Lighting Design Why Maintenance Factors Matter

Lighting Design - Why Maintenance Factors Matter

What does a lighting design guarantee?
Modeling
Glare control
Task visibility
Contrast Colour
Safe
Ergonomic
Atmosphere
Ambience
Healthy
Energy Efficient
Integrated
Interesting
Stimulating
Managed
Colourful
Satisfaction
Lighting Design - Why Maintenance Factors Matter Peter Thorns
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Practical
Effective
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Lighting in the workplace: Good practice

39 Both interior and exterior lighting need to achieve a
reasonable uniform illuminance in all relevant working
areas, ie illuminance across any given task area
needs to be uniform. For more information see CIBSE
Code for lighting.
Minimum lighting recommendations

93 The illuminance needed depends on how much
detail needs to be seen. It also depends on the age of
the worker, and the speed and accuracy by which the
task needs to be performed. These performancerelated requirements and light levels are detailed in
the CIBSE Code for lighting.
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30%-90% w/p
0.6 minimum
Ceiling
= 0.7 - 0.9
0.3-0.7
Em = 30 lux, Uo = 0.1
Walls
= 0.5 - 0.8
50%-60% w/p
Em = 50 lux, Uo = 0.1
Floor
= 0.2 - 0.4
(Purple text values as in SLL Lighting Guide 7)
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Task area
Immediate surround width
at least 0.5m around the task
area
Background area width at
least 3m (within the limits of
the space)
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Modeling
Glare control
Task visibility
Contrast Colour
Safe
Ergonomic
Atmosphere
Ambience
Healthy
Energy Efficient
Integrated
Interesting
Stimulating
Managed
Colourful
Satisfaction
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Practical
Effective
maintained illuminance
minimum average illuminance
NOTE 1 Value below which average
illuminance should not fall.
NOTE 2 It is the average illuminance at
the time maintenance should be carried
out.
From EN 12665:2011
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The lighting scheme should be designed with an overall maintenance factor

(MF) calculated for the selected lighting equipment, environment and
specified maintenance schedule.
The MF has a great impact on energy efficiency. The assumptions made in
the derivation of the MF shall be optimized in a way that leads to a high
value. Guidance on the derivation of MF for artificial lighting systems can
be found in CIE 97-2005.
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What is managed?
Modeling
Glare control
Task visibility
Contrast Colour
Safe
Ergonomic
Atmosphere
Ambience
Healthy
Energy Efficient
Integrated
Interesting
Stimulating
Managed
Colourful
Satisfaction
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Practical
Effective
Scheme maintenance cycle
The light levels in an installation

depreciate over time
This is dependant upon ?
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This is dependant upon
-Ageing of the lamp
-Lamp failures
-Dirt on the luminaire
-Dirt on light reflecting surfaces
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The light levels in an installation depreciate

over time
- Ageing of the lamp
- Lamp failures
- Dirt on the luminaire
- Dirt on light reflecting surfaces
These combine to make up the scheme
maintenance factor
ratio of the average illuminance on the
working plane after a certain period of use of a
lighting installation to the average illuminance
obtained under the same condition for the
installation considered conventionally as new
(CIE 17.4:1987)
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-Ageing of the lamp
-Lamp failures
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-Ageing of the lamp
-Lamp failures
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The light levels in an installation depreciate

over time
-Ageing of the lamp
-Lamp failures
The maintenance cycle specifies
-When the luminaire is cleaned
-When the lamp is replaced
-When reflecting surfaces are cleaned
The scheme maintenance factor is the worst
case relative illuminance over this
maintenance cycle
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Scheme maintenance cycle lamp lumen maintenance factor (LLMF)
Ageing of the lamp

Let us assume for an office area
annual operating hours are 2500
hours (BS EN 15193:2007)
If we decide to change the lamps
every 4 years that is the equivalent
of every 10,000 hours
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91%
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Ageing of the lamp

