Editors Notes

Over the past few years there has been an explosion of new and
exciting cabin entertainment and control options for business aircraft.
Owners and operators are being flooded with options promising speed
and ease of use. It is becoming harder to completely grasp all that is
available and will be available in the near future.
We field questions daily on cabin management and entertainment,
so we developed this booklet to serve as a guide to those wishing to
understand more deeply all that a Cabin Management System
(CMS) entails.
While there are almost endless combinations of equipment that can
be selected and installed, this booklet will cover the most common
equipment requested by our customers and give a simple explanation
of what equipment is available and how it can benefit your aircrafts
cabin systems.
At Duncan Aviation, we pride ourselves by being on the cutting edge
of all avionics technology, and the subject of cabin management and
entertainment is no different. We have conducted a large amount of
research to develop the most valuable information we can provide.
Duncan Aviation acknowledges the FAA Engineering and
Safety Groups, Aircraft Electronics Association and the avionics
manufacturers who are working on the products to make your flying
safer, easier and enjoyable.
As always, we look to improve ourselves and our knowledge. Feel free
to contact our avionics experts to answer any of your questions and
talk about your challenges when the subject arises.
Duncan Aviation Avionics Sales Team

Straight Talk About CMS

What is CMS?

Lighting Options

Cabin Displays

11

Audio Options

17

Cabin Source Equipment

21

FAQs

27

Key Terms

31

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What is CMS?

What is a CMS?
A Cabin Management System (CMS) controls all of the powered
items in the cabin of an aircraft such as the lighting, cabin
temperature, call and even lavatory flush. It also controls the
cabin entertainment items such as LCD monitor video select,
speaker audio select, volume, head set control, DVD and Bluray players and XM radio.
There are three main types of cabin management systems.
Federated, Integrated and Networked.
Federated
Federated CMS systems are simple in architecture and are not
networked. The switching is analog (or discrete). These systems
are generally found in the older aircraft manufactured in the
1980s and early 1990s.
Integrated
Integrated CMS systems are early-generation digital in
architecture. These systems operate using serial data digital
communication between the cabin equipment. Integrated
systems emerged in the early 1990s and have carried through
until just recently.
Networked
Networked CMS systems are the latest generation and are
digital in architecture. Networked CMS systems operate using
Ethernet communication, the same as most any modern-day
computer network. The Networked CMS systems are just now
becoming available.
Integrating new cabin control and entertainment technologies
to these systems can be challenging; more so with the older,
Federated systems. The next page illustrates this point. You can
think of the CMS as the foundation and the items that operate
on the CMS are built on this foundation.

Straight Talk About CMS

FEDERATED

CMS

Lights
Galley Functions
Entertainment
Small foundation: can usually upgrade a single unit for another
unit of similar type with little impact. Example: Can swap
Video Cassette Player (VCP) for DVD.

INTEGRATED

CMS

Lights
Galley Functions
Entertainment
Medium foundation: can usually upgrade equipment, but has
limited growth. Can add sources with additional equipment.

NETWORKED

CMS

Large foundation: can easily swap equipment and has near

infinite growth capability.
The following chapters of this booklet will take a closer look at
the specific cabin and control options available with a complete
cabin management system.

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Lighting Options

Lighting Options
When considering cabin upgrades, lighting plays an important
role. Cabin lighting choices at the surface seem relatively
simple. However, a closer examination reveals how complex the
process can be and the impact on the overall cabin upgrade.
The cost of upgrading cabin lighting can vary depending on the
aircraft model, choice of upgrades and the individual needs of
the operator.
LED Lights
In most cases, when a customer is deciding to upgrade
cabin lighting, the choice is usually whether or not to make
the change from fluorescent bulbs to LED lighting. Unlike
fluorescent bulbs, LED lighting is relatively maintenance-free
once installed. Problems with individual power supplies, hot
ballasts and individual bulb replacement are virtually eliminated
with LED. In addition to the very high mean time between
failures, many companies offer a wide variety of lighting
temperatures. In addition to cool or warm temperatures, several
manufacturers are beginning to offer optional colored lights.
To reduce the variance in individual LEDs between light strips,
many manufacturers recommend having all the light strips
purchased from the same lot. On some aircraft models, the
lighting strips must be accompanied with remotely located power
regulators to reduce a strobe effect on the aircraft engines.
Some aircraft models require modifications to the headliners or
passenger service units (PSUs). In cases where these extensive
modifications are required, the upgrades are accompanied with
additional cabin accommodation upgrades. Depending on the
upgrade, some installations are accompanied by galley, lavatory
cabinets and cabin side-ledge modifications.
Lighting Controls
Another consideration when upgrading the lighting is control.
While the replacement of the lights does not necessarily

