BA201 Engineering Mathematic UNIT 5 AppOfIntegration

TOPIC 5
APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
TOPIC 5 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION
5.0
AREA AND THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

An intuitive look
Fuel consumptions
Suppose a certain states annual rate of petroleum consumption over a 4-year

period is constant and given by the function f(t) = 1.2t for (0<t<4). Where t is
measured in years and f(t) in millions of barrels per year.
90
91
92
Fig. 5.1
93
94
year
Figure 15.1 shows the actual petroleum consumption of Selangor state over a
period from 1990 to 1994. Observe that the rate of consumption is not constant;
that is, the function f is not a constant function. Then, what is the actual petroleum
consumption for Selangor. How do we compute this?
The area problem.
The proceeding example touches on the second fundamental problem in calculus.
Calculate the area of the region bounded by the graph of a nonnegative function f,
the x-axis and the vertical lines x=a and x =b. This area is called the area under the
graph of f on the interval [a, b] or from a to b.
PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM
TOPIC 5
5.1
AREA BOUNDED BETWEEN FUNCTION AND THE X-AXIS.

y
y =f(x)
If f is a nonnegative continuous function on [a, b], then the area under the
graph of f(x) on the interval is
b
A= f ( x) dx
a
f(x)
Suppose now f(x) 0 for all x in [a, b] as shown in fig. Since f(x)0 we
define the area bounded by the graph of y = f(x) and the x-xis from x=a to
x=b to be the area A under the graph of y = -f(x) on [a, b], Then
b
A = f ( x) dx
a
= - f ( x)dx
a
TOPIC 5
Note:
The area of the region above the x-axis is positive while the area of the region
below the x- axis is negative
(+)
(-)
5.2
AREA BOUNDED BETWEEN FUNCTION AND THE Y-AXIS.
(a)
y
x=f(y)
The area of the region
to the right of the yaxis is positive
b
a
x
Area of the shaded region
.
TOPIC 5
(b)
y
x=f(y)
The area of the

region to the left of
the y-axis is negative
a
x
Example 5.1
Find the area bounded by the graph of y = x2 and the x-axis on [0, 2]
Solution
b
We have A=- f ( x)dx , then

a
A = - f ( x)dx =- x 2 dx
0
x3
3 0
8
unit2
3
TOPIC 5
Example 5.2
Find the area bounded by the graph and x-axis
y
b.
a.
x
1
x
1
Fig 5.2a
Fig 5.2b
Solution
2
a.
Shaded area =
2
1
x3
x2
8 1 7
2
dx unit
2
6 6 6
6
1
b.
3
1
2
3
Shaded area = 2 x 2 dx 2 x 4
1
3
3
2 1
2
27 1 unit
TOPIC 5
Example 5.3
Find the area of the shaded region
a.
b. y
y
y = x(4 x)
y = (x-1)(x-5)
x
0 1
x
0
0
Fig 5.3a
Fig 5.3b
Solution
a. Area of shaded region
4
4
x(4 x) dx
(4 x x 2 ) dx
0
0
64 32
x3
2
= 2 x = 32
=
unit2
3
3
b. Area of shaded region
.( x 1)( x 5) dx
( x 2 6 x 5) dx
5
x3
2
= 3x 5 x
3
32
125
1
75 25 3 5 =
unit2
3
3
3
TOPIC 5
For (b) we can also calculate using the negative formulae,

5
Area of the shaded region A=- .( x 1)( x 5) dx =

1
32 unit2
3
Example 5.4
Find the area bounded by the graph of y = x2 + 2x and the x-axis on [-2, 2]
Solution
The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f (x) on the interval [-2, 2] are given
in Fig 5.4
Now
y
y = x2 + 2x
x
2
2
( x 2 x )
= {x2 2 x
2
f (x)
Therefore,
2
A=
f ( x)dx
f ( x) dx
f ( x) dx
( x 2 2 x) dx
0
(x
0
2 x) dx
2
x3
x3
= x 2 ) x 2 )
3
2 3
0
8
3
8
3
= 0 ( ( 4) ( 4) -0 = 8 unit2
TOPIC 5
Example 5.5
Find the area bounded by the graph y = sin x and the x-axis on [0, 2]
Solution
The area
sin x dx
As the graph consists of areas above and below the x-axis, then,
A
= sin xdx ( sin x)dx
= cos x0 cos x2
= -cos + cos 0 + (cos 2 cos )

