Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
InterNetConnect
American Thyroid Association
<www.thyroid.org>
interpretation [chemistry]
Historically, the only methods available for the detection of prostate cancer
were digital rectal examination (DRE) and
prostatic acid phosphatase measurement.
Unfortunately, most prostate cancers detected with these methods were at an advanced stage at the time of diagnosis.3-5
In the early 1990s, measurement of
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum
was evaluated for use in the detection of
prostate cancer. PSA, a serine protease, is
produced by both benign and malignant
cells of the prostate. Abnormalities in the
prostate gland architecture resulting from
disease can lead to leakage of PSA into
the bloodstream.
In a large, prospective multicenter clinical trial, PSA and DRE were compared for
effectiveness in prostate cancer detection in
nearly 7,000 men.6 PSA was found to detect more cancers than DRE (82% vs 55%,
259
260
T1
Probability of
Cancer (%)
0-2
~1
2.1-4
15
4.1-10
25
>10
>50
%FPSA
0-10
56
10-15
28
15-20
20
20-25
16
>25
261
262
10. Lilja H, Christensson A, Dahlen U, et al. Prostatespecific antigen in human serum occurs
predominantly in complex with alpha1antichymotrypsin. Clin Chem. 1991;37:1618-1625.
InterNetConnect
American Cancer Society
<www.cancer.org>
American Urological Association
<www.auanet.org>
US TOO!
<www.ustoo.com>
Beckman Coulter M
(prostate cancer information)
<www.beckmancoulter.com/
beckman/clindiag/prodinfo/prostate>
do not associate their pain with work because symptoms may occur only during
nonwork hours.
According to the National Safety
Council, back disorders account for
31% of all musculoskeletal disorders
and are frequently caused by faulty
body mechanics such as poor posture;
bending and reaching; and carrying,
moving, or lifting loads that are too
heavy or too big.1
Keeping the body in a neutral position with the work close to the body is
helpful in maintaining proper posture.
Additionally, distributing rest time
throughout the day can reduce muscle
fatigue. For example, the musculoskeletal
system benefits more from a 5-minute
break every hour than it does from a 15minute break every 4 hours.
Ergonomic Disorders
Although there are a variety of ergonomic disorders, the most common are
carpal tunnel syndrome and back disorders. Carpal tunnel syndrome causes tingling, numbness, or severe pain in the
wrist and hand as well as reduced
strength in the hand. If the pressure on
the median nerve of the hand persists, it
can cause permanent loss of sensation
and even partial paralysis. People often
Work-Site Analysis
The first step in evaluating an ergonomic disorder is a work-site analysis
to determine what jobs and workstations
are the sources of the greatest problems.
Each workstation that is considered a
problem or high risk should be analyzed
by direct observation with assistance
from qualified personnel such as an ergonomist, a health-care provider, or an
affected employee. Use of a symptom
Ergonomic disorders
Work-site analysis
Workplace design
Administrative controls
263