Straight Talk About CMS

require the replacement of the control source, some thought

should be given to ensure the replacement system will function
correctly. In some older aircraft, cabin lighting is controlled
with equipment that currently functions but can no longer be
modified or repaired. In these cases, careful thought must be
given to how the equipment will function in the future. If the
operator is considering the replacement of the control source,
additional parts and labor may be necessary.
Other Considerations
Cabin lighting modification does not just include wash
lighting choices. Operators are also presented with reading
and table lighting decisions. In most cases, the decision of
whether or not to upgrade these lighting sources is based
upon how much interior work will be accomplished during
a specific project. Upgrades to reading and table lights is
not costly, however, there is more labor required to fit the
new units to the aircraft. An additional cost that needs to be
considered is plating. While most vendors send lights with a
factory-specified brushed aluminum look, decisions to have
a custom plating specification to match the rest of the cabin
accoutrements is an option for operators.
If an operator decides not to replace the reading and
table lights, there is still another option. In some cases,
manufacturers have produced LED replacements that slide
into the existing sockets. These bulbs are designed to be
an exact replacement of the existing incandescent bulbs.
Care must be taken when considering this option. In some
instances, the existing housings have been unable to accept
the replacements or do not have positive connections and
cause intermittent problems. Age of the existing equipment,
relative use and previous modifications should be considered
when making this choice.

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Cabin Displays

Cabin Displays
Cabin displays are one of the most visible components of a
cabin entertainment system. Whether the intent of the cabin
display is to watch High Definition (HD) movies or to provide a
moving map, the displays will be the focal point.
Advantages to upgrading cabin displays include:
HD display options
LED backlight technology
Thin structure
Light weight
Energy efficiency
Interface to HD CMS systems
When fully integrated to a CMS, new displays can provide
HD video for crystal clear presentation. Media Servers, iPods,
Blu-ray, cabin briefings and high-resolution maps can all be
displayed with a quality rivaling that of the home or office.
Cabin display upgrades can also be a relatively easy method
to give an aircraft a facelift, which is a good option if
discretionary budgets are limited, there is a projected sale of
the aircraft or if a full cabin refurbishment is still a year out.
Display Size
Choosing the appropriate display size is not always as
simple as bigger is
better. Location, source
equipment and aesthetics
all play an important part
in the decision. Swing arm
displays are available from
7-15 inch and bulkhead
displays are available up
to 52 inch size. However,
larger monitors can require
more structural analysis and

11

Straight Talk About CMS

additional interior modifications. Some manufacturers now

offer monitors that utilize remote units that process the video
signals. This reduces weight and creates ease of installation.
Choosing a monitor that is DO-160 compliant helps reduce
the certification effort required to install larger monitors. DO160 is a standard for environmental test of avionics hardware
published by RTCA, Incorporated.
A fully integrated, large monitor can be the show-piece in
most cabin refurbishments. Large monitors that are installed
as a facelift have the potential to amplify the lower quality of
existing source equipment or an aged video installation. In this
situation, a more conservative display may be a better choice.
Personal swing arm displays can offer passengers flexibility
and comfort. If an aircraft is not previously fitted with
personal monitors, additional switching should be expected.
Many personal monitors have fewer video input options.
Fewer inputs may limit HD video across multiple sources;
however, the smaller size of personal displays typically makes
Standard Definition (SD) video less apparent.
Video Quality
There are a variety of standards when looking into video
fidelity. Video quality is generically referred to as either SD
or HD. Video is sent and received in an array of different
video signal formats to achieve either a SD or HD. HDMI,
SDI, S-Video, RGB/VGA and Composite are just some of the
formats available.
When choosing a new display, consider not only the capability
of display but its interface as well. A display can only produce
video definition that is the same with respect to the source
equipment and aircraft wiring. HD displays cannot convert SD
video signals to provide clearer picture. To take full advantage
of HD displays and HD source equipment some additional
equipment may be required. Video amplifiers may be needed