= -(-1) +1 + (1 - (-1)) = 4 unit2
5.3
Area between Two Graphs

Sometimes, we have to break parts of the diagram (shaded region) to find its area.
Example 5.6
y
y x2
y x 2
x
0
Fig. 5.5
TOPIC 5
Solution
In fig.5.5, the shaded region lies under two different functions. To find its area, we
have to break the region into two under the two functions.
y
y
y = -x + 2
yx
Shaded area =
x dx
2
Shaded area =
( x 2) dx
Therefore,
The area of the shaded region = sum of two regions under different functions
1
1 2
2
= x 2 dx
0
The area
of the shaded region = 0 x dx 1 ( x 2) dx
1
x3
x2
2 x
=
3 0 2
1
= 0 2 4 2
1
3
5
6
unit2
1
2
TOPIC 5
5.4
Area Bounded between Function and the y-axis
b
yi+y
yi
a
a
x
xi
Figure 5.6 a
Figure 5.6 b
Fig. 5.6a shows a region bounded by the function and y-axis on {a b].
i
Area of shaded region = had xi dy

x 0
i 1
x dy
a
Example 5.7
Find the area of the shaded region.
b.
a.
y
2
x=y2-4y+5
y2=x
y2
2
x
y =xx4x
4
1
x
10
TOPIC 5
Solution
a. Area of the shaded region =
x dy
y2
dy
3
y3 8 1 7
= = =
unit2
3 1 3 3 3
3
1 x dy 1
b. Area of the shaded region =
( y 2 4 y 5) dy
3
y3
= 2 y 2 5 y
3
1
= 9 18 15 2 5 =
1
3
8
unit2
3
Example 5.8
a.
y
b.
y
x =-y2+4y-5
x=y2-4y+3
3
3
1
0
Solution
a. Area of shaded region
1 ( y
4 y 3) dy
2
y3
= 2 y 2 3 y
3
1
8
1
= 8 6 2 3
3
3
2
unit2
3
11
TOPIC 5
b.
Area of shaded region =
3
1
( y 2 4 y 5) dy
3
y3
= 2 y 2 5 y
3
1
= 9 18 15 2 5
1
3
8
unit2
3
From the examples of 5.6a and 5.6b the area on the left of the y-axis is a negative
value.
ATTENTION :
If an area is valued negative, the region is situated on the left
of the y-axis
5.5 AREA BETWEEN TWO GRAPHS
Area between 2 functions
The area under the graph of a continuous nonnegative function y = f(x) on [a,b] is the area
of the region bounded between its graph and the graph of the function y=0 from x = a and
x=b . Suppose f(x) and g(x) are continuous on [a, b] and f(x) >g(x) for all x in the interval [a,
b], the area of the region A between the two graphs x=a and x=b is given by
A=
f ( x) g ( x) dx
b
12
TOPIC 5
Example 5.9
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of y = x and y = x2
(1,1)
y=
y
Shaded region
(0,0)
Solution :
As shown in above figure, the area in question is located in the first quadrant, and the
graph intersect at the points (0, 0) and (1, 1); (that is , 0 and 1 are the solutions of x2 =
Since y =
x is the upper graph on the interval (0, 1) it follows that

