BA201 Engineering Mathematic UNIT1 - Statistics

Statistics
General Objectives
1.1 Explain the basic terminologies of statistics

1.2 Explain several forms of data presentation
1.3 Determine class interval, upper limit, lower
limit, class size, middle value and others.
1.4 Prepare a frequency table
Specific Objectives
Objectives
By the end of this chapter, you should be able to
:
1. Construct pictograms, bar charts, line
graphs and pie-chart to represent
data.
2. Organise data by constructing
frequency tables
3. Construct a histogram, frequency
polygon and ogive.
Prepared by : NURIZATY BINTI MUHAMAD NOR
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Statistics can be defined as the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and
interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions.
INPUT
1.1 REPRESENTING DATA
Charts, pictures and graphs are representations of some data with is easy to look at. In common
usage, one can gain useful information by using various graphs.
1.1.1 PICTOGRAM
A pictogram is a representation of some data using symbols to show the frequency of something.
There are advantages and disadvantages in using pictograms to represent data.
a) Advantages :
i) more attractive
ii) easy to understand
iii) easy to remember
b) Disadvantages :
i) Problem in drawing similar pictures or symbols
ii) Value that is represented by a particular symbol has to be memorized
iii) Represented value may not be accurate
Constructing pictograms
Step 1 : Analyse the information
Step 2 : Decide on a suitable symbol to represent the data
Step 3 : Decide on the key or symbol
Step 4 : Prepare the table
Step 5 : Write the title.
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Example 1.1
Construct a pictogram according to this following data in Table 1.1
Table 1.1 : Development of Housing Sector in Malaysia
Years
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
Unit
68610
87810
72760
83080
93810
Solutions :
Pictogram : Development of Housing Sector in Malaysia
1981
1982
Key :
1983
1984
1985
represents 10000 units
Example 1.2 :
The pictogram shows the fines collected for the late return of library books.
Collection of fines
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Key :
represents RM5.00
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a) What is the total sum collected as fines?
= (11+1.5+1.5) x RM5.00 = RM60.00 (total number of symbols x value of 1 symbol)
b) If RM22.50 was collected on Friday, how many
symbols must be drawn for this sum?
= sum of money collected / value of 1 symbol

= RM22.50 / RM5.00
= 4.5 symbols.
1.1.2 LINE GRAPH
A line graph represents data that is obtained over a period of time by drawing straight lines
which join the coordinates given by data. The horizontal axis represents the period of time.
There are advantages and disadvantages in using a line graph to represent data.
a) Advantages:
i) Able to trace the change in data over a specific period of time
ii) The value of the data can be shown more accurately
iii) Can be used to estimate
b) Disadvantages :
i) Not easy to interpret
ii) Not attractive
Constructing a line graph
Step 1 : Decide on an appropriate scale for both axes
Step 2 : Draw the two axes and plot the coordinates
Step 3 : Join all the points with a ruler
Step 4 : Give the suitable title for the line graph
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Example 1.2
Draw a line graph to represent the given data in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 Saving balance in Maybank Berhad
Year
Balance (million)
1980
24
1981
32
1982
28
1983
37
1984
44
1985
53
1986
50
Solution:
Balance
(million)
Year
Figure 1.1: A Line Graph of Saving balance in Maybank Berhad , 1980 - 1986
1.1.3 BAR CHART
A bar chart is a representation of data using either vertical or horizontal bars. It is actually a
frequency diagram using rectangles of equal width with height or length are proportional to the
frequency.
There are advantages and disadvantages in using a bar graph to represent data.
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a) Advantages:
i) Easy to draw
ii) Data value is more accurately shown
iii) Information can be obtained immediately from the chart
iv) Easy to compare values
b) Disadvantages :
i) Each component cannot be compared with the whole
Constructing a bar chart

Step 1 : Decide on an appropriate scale for both axes
Step 2 : Draw and label the vertical and horizontal axes
Step 3 : Ascertain the length of the bar
Step 4 : Draw bars of equal length vertically/horizontally
Example 1.3:
Construct a vertical bar chart and horizontal bar based on data in Table 1.3 given.
Table 1.3: Total Import for West Malaysia
Year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Sum in million (RM)