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12

for long cable runs or supplying multiple displays. Adapters

or converters may be needed to marry source equipment with
displays. The aircraft wiring must be able to support the video
signal format to match the display and in some of these cases
specialty cables may be needed.
Future Expansion
With any upgrade, longevity and expansion is a fair and
responsible concern. When shopping for cabin display
upgrades, it is wise to seek out reputable manufacturers and
an experienced modifications center.
Video signal quality is very subjective; longevity is in the
quality of the installation. Cable separation and optional
provisions can provide a quality installation and ease of
upgrade or additions later. Provisions may be an option when
downtime or funds are not available.
Certification
What could normally be considered a simple plug-and-play
solution in a home or business takes on a whole new meaning
in an aircraft environment. Certification is required in many
instances with numerous regulations on the mounting and
type of displays that can be installed in the cabin or aircraft.
It is a wise idea to ask questions about certification when
considering upgrades to your cabin entertainment system. At
Duncan Aviation, any of our Avionics Sales Representatives
can assist you with questions concerning certification of new
cabin equipment, including new cabin displays.

13

Straight Talk About CMS

800.228.4277 www.DuncanAviation.aero 800.525.2376

14

Audio Options

Audio Options
Aircraft audio covers options for personal audio use and cabin
speaker options. Operators should look to include a combination
of these options to create a cabin space for all types of audio
needs. All options listed in this chapter include Passenger
Address (PA) override for cockpit safety announcements.
Headphones
The most common decision when it comes to headphone
use in the cabin is whether to incorporate wired or wireless
headset options.
Wired headsets are available in many grade levels, but require
some cabin entertainment infrastructure for use. The source
selection and volume controls are integrated into the Personal
Control Unit (PCU) and can
be conveniently mounted
for individual use. The jack
that the headsets plug to is
typically part of the PCU.
Wireless headsets are
available as stand-alone
options throughout the
cabin. They do not require
the infrastructure of a cabin
entertainment system and they connect directly to source
equipment transmitting audio. Wireless headsets are available for
as many as five sources.
Cabin Speakers
In regards to cabin speaker options, there is a lot to consider. To
make it simpler to understand the availability of options and their
increasing quality, four tiers of options are listed on the following
page. The first tier is the basic cabin stereo speaker system. With
each tier, there are options that enhance the audio quality. The
fourth tier explains a system with surround sound included.

17

Straight Talk About CMS

Tier 1 Stereo
Aircraft grade speaker amp(s).
High-quality speakers. (Consumer Off-The-Shelf or COTS).
(Optional) Aircraft grade sub-woofer(s).
Tier 2 Stereo
Aircraft grade speaker amp(s).
Aircraft grade speakers.
Aircraft grade sub-woofer(s).
Tier 3 Stereo
Acoustically tuned system for best sonic performance.
Aircraft grade speaker amp(s).
Aircraft grade speakers - matched to amplifier.
Sub-woofers - matched to amplifier.
Tier 4 Stereo w/Surround Sound
Acoustically tuned system for best sonic performance.
Aircraft grade speaker amp(s).
Aircraft grade speakers - matched to amplifier.
Sub-woofers - matched to amplifier.
As with any cabin upgrade, it is important to weigh all options
when considering audio upgrades. In the end, decisions should
be based on the aircrafts mission as well as the operators
individual preferences and budget.