A =
x x 2 dx
3
2
x3
= ( x 2 ]10
3
3
2 1
= 0
3 3
1
= sq units
3
x ).
13
TOPIC 5
5.6 Find The Generated Volume.
Figure 5.7
For some objects as above, we know how to find the volume by using certain
formula.
What is the formula to find the volume of a cylinder?
What is the formula to find the volume of a cone?..........
How much is the volume of the pot?
So, we will discuss how to find the volume of rotating solids by using integration.
For example, to find the volume of the pot
Identify the axis symmetry and assume it is represented by the x-axis.
Choose a function f(x) which represents the side of the pot.
Find the approximation of the volume by dividing an object into many disc circles.
y
y=f(x)
a
x
14
TOPIC 5
Lets say, y = f(x) is the equation that represents the sides of the pot and the stripe
disc has radius y.
yi
x
The volume of the stripe disc = yi2 x
The total volume of all discs is one approximation to the volume of the pot.
The volume of the pot yi2 x
The total of discs volume will approximate the real volume of the pot, if the width
x of each disc becomes smaller or the number of discs approximate to .
The volume of the pot = lim it yi dx yi dx

x 0
i 1
15
TOPIC 5
5.7 The Generated Volume When a Region Is Rotated 360o around the X-Axis
X-axis as symmetry axis.
Figure 5.8
The volume of the pot is the same as the volume revolved when the shaded region
in Figure 13.2 is rotated 360o around the x-axis.
Generated volume =
a
0
y 2dx
16
TOPIC 5
Example 5.10
Find the volume generated by the areas bounded by the given curves if they are
revolved 3600 about the x-axis
a.
b.
y
y
2
y = 2x
y
0
0
x2
2
Solution:
a. Generated volume =
=
2
0
2
0
y 2 dx
Substitute y2
with 2x
(2x ) dx
= 2
2
0
x dx
2
x2
= 2
2 0
= (4 0)
= 4 unit3
Substitute y2
b. Generated volume =
=
x2
y 2 dx
with
dx
x2
2 4
x5
5
x
dx
=
=
=
2 1
1
4
4 5 1 20
2
31
unit3
20
17
TOPIC 5
5.8 The Generated Volume When a Region Is Revolved 360o around the Y-Axis
y
x= g(y)
a
x
0
Figure 5.9
To find the generated volume when a shaded region as above is rotated 360 o around
the y-axis, we choose one function x = g(y) to represent the curve.
Generated Volume =
x 2dy
Example 5.11
Find the generated volume when these shaded regions are rotated 3600 around the
y-axis
b.
a.
y = 2x - 2
y = 4x2
2
0
x
0
x
-1
18
TOPIC 5
Solution:
Substitute x2
a. Volume
2
ydy
4 0
x 2dy
y
dy
4
with
and 4 can be
moved outside before
we do the integration
y2
=
4 2 0
22
0 =
=
unit3
4 2
2
y2
b. Generated volume = x dy
dy
1
1
2
Substitute x2
3 2
= y 4 y 4dy
with
4 1
3
y 3 4y 2
4 y
=
4 3
2
1
=
(1) 3
33
2
2
(
3
)
4
(
3
)
2(1) 2 4(1)
4 3
3
9 18 12 1 2 4
4
3
31
=
unit3
3
=
19
TOPIC 5
5.9 Volume By Rotating The Area Enclosed Between a Curve and a Line.
y= g(x)
y = f(x)
Figure 5.10
To find the generated volume when a shaded region as above is rotated 360 o around
the x-axis, we choose one function y= g(y) to represent the curve and one function
y = f(x) to represent the line.
Generated volume =
g(x)
a
f ( x ) 2 dx
Example 5.12
Find the generated volume when the shaded region bounded by a straight line y =
x, a curve y2 = x 2 , straight line x = 4 and x-axis is rotated 360o around the x-axis.
y
y=x
y2 = x-2
20
TOPIC 5
Solution
The shaded region is shown as in Figure 5.11
y
y=x
y=x
y
y2=x-2
y2=x-2
2
Isipadu janaan I1=

Figure 5.11a
Lets say
Isipadu janaan I2=

)dx
2 ( x 2Figure
5.11c
4
Figure 5.11b
x 2 dx is the generated volume of the shaded area in Figure 5.11b is
rotated 360o around the x-axis and 2 ( x 2)dx is the generated volume when
4
the shaded region in Figure 5.11c is rotated 360o around the x-axis.
So, the generated volume when the shaded region in Figure 5.11a is rotated 360o
around the x-axis is the same as I1 I2
Generated volume = I1 I2
4
= x 2 dx - ( x 2)dx
0
x
x2
2x
=
3 0
2
2
43
4 2
22
= 0 2(4) 2(2)
3
2
2
58
=
unit3
3
3
21
TOPIC 5
Activity 5(a)
1.
Find the area of the shaded region in each graph below.

