UNIVERSITI INDUSTRI SELANGOR

JULY 2006 SEMESTER EXAMINATION

1/2006/2007 SESSION

SUBJECT
SUBJECT CODE
DURATION
FACULTY
GROUP
LECTURER

: THERMODYNAMIC I
: KMS 1113
: 3 HOUR
: ENGINEERING
: BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (MECHANICAL) (HONS.)
: Mrs. ROSLINA BINTI MD RASIDI

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
This paper consists of FIVE (5) Questions and ONE (1) Appendix.
Answer any FOUR (4) questions.
The Property Tables would be provided

Do Not Open The Question Paper Until Instructed

This Question Paper Consists of EIGHT (8) Printed Pages

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QUESTION 1

a) Consider a U-tube (Figure 1) whose arms are open to the atmosphere. Now water
(W = 1000 kg/m3) is poured into the U-tube from one arm and light oil (a = 790
kg/m3) from the other. One arm contains 70-cm high water (hw1 = 70 cm), while
the other arm contains both fluids with an oil-to-water ratio of 4 (ha = 4hw2).
Determine the height of each fluid in that arm (ha and hw2) in meter?

Figure 1
(15 Marks)

b) A damaged 1200 kg car is being towed by a truck. Neglecting the friction, air
drag and rolling resistance, determine the extra power (kW) required:
i.

For constant velocity on a level road

ii.

For constant velocity of 50 km/h on a 30o (from horizontal) uphill road

(4 Marks)

iii.

To accelerate on a level road from rest to 90 km/h in 12 seconds.

(4 Marks)

(2 Marks)

( Given: 1 kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2, 1 kJ/s = 1 kW )

[Total: 25 Marks]

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QUESTION 2

a) What is the difference between saturated liquid and compressed liquid?

(3 Marks)
b) A piston cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of air initially at 2 MPa and 350oC. The
air is first expanded isothermally to 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically with
a polytropic exponent of 1.2 to the initial pressure of 2 MPa and finally
compressed at the constant pressure to the initial state. (Figure 2)
(Given: R=0.287 kJ/kg.K , Assumption: Air is an ideal gas)

P1, T1, V1

P2, T2, V2

P3, T3, V3

3
W23

W12

W31
Figure 2

i.

Determine the volume,V1 (m3)

(3 Marks)

ii.

Determine the volume,V2 (m3)

(3 Marks)

iii.

Calculate the work done, W1-2 (kJ)

(3 Marks)

iv.

Determine the volume,V3 (m3)

(4 Marks)

v.

Calculate the work done,W 2-3 (kJ)

(3 Marks)

vi.

Calculate the work done,W 3-1 (kJ)

(3 Marks)

vii.

Determine the net work for the cycle, W total (kJ)

(3 Marks)

[Total: 25 Marks]

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QUESTION 3

a)

Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in jet engines, rocket, space craft
and even garden hoses. What is the common purpose of using these two
engineering devices?
(4 Marks)

b)

Steam at 40 bar and 400oC enters a nozzle (Figure 3) steadily with a velocity
of 10 m/s, and it leaves at 14 bar with a velocity of 665 m/s. The mass flow
rate is given as 2 kg/s. The heat transfer, work and the potential energy are
neglected.

Out

Steam

In

Nozzle
Figure 3

i.

Determine the phase of initial state

ii.

Determine the specific enthalpy of initial state, h1 (kJ/kg)

(3 Marks)

iii.

Determine the specific enthalpy of final state, h2 (kJ/kg)

(3 Marks)

(3 Marks)
iv.

Determine the phase of final state ( Assume h = hg)

v.

Determine the specific volume of final state, 2 (m3/kg)

(3 marks)

(5 Marks)
vi.

Calculate the exit area of the nozzle, A2 (m2)

(4 Marks)

[Total: 25 Marks]

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QUESTION 4

a)

When two fluid streams are mixed in a mixing chamber, can the mixture
temperature be lower than the temperature of both streams? Explain.
(3 Marks)

b)

A hot water stream at 80oC enters a mixing chamber (Figure 4) with a mass flow
rate of 0.5 kg/s where it is mixed with a stream of cold water at 20oC. If it desired
that the mixture leave the chamber at 42oC, determine the mass flow rate (kg/s) of
the cold water stream.
Assume:
All streams are at a pressure of 250 kPa.
Steady operating condition are exist
The mixing chamber is well insulated, thus heat loss to surrounding is negligible
Fluid properties are constant
There is no work interaction

Figure 4
i.

Determine the phase of every stream

ii.