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18

Cabin Source Equipment

Cabin Source Equipment

Whether you are a corporate DOM who is only interested in
productivity improvements or a private DOM who has an owner
who wants his/her aircraft to be as flexible as their home,
having a working understanding of source equipment is critical.
Satellite Television
Identical to the satellite television service available in your
home, Direct TV satellites can broadcast content directly to a
suitably equipped aircraft. The system then converts that signal
into audio and video outputs for your entertainment system.
Service is not currently global but is available in the
continental U.S., Europe, North Africa, West Asia and much
of the Middle East. Each of these locations represents a
different satellite that broadcasts different regional content.
The content provided will cater to the region in which you are
flying. So, while English speaking content may be available
in the U.S. and Europe, it may not be available in a different
global region. Someone requiring multi-zone coverage
will require the installation of additional receiver modules.
Premium content can also be purchased, adding to the
flexibility of services provided.
Satellite television systems use a steerable high gain antenna
that requires sufficient clearance to maneuver. These arrays
are generally moving dish-shaped antennae which permit the
best signals possible. Satellite television systems may also be
affected by weather conditions.
Due to the complexity of installation, Satellite television systems
are best installed during other major maintenance events.
Satellite Radio
Satellite radio in an aircraft is the same pay-radio service that
is provided in many automobiles. And service is relatively
inexpensive by aviation standards. Satellite radio service is

21

Straight Talk About CMS

currently available over North America only. A satellite radio

system may also be piggy-backed off an existing XM Weather
installation in some cases, making this an attractive option
for someone hoping to get the most out of their XM Weather
installation.
A digital control head can also be added to the system to
provide direct dial access for channel selection and the ability
for the receiver to directly interface to the CMS.
Media Servers
Over the last 20 years, the price and reliability of
computerized hard drive storage has improved
exponentially. CDs and DVDs, which were at one time too
large to store on personal computers, suddenly became just
another part of a ones media library. With this explosion in
the storage of digital media came the need for interfaces
that would mimic the functionality of a DVD or CD player.
This lead to proprietary interfaces called Graphical User
Interface (GUI) layers, which made using media servers
easy for even children.
From a hardware perspective, media servers are hard drives
(or entire banks of hard drives) that contain a computer
that plays content by creating a video signal on its various
outputs or streams content to users for play on their portable
electronic device (iPad, laptop etc.) via LAN or WLAN.
As these databases can require a large amount of time to
manage, it is often desirable to outsource loading of content
to outside parties that may already manage content.
Laptop Video
Laptops also have the ability to act as a video source.
They use a VGA port. Since many monitors have an
auto-sensing VGA input, it may or may not require the

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22

installation of additional switching. This is a popular

option for corporate operators to permit the review of
presentations en-route to a client.
Blu-ray Players
Blu-ray players are quickly becoming the norm for most video
installations. These devices may support high-definition video
output via HDMI cables.
DVD Players
Similar to what you have at home, DVD players provide
standard definition video for output to monitors. There are
different Regions of DVD players depending on what area of
the world you intend to operate in. Region 1 players will play
DVDs commercially sold in the U.S. Region 2 players will play
DVDs from Europe and India. Other regional formats have
been declared by DVD manufacturers to reduce the instance
of international content piracy. If you require all regions
coverage for your DVD collection, we recommend specifying
that at the time of equipment installation.
CD Players
It is very rare to purchase
just a CD player. CD players
output analog audio via
analog channels to the
audio amplifier system.
Currently, most stand-alone
CD players are not capable
of supporting a digital
audio output.
Moving Map Displays
Moving map systems come in a mix of configurations and
perform a myriad of tasks. In their most simple form, moving
map displays will display flight information to passengers.

