CHAPTER6ELEMENTSOFGRAINBOUNDARIES

6.1

(a)Givenasmallangletiltboundary,whoseangleoftiltis0.1deg.,findthespacingbetween
dislocationsintheboundaryiftheBurgersvectorofthedislocationsis0.33nm.
(b)OntheassumptionthatthedislocationsconformtotheconditionsinvolvedinEq.4.20,that
2,
8.6 10
and
0.3,determineanapproximatevalueforthesurface

.
and
energyofthetiltboundary.Giveyouranswerin

Solution:
(a) Theangleoftiltinasmallangletiltboundary, ,isequaltob wherebistheBurgers
vectoranddisthespacingbetweenthedislocationsintheboundary.Accordingtothe
statementofthisproblem,wearegiven:

0.33
3.3 10

0.1
0.1
1.75 10

180
Accordingly,
3.3 10
1.89 10

1.75 10

(b) Equation4.20isforedgedislocations:
4

4 1

Where
10

9.45

10

0.3,

8.6

10

, and

3.3

. Therefore:

8.6

10 3.3 10
4 1 0.3

4 9.45 10
3.3 10

7.5

10

istheenergyperunitlengthofoneofthedislocation.However,inasquaremeterofthe
boundarytherewillbe1/ddislocationsofthislength,sothattheenergyperunitareaofthe
.Therefore,
boundary, ,willbeequalto
1

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57

7.5 10
1.89 10

0.0397

0.0397 10

10

39.7

6.2

Accordingtoquantitativemetallography, ,theaveragenumberofgrainboundaryintercepts
perunitlengthofalinelaidoveramicrostructure,isdirectlyrelatedto ,thesurfaceareaper
unitvolume,bytherelation:
2

(a) Determinethevalueof forthemicrostructureinFig.6.1,ifthemagnificationofthe

photographis350X.
(b) Assumingthatthegrainboundaryenergyofzirconiumisabout1 ,whatwouldbethe
grainboundaryenergyperunitvolumein ofthezirconiuminthespecimen?
Solution:
(a) Theaveragenumberofinterceptsbya10cmlonglineisapproximately10or1/cm.Becauseof
the350Xmagnification,thisisequivalenttoanactualvalueof
350/ .Thus,theactual
grainboundaryareaperunitvolumeis

2 350
700
/
7 10
/
However,sinceeachsquaremeterofthesurfaceareaisassumedtohaveanenergyof1
0.07
thisisequivalenttoanenergyperunitvolumeof7 10

6.3

Averyfinegrainedmaterialmayhaveameangraininterceptoftheorderof1micronor
10
.Assumingthegrainboundaryenergyofthemetalis0.8 ,whatwouldbethe
approximatevalueofitsgrainboundaryenergyperunitvolume?Giveyouanswerin
.
both and .

Solution:
Given

wemaywrite:
2

10

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58

andwearegiven:
0.8

Therefore,thetotalsurfaceenergyperunitvolume,W,is:
0.8 2

10

1.6

10

1.6
4.185

1.6

0.38

6.4

(a)ConsiderFig.6.8.Ifthegrainboundaryenergyofaboundarybetweentwoironcrystalsis
0.78 ,whilethatbetweenironandasecondphaseparticleweretobe0.40 ,what
angle shouldoccuratthejunction?
(b)Ifthesurfaceenergybetweentheironandthesecondparticleweretobe0.35,whatwould
theanglebe?

Solution:
(a) Thisproblemconsidersthecasewhereaboundarybetweentwocrystalsmeetsagrainof
anotherphaseatacommonintersectionasillustratedinFig.6.17.Theequationthat
correspondstothiscasewhentheboundariesareinstaticequilibriumisEq.6.15.Thisequation
is:
2
cos 2
Where isthesurfaceenergyoftheboundarybetweenthetwoironcrystals, isthe
surfaceenergybetweenanironcrystalandthesecondphaseparticle,and istheincluded
angleatthejuncture.Solvingtheaboveequationfor leadsto:
2 cos
(b) If

2 cos

0.78
0.80

25.67

0.35,then:
2 cos

0.78
0.70

Inthiscase,thesecondphasewouldformathinfilmlyingbetweenthetwoironcrystals.