3.405
3.877
5.143
8.550
7.496
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Solution :
:
Figure 1.3 : Horizontal Bar Chart
1975
1974
Year
1973
1972
1971
0
10
RM 1000 million
Bar Chart : Total Import for West Malaysia
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1.1.4 PIE-CHART
A pie-chart represents relative quantities by size of sectors of a circle.
Percentage of sector =
frequency of data x 100%

Total frequency
Angle of sector
frequency of data x 360

Total frequency
Constructing pie-chart
Step 1 : Construct a table by analyse the information in percentage and angle of sector
Step 2 : Write each sector representing data. Use a key if sector in the pie chart is small.
Step 3 : Arrange the sector of data in a clockwise
Example 1.4
Draw a pie-chart based on data in table 1.4.
Jadual 1.4 : Grade scored by 128 students in a statistic course
Grade
A
B
C
D
E
Number of
Students
12
33
34
33
16
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Solution:
Step 1 : Construct a table
Grade
A
B
C
D
E
Number of
Students
12
33
34
33
16
Percentage (%)
Angle ( o )
9.38
25.78
26.56
25.78
12.50
33.75
92.81
95.62
92.81
45.00
Step 2 : Draw a pie-chart

Grade
E
Grade
A
12.5%
9.38%
%
Grade
B
25.78%
Grade
D
25.78%
Grade
C
26.56%
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ACTIVITY 1a
1a.1
Draw a vertical bar graph using the following data which shows the age of 80 workers in
Company JJ Sdn. Bhd.
Age (year)
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
1a.2
Construct a pie-chart using the following data of Petroleum Reserve by Countries in Western
Hemisphere.
Country
Canada
Mexico
South America
USA
1a.3
Number of workers
8
12
14
17
13
9
4
3
Percentage
6.8
46.1
29.7
17.4
Construct a line graph using the data below.

Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Sales of motorcycle
6
10
9
11
15
13
16
12
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ANSWERS 1a
Number of workers
1a.1
Ages ( Year )
1a.2
6.8%
17.4%
29.7%
46.1%
1a.3
sales of motorcycle
20
15
10
5
0
1
Weeks
8
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INPUT
1.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
A set of a raw data which consists of many measurements of a certain quantity can be grouped
into several classes. The range of values of each class is known as the class interval. Now, let us discuss
how to make a frequency distribution table for the grouped data.
For example, the weight of each of the 40 students in the mathematics class is shown as below :
Table 1.5: The weight of 40 students in the mathematics class
45
50
55
46
46
51
54
60
62
64
58
48
51
56
48
47
50
53
53
60
59
49
61
48
59
60
50
53
52
53
55
56
49
50
61
63
49
54
54
56
How to construct a frequency distribution table using a raw data given.
1. Determine the range. (highest value of data - lowest value of data)

The highest value = 64kg
The lowest value = 45kg
So, the range is (64 -45) = 19 kg.
2. Determine the number of class interval.

The number of class interval usually between 5 and 20, in such a way that the lowest value is
included in its first class interval and the highest value must be included in the last class interval.
One rule that can help to decide on the number of clases using Sturges Formula :
C = 1 + 3.3 log N
Where c = number of classes
N = The total number of observations in the data set.
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Example :
c = 1 + 3.3 log 40
= 6.29
3. Determine the width of class interval (size of class interval)

Size of class interval = range / number of class interval
Example : range = 19 kg
Number of class interval = 6
So, size of class interval = 19/6 = 3.17 ( convert to the nearest of highest number)
= 4kg
So, the class interval : (45- 48) , (49 - 52) , (53 - 56) , (57 - 60) , ( 61 - 64)
4. Determine the boundary of a class interval

Lower boundary is the midpoint between the lower limit of class interval and the upper limit of
previous class interval.
Upper boundary is the midpoint between the upper limit of class interval and the lower limit of
succeeding class interval.
previous class interval

(45- 48)
succeeding class interval

(49 - 52)
(53 - 56)
Lower boundary
Upper boundary
= (48+49)
= (52 + 53)
= 48.5
= 52.5
Class boundary
44.5 - 48.5
48.5 - 52.5
52.5 - 56.5
56.5 - 60.5
60.5 - 64.5
Table 1.6
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Table 1.7 : Frequency distribution of 40 students of mathematics class
Weight (kg)
Tally
Frequency
44.5 - 48.5
IIII II
48.5 - 52.5
IIII IIII
10
52.5 - 56.5
IIII IIII II
12
56.5 - 60.5
IIII I
60.5 - 64.5
IIII
1.3 HISTOGRAM, POLYGON FREQUENCY AND OGIF
1.3.1 Histogram
A histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency table. A histogram is a vertical bar chart

without any spacing between the bars.
How to construct a histogram :