23

Straight Talk About CMS

Most often these systems have an aircraft overlay on a

background map. This is where the similarity ends. Some of
these systems may be integrated with onboard information
systems to receive services such as news, stock tickers and
weather information, to name a few.
Moving map display units enjoy a high degree of customization.
The choice of which display options are the most desirable is
a highly personal choice. It is best to define these options with
the assistance of your avionics sales expert.
Camera Systems
As their name implies, camera systems provide video from an
externally mounted camera. Some of these systems are simple
static cameras. Other camera systems involve zooming options
or even infrared sensor packages that may reduce runway
incursions by permitting pilots to see animals on the runway.
Aux Ports
Many people desire to make their
cabin capable of interfacing with
carry-on equipment. For those
customers, installing input ports for
video and audio is a good way to
integrate mobile devices into their
cabin. This may include laptop ports
or even MP3 docks. This inexpensive
option can often improve desirability.
Unwanted equipment should always be addressed. There are
still aircraft with out-dated equipment, such as beta players.
The problem with out-dated, unwanted or unused equipment
is not only that they represent dead weight, but they can
diminish the overall appeal for resale or charter operations.
Wherever possible, out-dated equipment should be removed
and wiring secured.

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24

Frequently Asked Questions

Can I replace my Video Cassette Player (VCP) with a

Blu-ray Player?
Yes, in most cases. Even with the simplest Federated type
Cabin Management System, if an audio/video source such as a
VCP is existing, replacement with an aircraft-certified Blu-ray
DVD player is possible. There are limitations and other items
to consider, though. Blu-ray players are capable of HD video
output, yet most existing CMS systems today are not capable
of distributing HD video. Therefore, the video from the Blu-ray
player will be in standard definition on the cabin LCD displays.
The infrared control system may need to be modified to
control the Blu-ray player and the passenger control switching
units must be modified to show the new source label.
Can I add XM radio to my CMS?
Yes, if the system is of a later generation, such as an
integrated or networked system, adding additional XM radio
audio sources is generally possible. Additional equipment and
significant modifications will be required to the older CMS
systems and control of XM channel selection will be limited.
The new Networked systems will easily accept additional
sources such as XM radio and provide a high level of control.
Can I control cabin and entertainment functions with an
iPad application?
Yes, if the system is of a later generation, such as an Integrated
or Networked system, iPad control is generally possible. There
must be an aircraft-certified Wi-Fi system and the existing
CMS must have an advanced IR system to add iPad control.
The new Networked systems usually come with iPad control.
How will installing a new LED lighting system save my
company money?
In many cases the existing fluorescent system has multiple
power supplies that furnish each bulb or sections of bulbs
with power. These power supplies are often costly and can be
difficult to access. The simple act of replacing these power
supplies is quite costly if you consider the amount of man

27

Straight Talk About CMS

hours required to perform the removal and replacement of

the surround cabin equipment and the actual replacement of
the bulb. Additionally, LED bulbs have a conservative life span
of 25,000 hours; the average life span of a fluorescent bulb
is generally less than 8,000 hours. Less time between failures
equates to greater savings.
How long will I need to have my aircraft down for a complete
replacement of my existing lighting system?
While this answer depends on the extent of the modifications
required to meet your particular aircraft needs, most
installations can be accomplished in conjunction with a major
inspection, such as a C check.
Can I upgrade my source equipment and make a real
difference in my video quality?
It depends. Many times, upgrades that alter the video format
of source equipment will also require changes to the cabin
management infrastructure.
Is cabin internet access required for media servers?
Most media servers do not require an internet connection
to work properly. There are exceptions to that rule. A
kaleidescape player that utilizes a DVD locker may require the
ability to call home when a movie is selected to be played.