Let us assume for an office area
annual operating hours are 2500
hours (BS EN 15193:2007)
If we decide to change the lamps
every 4 years that is the equivalent
of every 10,000 hours
So the lamp lumen maintenance
factor is 0.91
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Scheme maintenance cycle lamp survival factor (LSF)
Lamp failures
Let us assume in our office area
we do not do spot lamp
replacement, but bulk replace the
lamps
We decided to change the lamps
every 4 years
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95%
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Lamp failures
Let us assume in our office area
we do not do spot lamp
replacement, but bulk replace the
lamps
We decided to change the lamps
every 4 years
So the lamp survival factor is 0.95
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Scheme maintenance cycle luminaire maintenance factor (LMF)
Dirt on the luminaire

Luminaire types are classified
according to the table shown
(extracted from CIE 97:2005)
Type
Luminaire
type
Luminaire description
Bare batten
Bare lamp luminaires
Open top
housing
(natural
ventilated
and self
cleaning
types)
Direct-indirect luminaries without cover,

direct-indirect luminaries with indirect
reflector and closed optical device,
wallwashing luminaries (vertical
opening), wall mounted luminaries open
top and base, downlights with open top
Closed top Recessed and surface mounted

housing
luminaries (e.g. with louvers),
(unventilated) downlights, spotlights
Enclosed
IP2X
General purpose luminaries with closed

covers and optics
Dust proof
IP5X
Dust proof IP5X (protected, clean room

luminaries)
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Indirect
lighting and
uplight
Air handling
and forced
ventilated
Free standing, pendent, wall mounted

uplighters with closed base, cove lights
Air handling body and optic used with
air-conditioning or ventilation systems
Type
Luminaire
type
Bare batten Bare lamp luminaires
Luminaire types are classified

according to the table shown
(extracted from CIE 97:2005)
These are used to reference a table

of luminaire maintenance factors
D
E
F
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Luminaire description
Open top
Direct-indirect luminaries without
housing
cover, direct-indirect luminaries with
(natural
indirect reflector and closed optical
ventilated
device, wallwashing luminaries
and self
(vertical opening), wall mounted
cleaning
luminaries open top and base,
types)
downlights with open top
Closed top
Recessed and surface mounted
housing
luminaries (e.g. with louvers),
(unventilated
downlights, spotlights
)
Enclosed
General purpose luminaries with
IP2X
closed covers and optics
Dust proof Dust proof IP5X (protected, clean room
IP5X
luminaries)
Indirect
Free standing, pendent, wall mounted
lighting and uplighters with closed base, cove
uplight
lights
Air handling
Air handling body and optic used with
and forced
air-conditioning or ventilation systems
ventilated
Environments are split into very clean (VC), clean (C), normal (N) and dirty
(D)
A maintenance value is read by determining the luminaire type and
environment, and then deciding the cleaning interval
Elapsed time between cleanings in years

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Environment
Luminaire type Any VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
0,98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.83 0,95 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.78 0,93 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.73
0,96 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0,94 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.92 0.84 0.80 0.75 0,91 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.89 0.79 0.74 0.68
0,95 0.93 0.89 0.85 0,94 0.89 0.81 0.75 0,93 0.84 0.74 0.66 0,91 0.80 0.69 0.59 0,89 0.77 0.64 0.54 0,87 0.74 0.61 0.52
0,94 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.77 0,93 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.91 0.83 0.77 0.71 0,90 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.65
0,94 0.96 0.93 0.91 0,96 0.94 0.90 0.86 0,92 0.92 0.88 0.83 0,93 0.91 0.86 0.81 0,92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0,92 0.90 0.84 0.79
0,94 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.93 0.86 0.81 0.74 0,91 0.81 0.73 0.65 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.57 0,86 0.73 0.60 0.51 0.85 0.70 0.55 0.45
1,00 1.00 0.99 0.98 1,00 0.99 0.96 0.93 0,99 0.97 0.94 0.89 0,99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0,98 0.95 0.91 0.86 0,98 0.95 0.90 0.85
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Environment Activity or Task area
The environment type for the

application can be determined
using the table shown. However
these should be adjusted if the
conditions are different from the
norm
Very Clean
Clean
Normal
Dirty
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Clean rooms, semi conductor