Find the lower and upper boundaries of each class interval for
example from table 1.7 : 44.5 - 48.5, 48.5 - 52.5,..
Choose suitable scales to represent the size of class interval on the
horizontal axis and the frequencies on the vertical axis.
Draw a rectangle for each class interval, with its width usually
representing the size and its height representing the frequency of the
class interval.
Write the title of the histogram.
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Example 1.5
Draw a histogram using the data in table 1.7.
Solution :
Frequency
14
12
12
10
Frequensy
10
7
6
Masses (kg)
44.5
48.5
52.5
56.5
60.5
64.5
Rajah 1.5 : A histogram of the weight of 40 students.
1.3.2 Polygon Frequency

A Polygon Frequency is the line chart of a frequency distribution.
How to construct a polygon frequency based on the above histogram. :
1. Determine the midpoints. Example from table 1.5, the first class intervals :
44.5 - 48.5, the midpoint : (44.5 + 48.5)/2 = 46.5 .Mark the midpoints at the tops of
the rectangular bars in the histogram.
2. Add two class intervals with zero frequency to the histogram, one before the first
class interval and one after the last class interval. Mark the midpoints of these two
class intervals.
3.
Draw straight lines joining the midpoints of the consecutive rectangular bars.
4. Write the title of the graph.

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Example 1.6
Draw a polygon frequency from table 1.7.
Solution :
Figure 1.6 : Polygon Frequency For The Weight of 40

students
14
Frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
Weight (kg)
44.5
48.5
52.5
56.5
60.5
64.5
1.3.3 Ogive
An ogive or cumulative frequency graph is a graphical representation of a cumulative

frequency distribution. A cumulative frequency graph is produced by plotting the cumulative
frequency of each class interval against its upper boundary and then joining the points with a
smooth curve.
There are two types of ogive that is
1) more than ogive
2) less than ogive
How to construct a polygon frequency based on the above histogram. :
1. Construct a table which shows the cumulative frequencies and the upper boundaries
of the data.
2. Select suitable scales to represent cumulative frequency on the vertical axis and
upper boundary on the horizontal axis.
3. Plot the values of cumulative frequency against the values of upper boundary. Then
draw a smooth curve through the successive points plotted.
4. Write the title of the histogram.
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Example 1.7
Construct a more than ogive and a less than ogive using data in table 1.7.
Solution :
Table 1.8: Frequency distribution less than
Weight
Cumulative Frequency
Less than 44.5
Less than 48.5
Less than 52.5
18 (7 + 11)
Less than 56.5
29 (7 + 11 + 11)
Less than 60.5
35 (7 + 11 + 11 + 6)
Less than 64.5
40 (7 + 11 + 11 + 6 + 5)
Table 1.9 : Frequency distribution more than

Weight
Cumulative Frequency
More than 64.5
40 (7 + 11 + 11 + 6 + 5)
More than 60.5
35 (7 + 11 + 11 + 6)
More than 56.5
29 (7 + 11 + 11)
More than 52.5
18 (7 + 11)
More than 48.5
More than 44.5
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Figure 1.7 : A less than and more than ogive of the weight of 40 students.
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ACTIVITY 1b
1b.1
Construct the ogive less than and more than using the following data in table 1.10. From the
ogive, estimate the number of students that are less than 125 pound and the number of students
that are more than 140 pounds.
Table 1.10
Class
Frequency
95.5 113.5
113.5 131.5
131.5 149.5
149.5 167.5
167.5 185.5
5
24
1b.2
Construct a histogram based on the following data below.

Table 1.11
Class
Frequency
0-4
5-9
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
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1b.3
Construct a polygon frequency in table 1.12.