Determine the specific enthalpy of every stream (h1, h2 and h3)

(8 Marks)

iii.

Construct the energy/mass balance of the system and determine the mass
flow rate (kg/s) of the cold-water stream
(8 Marks)

(6 Marks)

[Total: 25 Marks]

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QUESTION 5

a)

b)

c)

Briefly define the:

i.

Isothermal process

(2 Marks)

ii.

Isobaric process

(2 Marks)

iii.

Adiabatic process

(2 Marks)

iv.

Isentropic process

(2 Marks)

Heat is transferred to a heat engine from a furnace at a rate of 90 MW. If the

rate of waste heat rejection to a nearby river is 40 MW. Determine:
i.

The net power output (MW)

(3 Marks)

ii.

The thermal efficiency for this heat engine.

(4 Marks)

Air is compressed from an initial state of 100 kPa and 17oC to a final state of
600 kPa and 57oC. (Properties: An ideal gas, The gas constant of air is R =
0.287 kJ/kg.K)

i.

Determine the average temperature (K)

ii.

Determine the constant pressure specific heat (Cp, kJ/kg.K) of air at

average temperature (by using the property table)
(4 Marks)

iii.

Determine the entropy change of air during this compression process.

(S, kJ/kg.K)
(3 Marks)

(3 Marks)

[Total : 25 Marks]

- END OF QUESTIONS -

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APPENDIX 1
Force, Weight & Pressure

Temperature

F = PA

T ( K ) = T ( o C ) + 273 .15

W = mg
SG =

T ( R ) = 1.8T ( K )

T ( o F ) = 1.8T ( o C ) + 32

H O
2

P = gh

T ( R ) = T ( o F ) + 459.67

Ideal Gas

Thermal Efficiency of Heat Engine

PV = mRT
Cp =

h
T

CV =

th =

u
T

Entropy Change of an Ideal Gas

S = S 2 S1 =C p ,avg ln

Wnet ,out
QH

Energy Balance

V
T2
+ R ln 2
V1
T1

Ein E out = E system

E = U + KE + PE
Q W = U + KE + PE

Pure Substance Properties

= f + x fg

h = h f + xh fg
u = u f + xu fg
x=

Superheated Vapor Characteristic

P < Psat at a given T
T > Tsat at a given T
V > Vg at a given P or T
u > ug at a given P or T
h > hg at a given P or T

Compressed Liquid Characteristic

P > Psat at a given T
T < Tsat at a given T
V < Vf at a given P or T
u < uf at a given P or T
h < hf at a given P or T

mvapor
mtotal

Trigonometry
tan = y / x
z

kos = x / z
sin = y/z

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Constant Volume Process

(W = 0)
Q12 = U2 U1
Q12 = mCv (T2-T1)

Steady Flow Equation

min = mout
in

Constant Pressure Process

m=

out

AV

V V
q w = ( h2 h1) + 2 1 + g ( z 2 z1 )
2

v2

W12 = P dV = P (V2 V1 )
v1

Q12 = H2 H1 = m(h2-h1)
Q12 = mCp (T2 T1)

Conversion Unit/Factor

Constant Temperature Process

v2
v2
dV
v
W12 = pdV = C
= C [ln V ]v12
v1
v1
V
V
V2
= C ln = P1V1 ln 2 kJ
V1
V1

V
W12 = P1V1 ln 2 kJ
V1
V
W12 = mRT ln 2 kJ
V1

1 kJ/kg = 1000 m2/s2

1 kJ/s = 1000 J/s =1 kW
1 kJ = 1000 J = 1 kPa.m3
1 kJ = 1000 kg.m2/s2 = 1000 N.m
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 kPa = 103 Pa = 10-3 MPa
1 kPa = 1000 kg/m.s2
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 bars
1 m = 100 cm = 1000 mm = 106 m
1 m2 = 104 cm2 = 106 mm2 = 10-6 km2

1 m3 = 1000 L

P
W12 = mRT ln 1 kJ
P2
Q = W

1 kg = 1000 g
1 metric ton = 1000 kg
Gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2
Water Density, w = 1000 kg/m3

Polytropic Process
v2
n +1 V2 n +1
v2
V n +1
dV
n V1
=
W12 = C n = C
PV

v1
V
n 1
n + 1 v

P1V1 P2V2
kJ
n 1
mR (T1 T2 )
kJ
W12 =
n 1
=

P1V1 = P2V 2

Q12 =

mR(T1 T2 ) mR(T1 T2 )

1
n 1

n mR (T1 T2 )

n 1

n
W12
=
1

**************************END OF QUESTIONS**************************

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