roads depends upon
(a) weight of the vehicle
(b) (velocity)2 of the vehicle
(c) nature of the road surface
(d) coefficient of friction between the road and vehicle contact point
277. When a train is rounding a curve, the side thrust on the wheel flanges is prevented by raising
the outer edge of the rail.
(a) Yes
(b) No
48
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
278. The amount by which the outer edge of the rail is raised, is known as super-elevation.
(a) Agree
(b) Disagree
279. In railways, the super-elevation is expressed in terms of the difference of level between the
two rails.
(a) True
(b) False
(a)
Gv
(b)
where
v2r
gG
(c)
G v2
gr
(d)
Gg
v2r
281. The maximum velocity of a vehicle in order to avioid over-turning on a level circular path, is
h
gra
gra
h
gra
h
282. When a vehicle moves on a level circular path, the reaction at the inner wheel is
(a)
mg
(a)
2
(b)
gra
1 2
v h
where
mg gra
1
(b)
2 v2 h
(c)
(c)
gra
mg
2
v2h
1
gra
(d)
mg
(d) 2
v2 h
1 +
gra
283. The maximum velocity of a vehicle in order to avoid skidding away on a level circular path, is
(a) g r
(b)
1
2
gr
(c)
gr
(d)
1
2
gr
284. The overturning of a vehicle on a level circular path can be avoided if the velocity of vehicle
is....
gra / h.
(a) less than
285. The skidding away of the vehicle on a level circular path can be avoided if the force of friction
between the wheels and the ground is........... the centrifugal force.
(a) less than
286. The total momentum of a system of masses (i.e. moving bodies) in any one direction remains
constant, unless acted upon by an external force in that direction. This statement is called
(a) Newtons first law of motion
49
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
m1 m2
u2 u2
(c) 2 m + m
( 1 2) 1 2
where
(b)
(d)
2 ( m1 + m2 )
m1 m2
2 ( m1 + m2 )
m1 m2
(u1 u2 )2
(u
2
1
u 22
289. The impact between two lead spheres is approximately equal to an............impact.
(a) elastic
(b) inelastic
290. In collision of elastic bodies, the coefficient of restitution is the ratio of the relative velocity
after impact to the relative velocity before impact.
(a) True
(b) False
(b) one
(b) Wrong
293. During elastic impact, the relative velocity of the two bodies after impact is.......the relative
velocity of the two bodies before impact.
(a) equal to
(b) Disagree
295. The loss of kinetic energy due to direct impact of two bodies..........upon the value of coefficient of restitution.
(a) depends
50
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
298. Two balls of equal mass and of perfectly elastic material are lying on the floor. One of the ball
with velocity v is made to struck the second ball. Both the balls after impact will move with a velocity
(a) v
(b) v / 2
(c) v / 4
(d) v / 8
299. A lead ball with a certain velocity is made to strike a wall, it falls down, but rubber ball of same
mass and with same velocity strikes the same wall, it rebounds. Select the correct reason from the
following :
(a) both the balls undergo an equal change in momentum
(b) the change in momentum suffered by rubber ball is more than the lead ball
(c) the change in momentum suffered by rubber ball is less than the lead ball
(d) none of the above
300. If u1and u2 are the velocities of two moving bodies in the same direction before impact and v1
and v2 are their velocities after impact, then coefficient of restitution is given by
v1 v2
(a) u u
1
2
v2 v1
(b) u u
1
2
(c)
u1 u2
v1 v2
(d)
u2 + u1
v2 + v1
301. A body of mass m moving with a constant velocity v strikes another body of same mass m
moving with same velocity but in opposite direction. The common velocity of both the bodies after
collision is
(a) v
(b) 2 v
(c) 4 v
(d) 8 v
302. A rubber ball is dropped from a height of 2 m. If there is no loss of velocity after rebounding,
the ball will rise to a height of
(a) 1 m
(b) 2 m
(c) 3 m
(d) 4 m
303. Whenever a force acts on a body and the body undergoes a displacement, then
(a) work is said to be done
(b) erg
(c) kg-m
(d) joule
(b) 1 N - m
(c) 10 N - m
(d) 100 N - m
(b) work
(c) power
(d) energy
51
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
(c) power
(b) joule
(c) watt
(d) kg-m
(b) 1 joule / s
(c) 10 joules / s
312. The power developed by a body acted upon by a torque T newton metre (N - m) and revolving
at radian / s is given by
(a) T. (in watts)
(b) Incorrect
(b) watt
(c) kg - m
(d) joule
315. The energy possessed by a body, for doing work by virtue of its position, is called
(a) potential energy
(b) depends
317. The potential energy stored by a spring in compression, is called strain energy.
(a) Yes
(b) No
318. When a body of mass m attains a velocity v from rest in time t, then the kinetic energy of
translation is
(a) mv2
(b) mgv2
319. When a body of mass moment of inertia I (about a given axis) is rotated about that axis with an
angular velocity , then the kinetic energy of rotation is
(a) I
(b) I 2
(c) 0.5 I
(d) 0.5 I 2
(b) False
52
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
323. The potential energy of a vertically raised body is...............the kinetic energy of a vertically
falling body.
(a) equal to
325. If two bodies having masses m1and m2 (m1>m2) have equal kinetic energies, the momentum of
body having mass m1 is................the momentum of body having mass m2.