plants, hospital clinical areas,
computer centres
Offices, schools, hospital wards
Shops, laboratories,
restaurants, warehouses,
assembly areas, workshops
Steelworks, chemical works,
foundries, welding, polishing,
woodwork
For our example we will decide to clean the luminaires every 2 years
An office is normally considered a clean environment
Assume we are using a recessed luminaire, which is luminaire type C
Therefore our luminaire maintenance factor is 0.80
Elapsed time between cleanings in years
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Environment
Luminaire type Any VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
VC
0,98 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.96 0.93 0.89 0.83 0,95 0.91 0.87 0.80 0.94 0.89 0.84 0.78 0,93 0.87 0.82 0.75 0.92 0.85 0.79 0.73
0,96 0.95 0.91 0.88 0.95 0.90 0.86 0.83 0,94 0.87 0.83 0.79 0.92 0.84 0.80 0.75 0,91 0.82 0.76 0.71 0.89 0.79 0.74 0.68
0,95 0.93 0.89 0.85 0,94 0.89 0.81 0.75 0,93 0.84 0.74 0.66 0,91 0.80 0.69 0.59 0,89 0.77 0.64 0.54 0,87 0.74 0.61 0.52
0,94 0.92 0.87 0.83 0.94 0.88 0.82 0.77 0,93 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.91 0.83 0.77 0.71 0,90 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.89 0.79 0.73 0.65
0,94 0.96 0.93 0.91 0,96 0.94 0.90 0.86 0,92 0.92 0.88 0.83 0,93 0.91 0.86 0.81 0,92 0.90 0.85 0.80 0,92 0.90 0.84 0.79
0,94 0.92 0.89 0.85 0.93 0.86 0.81 0.74 0,91 0.81 0.73 0.65 0.88 0.77 0.66 0.57 0,86 0.73 0.60 0.51 0.85 0.70 0.55 0.45
1,00 1.00 0.99 0.98 1,00 0.99 0.96 0.93 0,99 0.97 0.94 0.89 0,99 0.96 0.92 0.87 0,98 0.95 0.91 0.86 0,98 0.95 0.90 0.85
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Scheme maintenance cycle room surface maintenance factor

(RSMF)
Dirt on light reflecting surfaces
For the effect of dirt on the room
surfaces three pieces of
information are required
-Surface reflectances
-Environment cleanliness (as for
the luminaire maintenance
factor)
-Room surface cleaning interval
A table of room surface
maintenance factors is then
consulted
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(RSMF)
reflectances
environment
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
clean
1.00
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
normal
1.00
0.88
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
dirty
1.00
0.81
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.80/0.70/0.20 very clean
0.80/0.50/0.20 very clean
6.00
clean
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
normal
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
dirty
0.80/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
normal
1.00
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
dirty
0.70/0.70/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
clean
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
normal
1.00
0.89
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
dirty
0.70/0.50/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.83
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
clean
1.00
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
normal
1.00
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
dirty
0.70/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
normal
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
dirty
0.50/0.70/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
clean
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
normal
1.00
0.91
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
dirty
0.50/0.50/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
1.00
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
normal
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
dirty
0.50/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
normal
1.00
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dirty
1.00
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
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(RSMF)
For the effect of dirt on the room
surfaces three pieces of information
are required
-Environment cleanliness (as for the
luminaire maintenance factor)
A table of room surface maintenance
factors is then consulted
So if we assume
-Reflectances 70/50/20
-Office environment, therefore clean
-A cleaning interval of 5 years
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(RSMF)
reflectances
environment
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
clean
1.00
0.93
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
normal
1.00
0.88
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
dirty
1.00
0.81
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
0.80
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.80/0.70/0.20 very clean
0.80/0.50/0.20 very clean
6.00
clean
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
normal
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
dirty
0.80/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.86
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
normal
1.00
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
dirty
0.70/0.70/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
clean
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
normal
1.00
0.89
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
0.87
dirty
0.70/0.50/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.83
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
0.81
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
clean
1.00
0.96
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.94
normal
1.00
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
dirty
0.70/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.87
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.00
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
normal
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.94
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
dirty
0.50/0.70/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.92
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
0.91
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
clean
1.00
0.95
0.94
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
normal
1.00
0.91
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
0.89
dirty
0.50/0.50/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
1.00
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
clean
1.00
0.97
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
normal
1.00
0.94
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
dirty
0.50/0.30/0.20 very clean
1.00
0.89
0.89
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
0.88
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
0.98
clean
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
normal
1.00
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
dirty
1.00
0.93
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.92
ZLD

