INTRODUCTION

In majority of industrial chemical process, the key item of equipment in which raw
materials undergo a chemical change to form desired product is a reactor. The design and
operation of chemical reactors is thus crucial to the whole success of the industrial operation.
Furthermore, depending on the nature of the feed materials and the products, reactors
can widely form. One particular type of process equipment is the continuous stirred tank
reactor (CSTR). For the reactor, it is important to determine the system response to a change
in concentration. The response of concentration versus time is an indication of the ideality of
the system.
Next, the Armfield Stirred Tank Reactors in Series unit is designed to follow the
dynamics of the perfectly mixed multi-stage process. Bench mounted and self-contained, the
unit requires only to be connected to a single phase electrical supply for operation. A selfcontained bench mounted small scale unit fitted with three continuous stirred reactors in
series which are fed from two 5 litre tanks and each reactor is fitted with a conductivity
probe.

PROCEDURE
Experiment 2 : The Effect Of Pulse Input
In the experiment a pulse input would be introduced and the progression of the tracer will be
monitored via the conductivity measurements in all the three reactors.
1. Tank 1 and tank 2 was filled up with 20L feeds de-ionized water.
2. 300g of sodium chloride was dissolved in tank 1 until the salts dissolve entirely and
the solution is homogenous.
3. Three way valve (V3) was set to position 2 so that de-ionized water from tank 2 will
flow into reactor 1.
4. Pump 2 was switched on to fill up all three reactor with de-ionized water.
5. The flow rate (FI1) was set to 150 mL/min by adjusting the needles valve (V4). Do
not use too high flow rate to avoid the over flow and make sure no air bubbles trapped
in the piping. The stirrers 1,2 and 3 were switched on.
6. The de-ionized water was continued pumping for about 10 minute until the
conductivity readings for all three reactors were stable at low values.
7. The values of conductivity were recorded at t0.

8. The pump 2 was switched off after 5 minutes. The valve (V3) was switched to
position 1 and the pump 1 was switched on. The timer was started.
9. Let the pump 1 to operate for 5 minute, and then switched off pump 1. Switched the
three ways valve (V3) back to position 2. The pump 2 was switched on.

10. The conductivity values for each reactor were recorded every 3 minutes.
11. Recording the conductivity values were continued until reading for reactor 3 is closed
to reactor 1.
12. Pump 2 was switched off and the valve (V4) was closed.
13. All liquids in reactors were drained by opening valve V5 and V6.

CONCLUSION
In the experiment of pulse input, from the graph, the conductivity changes with time
until the value of QT1 and QT3 is very closed to each other which is QT1 is 0.0332 mS/cm
and QT3 is 0.0340 mS/cm at 96 minutes.
It can be conclude that change in pulse input has an effect to the concentration where
it will first increase then decrease until it reaches a constant value. The feed of the systems
effect the concentration in the reactor, if the feed contain a concentration then the
concentration in the tank will increase and if the feed only contain de-ionised water then the
concentration will decrease.
Every reactor has its own concentration, because of that we conclude that the
residence time for each reactor is different. The value of the residence time depends on what
happen in the reactor.

APPENDICES