a.
b.
y = 2x(2-x)
y = x2-6x+8
x
0
c.
d.
y = 2x2 4x
y
2
y=x -1
x
-1
-1 0
y
y = x(x+1)(2-x)
-1
1
-1
e.
22
TOPIC 5
2.
Calculate the area of the shaded region in each of the following diagrams.
a.
b.
4
x = 6y-y
x =(y-1)(y-4)
1
0
x
x
c.
y
1
x = y(y+1)(y-1)
x
-1
23
2
3
TOPIC 5
Feedback for Activity 5(a)
1.
a.
8
unit 2
3
b.
4
unit 2
3
c.
4
unit 2
3
d.
16
unit 2
3
e.
37
unit 2
12
24
2
4
TOPIC 5
Activity 5(b)
1.
Find the area of the shaded region in each graph.

a.
b.
y 4 x2
y 3x
Feedback for Activity 5(b)

a.
19
unit 2
6
b.
45
unit 2
6
x
A
25
2
5
TOPIC 5
Activity 5(c)
Find the area of the shaded region in each of the following.
b.
a.
y
3
y=x -1
2
1
1
x
(c)
d.
y2=x+1
2
2
1
1
0
1
0
26
2
6
TOPIC 5
Feedback for Activity 5(c)

a.
2
(8 8 ) unit 2 3.45 unit 2
3
b.
13
unit 2
3
c.
3
unit 2
4
d.
2 unit 2
27
2
7
TOPIC 5
28
Activity 5(d)
1.
Find the coordinates of the intersection of the curve y2 = x and a linear graph
x
y . And then, find the area bounded by the curve and the linear equation.
2
2.
Find the area of y the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 2x and y = -x + 4 on

[-4, 2]
Feedback for Activity 5(d)

1.
Points of intersection (0, 0) and (4, 2)

4
Area of the bounded region = unit 2
3
1.
Points of intersection (-4, 8) and (1, 3)

71
Area of the bounded region =
sq units
3
2
8
TOPIC 5
29
Activity 5(e)
1.
Find the generated volume when these shaded regions are rotated 360 0 around
the x-axis
2.
A region bounded by a curve y2 = x + 1, y-axis and a line x = 4 is rotated 360o

around the x-axis. Find the generated volume in .
b.
a.
y
y = x +1
0 1
2
x
2
9
TOPIC 5
Feedback for Activity 5(e)

2
1.
a.
y 2 dx
1
2
= ( x 1) 2 dx
1
( x 1) 3
=
3
(2 1) 3 (1 1) 3
3
3
27 8 3
=
3
3
19
=
unit 3
3
b.
3 unit 3
4
2.
Volume = y 2 dx
0
4
= ( x 1) dx
0
4
( x 1) 2
=
2 0
(4 1) 2 (0 1) 2
= 2
2
= 12 unit 3
30
3
0
TOPIC 5
31
Activity 5(f)
1.
Find the generated volume when these shaded regions are rotated 360 0 around the
y-axis
a.
b.
y
2
y=x -1
3
y = 3 x2
0
0
2.
A sphere is formed when the area bounded by a curve y = 4 x 2 and the

x-axis as shown below is rotated around the x-axis. Find the volume of the sphere if
the radius is 2.
y
y=
4 x2
-2
3
1
TOPIC 5
Feedback for Activity 5(f)
1.
a.
Volume = x 2 dy
0
2
= y 1 dy
0
2
( y 1) 2
=
2 0
(2 1) 2 (0 1) 2
2
2
= 4 unit 3
b.
2.
4.5 unit 3
3
unit 3
2
32
3
2
TOPIC 5
33
Activity 5(g)
1. Find the generated volume when this shaded region are rotated through 360 0 around
the x-axis.
y =2x-2
2
y =2x
2. Find the generated volume when this shaded region are rotated through 360 0 around
the y-axis
y
y=x
y2=x-1
1
0
-1
3
3
TOPIC 5
Feedback for Activity 5(g)