(RSMF)
For the effect of dirt on the room surfaces
three pieces of information are required
-Environment cleanliness (as for the
luminaire maintenance factor)
A table of room surface maintenance factors
is then consulted
So if we assume
-Reflectances 70/50/20
-Office environment, therefore clean
-A cleaning interval of 5 years
Therefore the room surface maintenance
factor is 0.94
ZLD
So for this example the scheme maintenance factor would be

MF = LLMF * LSF * LMF * RSMF
MF = 0.91 * 0.95 * 0.80 * 0.94
MF = 0.65
ZLD
So for this example the scheme maintenance factor would be

MF = LLMF * LSF * LMF * RSMF
MF = 0.91 * 0.95 * 0.80 * 0.94
MF = 0.65
This means to ensure that the installation never falls below the maintained
light level (assuming the maintenance schedule is adhered to) we must
OVERLIGHT the area to 154% of the design level. So for example
Maintained light level = 500lx
Initial light level = 769lx
ZLD
Exposure time (years)

Note that the example given was for
interior lighting.
For exterior lighting no room surface
maintenance factor is used.
The luminaire maintenance factor is
calculated differently, according to
the table shown.
Optical
IP
Pollution 1.0
rating category
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
High
0.53
0.48
0.45
0.43
0.42
Medium 0.62
0.58
0.56
0.54
0.53
Low
0.82
0.80
0.79
0.78
0.78
High
0.89
0.87
0.84
0.80
0.76
Medium 0.90
0.88
0.86
0.84
0.82
Low
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.89
0.88
High
0.91
0.90
0.88
0.85
0.83
Medium 0.92
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.87
Low
0.92
0.91
0.90
0.90
IP2X
IP5X
IP6X
ZLD
0.93
How do we calculate the effect of our maintenance schedule?
It also means we need to define a maintenance schedule

Change lamps
4 years
Clean luminaires
2 years
Clean room surfaces
5 years
If we do not convey this to the customer we cannot guarantee the light levels
(If the customer requires a set maintenance factor, for example 0.8, we should
then take no responsibility for the maintenance regime and can only
guarantee light levels at start of life)
ZLD
Using control to offset maintenance factors
Constant Illuminance
To improve the efficiency of an

installation the lighting can be
controlled to only produce the
correct amount of light at any time.
At start of life the lights are
dimmed, as the installation ages
the dimming is gradually reduced
24
ZLD
1 MF
% savings 1
Using control to offset maintenance factors
Maintenance factor : 0.65
1 MF
% savings 1
%savings= 1-[(1+MF)/2]
%savings= 1-[(1+0.65)/2] = 0.175
Saving : 17.5%
21
ZLD
Looking at maintenance factors main influences
Change the lamp
Clean the luminaire
Clean the room
ZLD
Looking at maintenance factors tracking them through time
ZLD
Looking at maintenance factors tracking them through time
Lamps and Gear
Clean room surfaces :

Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
MF :
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
29
ZLD
6 year
2 year
2 year
0.79
6 year
2 year
0.72
Looking at maintenance factors
Lamps and Gear

Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
MF :
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
30
ZLD
6 year
2 year
2 year
0.79
6 year
2 year
0.72
6 year
2 year
0.69
Lamps and Gear
Building
Type
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
MF :
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
31
ZLD
6 year
2 year
2 year
0.79
6 year
2 year
Installation life
to 100,000 hours
(years)
100,000 / to
Offices
40
Education
50
Hospitals
20
Hotels
20
Restaurants
40
Sports
25
Retail
20
Manufacturing
25
0.72
6 year
2 year
0.69
Looking at maintenance factors initial lighting levels
Lamps and Gear

Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
MF :
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
32
ZLD
6 year
2 year
2 year
0.79
6 year
2 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
633 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
694 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
725 lx
0.72
6 year
2 year
0.69
Looking at maintenance factors effect of room surfaces