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28

Key Terms

HD High-Definition video or HD video refers to any video

system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD)
video, and most commonly involves display resolutions of
1,280720 pixels (720p) or 1,9201,080 pixels (1080i/1080p).
LED A Light-Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor
light source. Early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but
modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet
and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LEDs are
used as indicator lamps in many devices, but their use in other
lighting has been steadily increasing.
iPod/iPad Portable media players created and marketed by
Apple, Inc.
HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a
compact audio/video interface for transferring a encrypted
uncompressed digital audio/video data from a HDMIcompliant device (the source or input) to a compatible
digital audio device, computer monitor, video projector and/or
digital television.
Blu-ray Blu-ray are optical disc storage media designed to
supersede the DVD format. Also known as Blu-ray disc (BD),
the format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and
playback of High-Definition video (HD), as well as storing
large amounts of data. The format offers more than five times
the storage capacity of traditional DVDs and can hold up to
25GB on a single-layer disc and 50GB on a dual-layer disc.
This extra capacity combined with the use of advanced video
and audio codecs offers consumers an unprecedented HD
experience. Definition taken from www.blu-ray.com.
DO-160 DO-160, Environmental Conditions and Test
Procedures for Airborne Equipment, is a standard for the
environmental test of avionics hardware published by
RTCA, Inc. This document outlines a set of minimal standard
environmental test conditions (categories) and corresponding

31

Straight Talk About CMS

test procedures for airborne equipment. The purpose of these

tests is to provide a controlled (laboratory) means of assuring
the performance characteristics of airborne equipment in
environmental conditions similar of those which may be
encountered in airborne operation of the equipment. For more
information read AC 21-16G at www.faa.gov.
RTCA Known as Radio Technical Commission for
Aeronautics until their re-incorporation in 1991 as a not-forprofit corporation, RTCA is a U.S. volunteer organization
that develops technical guidance for use by government
regulatory authorities and the industry. Visit www.rtca.org for
more information.
CMS Cabin Management Systems are cabin avionics systems
that let you control everything in your cabin, from lighting and
temperature to moving maps, entertainment items including
DVD players, music players and numerous other in-flight
entertainment items.
SDI Serial Digital Interface is a family of video interfaces
standardized by SMPTE. These standards are used for
transmission of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video
signals (optionally including embedded audio and/or time
code) within television facilities and can also be used for
packetized data. Visit www.smpte.org for more information.
S-video S-video signal is a composite signal that has been
divided into two. This video signal, transmitted with color and
brightness on two separate channels, makes for a sharper
picture image, with fewer granularities, on the receiving
device. Definition provided by www.datapro.net.
RGB Although cmponent video is sometimes referred to as
RGB video, RGB is not actually a video standard, but rather a
standard for computer monitors. It requires a four conductor
cable for connecting a monitor to a CPU. In concept, it
is similar to S-video. Three of the conductors carry color

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32

information for the red, green and blue components of the

image, while the fourth, called the sync or synchronization
line, carries timing information to be used concurrently with
the color information. Definition provided by www.datapro.net.
Component video Component video is the final generation
of analog video, taking the advancement from composite
(1-signal) to S-Video (2-signals) one step further. It has
separated luma (brightness) and chroma (color), but the
chroma is also separated into two signals, red and blue. The
result is a triple-headed RCA cable and an image cleaner than
composite with less color bleeding that S-Video. Although
common on most DVD players and HD televisions, component
video is very rare on older television sets and VCRs. Definition
provided by www.datapro.net.
P.A. A Passenger Address system is an electronic
amplification system used as a communication system in the
cabin area of an aircraft.
GUI A Graphical User Interface is a human-computer
interface (i.e., a way for humans to interact with computers)
that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be
manipulated by a mouse, buttons or touch-screens.
WLAN A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) implements
a flexible data communication system frequently augmenting
rather than replacing a wired LAN within a building or campus.
WLANs use radio frequency to transmit and receive data over
the air, minimizing the need for wired connections. Definition
provided by www.cisco.com.
VGA Video Graphics Array is a widely used analog interface
between a computer and monitor that uses a 15-pin plug and
socket. Older CRTs used VGA and flat LCD panels typically
have both analog VGA and digital DVI. However, newer PCs
may have only DVI or display port outputs. Definition provided
by www.pcmag.com.

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Straight Talk About CMS

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40

Sources
www.blu-ray.com
www.cisco.com
www.datapro.net
www.faa.gov
www.pcmag.com
www.rtca.org
www.smpte.org

41

Straight Talk About CMS

Notes

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