2
2
1. Volume = 2xdx (2x 2) 2 dx

1
0
2
2 2 4 3

2
= x 0 x 4x 4x
3
1
4
4

= 4 2) 3 4(2) 2 4(2) 1) 3 4(1) 2 4(1)
3

3
4
= 4
3
8
= unit 3
3
1
1
1
2. Generated volume = ( y 2 1) 2 dy y 2 dy + y 2 dy
0
0
0
=
=
=
1
1
y3
( y 4 2 y 2 1)dy y 2 dy +
0
0
3 0
1
1
1
y 5 2y 3
y3 y3

y +
3
5
0 3 0 3 0
19
unit 3 + unit 3
3
15
8 unit 3
34
3
4
TOPIC 5
SELF ASSESSMENT 5 (a)
1.
Find the area of the bounded region
a.
y
b.
y
y=6x
y = 6 - 2x
x
x
d.
c.
y
y = 2x
y = x2 -4x + 5
y = 4x - x2
x
0
y
x
2
0
35
3
5
TOPIC 5
SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 5 (a)
1.
a.
1
unit 2
6
b.
7
unit 2
3
c.
4
unit 2
3
d.
4
unit 2
3
36
3
6
37
TOPIC 5
SELF ASSESSMENT 5 (b)

1. Find the generated volume when these shaded regions are rotated 3600 around the x-axis
a.
b.
y
y
y = x2
y = 2x - x2
x
1
2. Sketch and determine the volume of the revolving solids when these areas are rotated around
the x-axis.
a. area under a graph y = 3x + 3 from line x = -1 and x = 2.
b. area under a graph y = x(3 x) from line x = 0 and x = 3.
3. Find the generated volume when these shaded regions are rotated 360 0 around the x-axis :
y
y
y = -2x
y=1/x
x
1
3
7
TOPIC 5
SOLUTION : SELF ASSESSMENT 5 (b)

1. a.
unit 3
b.
16
15
unit 3
2. a. 72 unit3
b.
4
unit 3
7
1
unit 3
3
b.
8
unit 3
3
3. a.
38
3
8

BA201 Engineering Mathematic UNIT 5 AppOfIntegration

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TOPIC 5

TOPIC 5 : APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION

AREA AND THE DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Suppose a certain states annual rate of petroleum consumption over a 4-year

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

AREA BOUNDED BETWEEN FUNCTION AND THE X-AXIS.

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

AREA BOUNDED BETWEEN FUNCTION AND THE Y-AXIS.

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

The area of the

We have A=- f ( x)dx , then

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PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

b. Area of shaded region

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

For (b) we can also calculate using the negative formulae,

Area of the shaded region A=- .( x 1)( x 5) dx =

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

= sin xdx ( sin x)dx

= -cos + cos 0 + (cos 2 cos )

Area between Two Graphs

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

Area Bounded between Function and the y-axis

Area of shaded region = had xi dy

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

b. Area of the shaded region =

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Area of shaded region =

5.5 AREA BETWEEN TWO GRAPHS

Area between 2 functions

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x is the upper graph on the interval (0, 1) it follows that

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5.6 Find The Generated Volume.

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The volume of the pot = lim it yi dx yi dx

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X-axis as symmetry axis.

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PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

Isipadu janaan I1=

Isipadu janaan I2=

x 2 dx is the generated volume of the shaded area in Figure 5.11b is

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Find the area of the shaded region in each graph below.

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

Feedback for Activity 5(a)

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

Find the area of the shaded region in each graph.

Feedback for Activity 5(b)

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Feedback for Activity 5(c)

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM

Find the area of y the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 2x and y = -x + 4 on

Feedback for Activity 5(d)

Points of intersection (0, 0) and (4, 2)

Points of intersection (-4, 8) and (1, 3)

PREPARED BY SITI AMINAH BINTI ABD HALIM