Clean room surfaces every 4 years instead of 6 years
ZLD

Lamps and Gear
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
MF :
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
32
ZLD
4 year
2 year
2 year
0.79
4 year
2 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
633 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
694 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
725 lx
0.72
4 year
2 year
0.69

0.79
0.69
ZLD

0.79
0.79
0.69
0.69
ZLD

Change luminaire type to an indirect solution
ZLD

Clean room surfaces every 6 years (indirect)
0.79 direct
0.74 indirect
0.69 direct
0.65 indirect
ZLD

Clean room surfaces every 4 years instead of 6 years (indirect)
0.74 @6
0.74 @4
0.65 @6
0.65 @4
ZLD

ZLD

What influence does relamping period have?
Lamps and Gear
Clean luminaires :
4 year
2 year
Group relamp :
2 year
MF :
0.79
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
32
ZLD
4 year
2 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
633 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
694 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
725 lx
0.72
4 year
2 year
0.69

What influence does relamping period have 2 years to 4 years?
0.79 T26@2
0.70 T26@4
0.69
0.69
ZLD

What influence does relamping period have?
Lamps and Gear
Clean luminaires :
4 year
2 year
Group relamp :
4 year
MF :
0.70
L80 @ 40,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
L70 @ 50,000 hours

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
MF :
32
ZLD
4 year
2 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
714 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
694 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
725 lx
0.72
4 year
2 year
0.69

What influence does lamp technology have T26 to T16?
0.79 T26@2
0.70 T26@4
0.70 T26@4
0.76 T16@4
ZLD

What influence does luminaire cleaning interval have?
ZLD

What influence does luminaire cleaning interval have?
0.76 T16@2
0.73 T16@4
0.69 LED@2
0.64 LED@4
ZLD

COST

Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
ZLD
6 year
2 year
4 year

COST

Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
~170
~80
ZLD
6 year
4 year
4 year

Reducing installation life from 15 years
4x18W T8
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
Maintenance factor
6 year
4 year
4 year
0.67
Em
Einitial
500 lx
746 lx
4x14W T16
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
Maintenance factor
6 year
4 year
4 year
0.73
Em
Einitial
500 lx
685 lx
6 year
4 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
781 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
746 lx
LED L70@50,000 hrs

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
Maintenance factor
LED L80@40,000 hrs

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
Maintenance factor
ZLD
0.64
6 year
4 year
0.67

Reducing installation life from 15 years to 10 years
4x18W T8
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
Maintenance factor
6 year
4 year
4 year
0.67
Em
Einitial
500 lx
746 lx
4x14W T16
Clean luminaires :
Group relamp :
Maintenance factor
6 year
4 year
4 year
0.73
Em
Einitial
500 lx
685 lx
6 year
4 year
Em
Einitial
500 lx
694 lx
Em
Einitial
500 lx
676 lx
LED L70@50,000 hrs

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
Maintenance factor
LED L80@40,000 hrs

Clean luminaires :
Spot replacement
Maintenance factor
ZLD
0.72 (0.64@15)
6 year
4 year
0.74 (0.67@15)

Cleaning room surfaces more

frequently makes little difference
However changing luminaire
distribution does
Changing the luminaire cleaning
interval has an impact
For conventional sources
changing the lamp life has a large
impact
The lifetime of LED cannot be overextended
ZLD

So for sensible use of modern technology it really comes down to cost

through life
ZLD

If I can reduce maintenance times I can save money luminaire design!
ZLD

Accessibility will have a big

influence on maintenance
costs
ZLD
Modeling
Glare control
Task visibility
Contrast Colour
Safe
Ergonomic
Atmosphere
Ambience
Healthy
Energy Efficient
Integrated
Interesting
Stimulating
Managed
Colourful
Satisfaction
ZLD
Practical
Effective

A design without....
-A maintenance factor
-Calculated according to a documented maintenance
schedule
-Presented to the customer as part of the solution
....is a guess!
ZLD

Lighting Design Why Maintenance Factors Matter

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Lighting Design Why Maintenance Factors Matter

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Lighting Design - Why Maintenance Factors Matter