Table 1.12
Class
Frequency
51 - 55
56 60
61 - 65
66 70
20
71 - 75
17
76 - 80
81 - 85
86 - 90
91 - 95
96 - 100
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ANSWERS 1b
1b.1
Cumulative frequency
25
20
Less than ogive
15
More than ogive
10
weight (pound)
95.5
131.5 133.5 149.5

125
167.5 185.5
140
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1b.2
Frequency
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-0.5-4.5
4.5-9.5
9.5-14.5
14.5-19.5 19.5-24.5 24.5-29.5
Class
Boundary
1b.3
Frequency
25
20
15
10
Midpoint
0
48
53
63
68
73
78
83
88
93
98
103
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PRACTICES
1.a
The following data shows the daily expenses for 60 families in buying vegetables in Ipoh, Perak.
Construct a frequency distribution table for the data.
1.b
0.97
0.71
1.05
0.78
1.52
1.37
1.24
1.76
0.77
0.88
0.91
1.02
0.78
0.84
0.91
0.93
1.12
1.25
1.26
0.86
0.97
0.74
0.51
1.37
0.33
1.18
0.21
1.62
0.41
0.47
0.69
0.88
1.47
1.02
1.77
0.69
0.51
0.57
1.08
1.51
1.32
0.66
0.73
0.51
1.27
1.16
1.78
0.63
1.61
0.47
1.57
1.26
1.43
0.67
0.46
0.36
1.16
1.96
2.12
1.82
The total export in West Malaysia in million ringgit from 1971 until 1975 are shown below.
From the data, construct a horizontal bar graph.
Year
Total
1971
2.640
1972
2.481
1973
3.658
1974
5.221
1975
4.073
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1.c
1.d
Construct a histogram using the set of data below by starting with class interval : 30-32
30
50
46
42
33
50
43
51
38
50
56
36
44
51
55
40
46
48
34
51
46
40
30
35
48
52
31
46
37
41
50
34
54
42
34
32
36
Construct an ogive using the data below.

Class
Frequency
12
13
14
15
16
17
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ANSWERS
1.a
Expenses
Number of families
0.20 - 0.40
0.40 - 0.60
0.60 - 0.80
10
0.80 - 1.00
10
1.00 - 1.20
1.20 - 1.40
1.40 - 1.60
1.60 - 1.80
1.80 - 2.00
2.00 - 2.20
Jumlah
60
1.b
1975
year
1974
1973
1972
1971
0
million (ringgit)
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1.c
Histogram
Frequency
6
29.5 - 32.5 - 35.5 - 38.5 - 41.5 - 44.5 - 47.5 - 50.5 - 53.5 32.5 35.5 38.5 41.5 44.5 47.5 50.5 53.5 56.5
1.d
Class
Boundary
Less than ogive

Cumulative
Frequency
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
Class
Boundary
Page 17

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Statistics

1.1 Explain the basic terminologies of statistics

Prepared by : NURIZATY BINTI MUHAMAD NOR

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represents 10000 units

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symbols must be drawn for this sum?

= sum of money collected / value of 1 symbol

1.1.2 LINE GRAPH

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1.1.3 BAR CHART

Constructing a bar chart

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Sum in million (RM)

Bar Chart : Total Import for West Malaysia

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A pie-chart represents relative quantities by size of sectors of a circle.

frequency of data x 100%

frequency of data x 360

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Step 2 : Draw a pie-chart

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Construct a line graph using the data below.

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1.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

How to construct a frequency distribution table using a raw data given.

1. Determine the range. (highest value of data - lowest value of data)

2. Determine the number of class interval.

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3. Determine the width of class interval (size of class interval)

4. Determine the boundary of a class interval

previous class interval

succeeding class interval

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1.3 HISTOGRAM, POLYGON FREQUENCY AND OGIF

A histogram is a graphical representation of a frequency table. A histogram is a vertical bar chart

How to construct a histogram :

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Rajah 1.5 : A histogram of the weight of 40 students.

1.3.2 Polygon Frequency

4. Write the title of the graph.

Figure 1.6 : Polygon Frequency For The Weight of 40

An ogive or cumulative frequency graph is a graphical representation of a cumulative

Less than 44.5

Less than 48.5

Less than 52.5

Less than 56.5

Less than 60.5

Less than 64.5

Table 1.9 : Frequency distribution more than

More than 64.5

More than 60.5

More than 56.5

More than 52.5

More than 48.5

More than 44.5

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Construct a histogram based on the following data below.

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Construct a polygon frequency in table 1.12.

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More than ogive