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SPECIFIC IMPULSE, I sp [Ns/kg]

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800
ADN
AP

1600

FOX-7
CL-20

1400

HMX
1200
60

NTO
70

80

90

100

TNAZ

OXIDIZER OR NITRO-COMPOUNDS CONCENTRATION, %

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Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

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10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

45
40
35
Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

HCl (g)

Al2O3 (l)

C (s)

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5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

HCl (g)

Al2O3 (s)

C (s)

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Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)
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70%

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60%

55%

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45%

40%

35%

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25%

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15%

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5%

50

Weight %

40

30

20

10

0
H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

AlCl (g)

HCl (g)

Al2O3 (l)

CO2 (g)

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70%

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5%

50

Weight %

40

30

20

10

0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

CH4 (g)

HCN (g)

HCl (g)

C (s)

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5%

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30%

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40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

50

Weight %

40

30

20

10

0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

AlCl (g)

HCl (g)

Al2O3 (l)

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45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
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H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

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Al2O3 (s)

C (s)

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Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

Reaction Products Chamber

of aluminized AP composite propellants composed of NTO
5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

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40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

Weight %

40
30
20
10
0
C (s)

Al2O3 (s)

HCN (g)

Al2O3 (l)

HCl (g)

AlCl3 (g)

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45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
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0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

HCl (g)

Al2O3 (s)

C (s)

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Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)
of aluminized AP composite propellants composed of HMX
70%

65%

60%

55%

50%

45%

40%

35%

30%

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20%

15%

10%

5%

50
45
40

Weight %

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

AlCl (g)

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CO2 (g)

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of aluminized AP composite propellants composed of HMX
70%

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5%

45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
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0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

HCl (g)

C (s)

Al2O3 (s)

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2600

Isp [Ns/kg]

2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% nitro-compounds
FOX-7

TNAZ

CL-20

NTO

HMX

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density g/cm3

1,75
1,70
1,65
1,60
FOX-7

TNAZ

CL-20

HMX

NTO

nitro-compounds
5%

35%

70%

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Reaction Products Chamber

of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of FOX-7
5%

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30%

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40%

45%

50%

55%

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Weight %

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25
20
15
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Weight %

30
25
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HCN (g)

C (s)

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Reaction Products Nozzle
of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of NTO
5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

Al2O3 (s)

C (s)

!"#$&%#$ !"#$%&'()*&+,#$-(.&//0!(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(#&'$"%'5(&1(.B?
Reaction Products (Chamber Temperature)
of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of HMX
5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

Al2O3 (l)

HCN (g)

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!$

B. Florczak

Reaction Products Nozzle

of aluminized ADN composite propellants composed of HMX
5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

70%

45
40
35

Weight %

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
CO2 (g)

H2O (g)

N2 (g)

CO (g)

H2 (g)

Al2O3 (s)

C (s)

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3-( -9&:'( ;%5<( >V( %'( #"-!( &1( %'#*!"-!( #&'$!'$-( '%$*&( #&24&,'+-( %'( "0,2%'%/!+(3M.( #&24&-%$!( 4*&4!00"'$-(
+!#*!"-!(-4!#%C#(%24,0-!(D!#",-!(+!#*!"-!(#&2D,-$%&'($!24!*"$,*!(E!F,"$%&'(E=GG<(H'(#"-!(&1(B.3I("'+(JK@
>L(+!#*!"-!(-4!#%C#(%24,0-!(0!"-$<(M!'-%$N(&1("0,2%'%/!+(3M.(#&24&-%$!(4*&4!00"'$-(1&*(4*&4!00"'$-(%'#0,+!+(
'%$*&@#&24&,'+-(%'#*!"-!(E;%5<(>RG(2&-$(1&*(JK@>L<
2700
2600

Isp [Ns/kg]

2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% nitro-compounds
FOX-7

TNAZ

CL-20

NTO

HMX

!"#$&(#$P4!#%C#(%24,0-!(&1(#&24&-!+(&1('%$*&@#&24&,'+-Q(D%'+!*@=RST(30@=LST(3M.@(ALURS<

!%

Theoretical thermodynamic combustion properties of composite propellants

1,76
1,74

density, g/cm3

1,72
1,7
1,68
1,66
1,64
1,62
1,6
FOX-7

TNAZ

CL-20

HMX

NTO

nitro-compounds
5%

35%

70%

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