6.5

ThefollowingdataweretakenfromJones,R.L.andConrad,H.,TMSAIME,245779(1969),and
givetheflowstress ,at4percentstrain,asafunctionofthegainsizeofaveryhighpurity
titaniummetal.Makeaplotof versus
parameterskand .Expresskin

,andfromthisdeterminetheHallPetch

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59

Solution:
(a)

(b) Thestraightlinedrawnthroughthedatapointshasaninterceptonthestressaxisof
approximately161MPa.Thismakes
161
.Theslopeofthisline,k,maybeevaluated
intermsofthecoordinatesatitsendpoints.Attheright,thecoordinatesare
321
,
and

953

,andattheleft,

193

and

189
.

Accordingly:

0.168

0.168

10

TheHallPetchequationis:

Where isinMPaanddin

161

0.168

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60

6.6

Plotthedataoftheprecedingproblem,showing asafunctionof
,aswellasof
.Do
theseplotsindicatethatthereissomejustificationforBaldwinscommentsontheHallPetch
relationship?

Solution:

TheplotsinthisfigurecertainlycastaresonabledoubtontheHallPetchrelationshipasabasic
lawrelatingthestresstothegrainsize.

6.7

(a)Withregardtothecoincidentsitetwistboundaryona{111}fccmetalplaneshowninFig.
6.25,showthatusingtheRanganathanrelationships(Eqs.6.21,6.22and6.23),thatachoiceofx
=2andy=1willalsogivethis 7boundary.
(b)Towhatangleoftwistdoesx=2andy=1correspond?
(c)Isthefactthatx=2andy=1areabletoproduceanequivalentcoincidentsiteboundaryto
thatinFig.6.25relatedtothesymmetryoftheatomicarrangementonthe{111}plane?Explain.

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61

Solution:
(a) TheRanganathanrelationshipisEg.6.22statesthat:

Where:
1

3
2

Withx=2andy=1thisyields:

(b) Theangle isdeterminedwiththeaidofEq.6.21

2 tan

2 tan

40.9

81.8

The{111}planeinafccmetalhasasixfoldsymmetry.Ifwesubtract60fromthisvalueof ,
weobtain21.8,whichinroundnumberequalsthe22angleofrotationofFig.6.25.

6.8

Thisproblemconcernsacoincidencesiteboundaryona{210}planeofacubiclattice.Notethat
thedeterminationdoesnotdependonwhetherthelatticeissimple,facecentered,orbody
centeredcubic.Itholdsforallthreecases.Thebasiccellinthisplanehasx=aandy=5a.A
coincidencesitelatticecanbeformedwithx=2andy=1.Assumingatwistboundary,
determine:
(a)Thetwistangle forthecoincidencestructure.
(b)thereciprocalofthedensityofcoincidencesites.
(c)Checkyouanswerfor and,usingtwodrawingsoftheatomicstructureasrevealedona
{210}plane.Notethatthisinvolvesanarrayofrectangularcells,inwhichx=aandy=5a,
whereaisthelatticeconstantofthecrystal.Inthisoperation,notethattheonedrawingofthe
structureshouldbemadeontracingpapersothatitcanbeplaceonandrotatedovertheother
soasrevealthecoincidencesites.

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Solution:
2 tan

(a)

2 tan

96.4

2
1 2
1 2
1
0
4 5 9
(b)
(c) Thefinalsolutionforthispartoftheproblemisshowninthefollowingfigure.Itcorrespondsto
thearrangementthatshouldbeobtainedwhenthetwodrawingsareproperlyorientedover
eachother.

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