Lecture Notes-6

Communication Theory -2

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Hakan DOAN

Gei Band Sinyallerinin Gsterimi

Yldz Diyagram
BPSK
QPSK
8PSK
16 PSK
4 QAM
16 QAM
Yard. Do. Dr. Hakan DOAN

Representation of Modulation Signals

Modleli iaretlerin Gsterimi

Bandpass signals (signals with small bandwidth compared to carrier frequency) can
be represented in any of three standard formats:

Quadrature Notation / Drdn Gsterim

where x(t) and y(t) are real-valued baseband signals called the in-phase and
quadrature components of s(t)
Complex Envelope Notation / Karmak Zarf Gsterimi
= + +2 = [ () +2 ]
where is

the complex envelope of s(t).

Magnitude and Phase / Genlik Faz Gsterimi

We can represent bandpass signals independent of carrier frequency.

Gei band sinyalleri tayc frekanstan bamsz olarak gsterilebilir.

The idea of quadrature sets up a coordinate system for looking at common modulation types
Drdn gsterim fikri genel modlasyon eitlerine bakmak iin koordinat sistemi kurar.

The coordinate system is sometimes called a signal constellation diagram

Koordinat sistemine bazen yldz diyagramda denir
Real part of complex baseband maps to x-axis and imaginary part of complex
baseband maps to the y-axis
Karmak temel bant sinyalin reel ksm x eksenine imajiner (sanal) ksm y
eksenine karlk dmektedir.

Example of BPSK signal constellation diagram

Quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK)

Magnitude and Phase

Quadrature Notation

cos + = cos cos sin sin()

cos = cos cos + sin sin()
cos 2 + /4 = cos 2 cos

sin 2 sin(/4)
4

cos 2 + /4 = cos 2 cos

sin 2 sin

4
4
1
1
cos 2 + /4 = +
cos 2 +
sin 2
2
2
3
3
cos 2 + 3/4 = cos 2 cos
sin 2 sin

4
4
1
1
cos 2 + 3/4 =
cos 2 +
sin 2
2
2
3
3
cos 2 3/4 = cos 2 cos
+ sin 2 sin

4
4
1
1
cos 2 3/4 =
cos 2 + +
sin 2
2
2
1
1
cos 2 3/4 =
cos 2
sin 2
2
2
cos 2 /4 = cos 2 cos

cos 2 /4 = +

1
2

+ sin 2 sin

4
4

cos 2

1
2

sin 2

 = + +2 = [ () +2 ]
= cos 2 sin(2 )

cos 2 + /4 = +

Re

1
2

Re

1
2

1
2

cos 2 +

+ +

1
2

+2

+ +

1
2

+2

1
2

sin 2
y()

10

00

()
Re

1
2

1
2

+2

Re

11

01

Gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.

8-Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

Tek sembol 3 bit tar.

Homework 1 : Write down three kind of notations for 8-PSK signals

16 PSK each symbol carries 4 bits.

Constant envelope (amplitude)

Phase is varying

16 PSK

Tek sembol 4 bit tamaktadr.

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Hem Genlik hem fazn deiimiyle
Oluturulan modlasyondur.

PSK modlasyonlarndaki gibi

sabit zarf yoktur

Sembol Hata Oran (SER: Bit Error Rate)

baarm genelde daha iyidir.
rnek: 16 QAM

16 PSK

Homework 2 : Write down magnitude and phase notation for 16 QAM signals

QAM

Interpretation of Signal Constellation Diagram

Yldz Diyagramndan Anlalanlar
Axis are labeled with x(t) and y(t) in-phase/quadrature or real/imaginary
Possible signals are plotted as points
Symbol amplitude is proportional to distance from origin

Probability of mistaking one signal for another is related to the distance between
signal points
Decisions are made on the received signal based on the distance of the received
signal (in the I/Q plane) to the signal points in the constellation.
Gnderilebilmesi muhtemel sinyaller nokta olarak izilir.
Sinyaller arasnda hata yapma olasl semboller arasndaki mesafe ile ilikilidir.
Alnan sinyalden karar vermek iin sinyalin gnderilebilecek sinyallere olan uzakl
baklr hangi noktaya daha yaknda ona karar verilir.

Design modulation types which have desirable properties

Construct optimal receivers for a given type of modulation
Analyze the performance of modulation types using very general techniques.
stenen zelliklere sahip modlasyon tasarlanabilir.
Verilen modlasyon eidi iin optimal alc yaplr.
Genel teknikler kullanlarak modlasyon eitlerinin baarm analizi yaplabilir.

Vektr uzaylar anlatlarak

optimal alc tasarm yaplacaktr

Vektor Spaces / Vektr Uzaylar

Signal Spaces

Constellation Diagrams
Thus, constellation diagrams are simply signal space plots for modulation schemes that
have only two basis functions.
Specifically, basis functions are cos(2ft) and sin(2ft)
Only good for phase modulation or amplitude modulation
Other modulation formats require larger number of basis functions.
Any modulation scheme can be represented using signal space approach even those
that dont use sinusoidal carrier

Two entirely different signal sets can have the same geometric representation.
Is there a general method to find a complete orthonormal basis for an arbitrary
signal set?

Signal Constellation Diagram

Yldz Diyagram