(a) equal to
ANSWERS
1. (a)
2. (b)
3. (d)
4.
(c)
5.
(c)
6.
(a)
7. (a)
8. (b)
9. (a)
10.
(b)
11.
(c)
12.
(b)
13. (b)
14. (d)
15. (a)
16.
(d)
17.
(b)
18.
(a)
19. (a)
21. (b)
22.
(c)
23.
(b)
24.
(a)
25. (a)
26. (b)
27. (b)
28.
(a)
29.
(a)
30.
(b)
31. (d)
32. (a)
33. (c)
34.
(a)
35.
(b)
36.
(a)
37. (b)
38. (d)
39. (b)
40.
(a)
41.
(b)
42.
(d)
43. (c)
44. (a)
45. (d)
46.
(c)
47.
(d)
48.
(c)
49. (d)
50. (a)
51. (d)
52.
(b)
53.
(b)
54.
(c)
55. (c)
56. (a)
57. (b)
58.
(a)
59.
(b)
60.
(d)
62. (d)
63.
(d)
64.
(b)
65.
(a)
66. (a)
67. (a)
68. (a)
69.
(a)
70.
(c)
71.
(b)
72. (a)
73. (c)
74. (c)
75.
(b)
76.
77. (b)
78. (c)
79. (a)
80.
(d)
81.
(d)
82.
(a)
83. (c)
84. (a)
85. (b)
86.
(d)
87.
(b)
88.
(a)
89. (c)
90. (c)
91. (a)
92.
(c)
93.
(a)
94.
(a)
95. (d)
96. (c)
97. (d)
98.
(a)
99.
(d)
100.
(c)
101. (a)
102. (d)
103. (a)
104.
(d)
105.
(a)
106.
(b)
107. (d)
108. (b)
109. (b)
110.
(a)
111.
(c)
112.
(a)
113. (c)
114. (b)
115. (d)
116.
(c)
117.
(b)
118.
(a)
119. (a)
120. (c)
121. (c)
122.
(c)
123.
(a)
124.
(b)
125. (a)
126. (d)
127. (c)
128.
(b)
129.
(a)
130.
(b)
131. (b)
132. (a)
133. (a)
134.
(d)
135.
(b)
136.
(d)
137. (a)
138. (a)
139. (b)
140.
(a)
141.
(b)
142.
(a)
143. (b)
144. (b)
145. (a)
146.
(b)
147.
(a)
148.
(b)
149. (c)
150. (c)
151. (d)
152.
(c)
153.
(a)
154.
(d)
155. (c)
156. (d)
157. (c)
158.
159.
(b)
160. (d)
161. (d)
162. (a)
163.
(b)
164.
(b)
165.
(a)
166. (a)
167. (a)
168. (a)
169.
(d)
170.
(b)
171.
(a)
53
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
172. (d)
173. (a)
174. (a)
175.
(a)
176.
(a)
177.
(b)
178. (a)
179. (d)
180. (a)
181.
(c)
182.
(b)
183.
(d)
184. (c)
185. (a)
186. (d)
187.
(a)
188.
(a)
189.
(a)
190. (a)
191. (b)
192. (c)
193.
(b)
194.
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195.
(c)
196. (a)
197. (d)
198. (a)
199.
(c)
200.
(a)
201.
(a)
202. (a)
203. (d)
204. (a)
205.
(b)
206.
(a)
207.
(b)
208. (a)
209. (a)
210. (a)
211.
(d)
212.
(b)
213.
(a)
214. (d)
215. (a)
216. (c)
217.
(a)
218.
(a)
219.
(a)
220. (b)
221. (b)
222. (a)
223.
(b)
224.
(c)
225.
(d)
226. (c)
227. (b)
229.
(c)
231. (d)
232. (b)
233. (b)
234.
(d)
235.
(c)
236.
(d)
237. (a)
238. (b)
239. (a)
240.
(a)
241.
(a)
242.
(a)
243. (b)
244. (a)
245. (b)
246.
(a)
247.
(c)
248.
(a)
249. (b)
250. (b)
251. (b)
252.
(c)
253.
(b)
254.
(a)
255. (c)
256. (c)
257. (a)
258.
(d)
259.
(d)
260.
(b)
261. (b)
262. (c)
263. (a)
264.
(b)
265.
(c)
266.
(d)
267. (a)
269.
(c)
270.
(a)
271.
(b)
272. (a)
273. (a)
274. (a)
275.
(c)
276.
(b)
277.
(a)
278. (a)
279. (a)
280. (c)
281.
(d)
282.
(c)
283.
(c)
284. (a)
285. (b)
286. (d)
287.
(b)
288.
(a)
289.
(b)
290. (a)
291. (a)
292. (b)
293.
(b)
294.
(a)
295.
(a)
296. (d)
297. (d)
298. (b)
299.
(b)
300.
(b)
301.
(b)
302. (b)
303. (a)
304. (d)
305.
(b)
306.
(c)
307.
(a)
308. (b)
309. (c)
310. (c)
311.
(b)
312.
(a)
313.
(a)
314. (d)
315. (a)
316. (b)
317.
(a)
318.
(c)
319.
(d)
320. (d)
321. (b)
322. (a)
323.
(a)
324.
(a)
325.
(c)
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